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Chapter 15
Global Commerce
1450-1750
1600s - Politics and Trade in China and Europe
Corruption, famine, and epidemic led to anti-Ming Revolt
Manchusinvaded and created
Qing Dynasty
last dynasty
Expanded and consolidated the empire
Qing Dynasty
1644-1911
Qing largely tolerant of
religions and ethnic groups
Used Mongols, Muslims, etc. to their advantage
Outlawed foot binding and mandated the queue hairstyle
“Keep your hair and lose your head, or lose your hair and keep your head”
1700s European traders were limited to one area
British Lord George
Macartney(1737-1806)
Refused to kowtow to the
emperor
Western European Absolutism created centralized states
English Constitutional monarchy
Powerful French, Spanish , and Austrian monarchs
Powerful French, Spanish , and Austrian monarchs
Louis XIV(1638-1715) “The Sun
King”Claimed Divine Right of Kings
European and Asian CommerceEuropeans wanted Asian spices, silks, jewels, etc.
Europe more wealthy and stable
Italian merchants traded with Muslim
middlemen until 1500s Oceanic voyages
Asians demanded payment in gold or silver creating a
trade deficit for Europe
Aggressive Portuguese created a
“Trading Post Empire”
Absence of China and mostly unarmed Indian Ocean ships
Pedro Cabral1500, Killed thousands establishing Portuguese presence
1600s Decline - Overextended and challenged by Asians and Europeans
Spain and the PhilippinesHow to sail to Asia without violating the 1494 Treaty of
Tordesillas?
Ferdinand Magellan(1480-1521)
1519 Attempted circumnavigation of the Earth for Spain
5 Ships and 270 Men departed
1 Ship and 18 Men returned 3 Years Later
Magellan’s Voyage 1519-1522
Manila (capital of the Philippines)a center of trade, but also a site of
mass ethnic violence by the Spanish
Spain ruled the Philippines until 1898Created the 5th largest Christian
(3rd most Catholic) nation on earth
East India CompaniesDutch (VOC), British (EIC),
Danish, French, Portuguese, Austrian, Swedish
East India CompaniesPrivate investors chartered by their governments to form monopolies, settlements, and make war
10,000+ Dutch ships traded
around the world
The Dutch dominated the spice islands at the expense of the natives
British dominated IndiaAt first they paid bribes and tributes to the Mughals, but…
1857 The last Mughal emperor was captured
European textile industries suffered--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Indian cotton and Chinese silk
Anglo-Dutch Wars 1652-1781Series of battles for trade routes
Eighteenth Century London was west Europe’s largest and richest city
England
Scotland (1707)
Ireland (1801)
United Kingdom ofGreat Britain
White = Nations the British have not invadedAll but 22 countries
Asian Commerceoverall Europe posed no large threat (yet)
China continued to dominate overland trade
Many Asians and Arabs became rich dealing with Europeans
Silver and Global Commerce1500s large deposits in Japan and Bolivia
Spain produced 85% of the
world’s silver160,000+ lived in
Potosi(largest city in Americas)
Influx of silver hurt the Spanish
economy
America-Asia-Europe trade network established by Spain (silver)
Huge demand in China
Japan hurt byCompetition from
Spanish silverand
Environmental devastation
Late 1400s the Japanese Shogunate Collapsed - Daimyo power struggle
Japan’s Three Great
Unifiers
Oda Nobunaga1534-1582
defeated larger clans
1543 Portuguese traders introduced firearms
Toyotomi Hideyoshi(1536-1598)
Shogun Tokugawa
Ieyasu(1543-1616)
Tokugawa clan ruled until 1868
1614 Tokugawa’s
Christian Expulsion Act
1500s Catholic Jesuit
missionaries came to Japan
Europeans banned
(except the Dutch)
Isolated for 200+ Years
The Global
Fur Trade
Most hunting and trapping done by natives------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
competition and European goods had negative effects
Russian conquest of Siberia introduced a “fur tax” punishable by death
1500-1870 Transatlantic Slave Trade12,500,000 slaves transported
Slave Trade in Context1.Slavery not new
Historically many types2.Most major empires
practiced slavery (not Mughals or Qing)
3.What was different about the Transatlantic slave trade?
Africans captured Africans and sold them to Europeans
Elmina Slave Castle, Ghana
Largest amount shipped by PortugalTop destinations = Brazil and Caribbean
Triangular Trade
1. European goods traded for slaves
2. Africans to the Americas as slaves
3. American materials and products to Europe
PlantationsSugar, Tobacco, Cotton, etc.
What was the Impact of the slave
trade on Africa
societies?
Olaudah Equiano
(1745-1797)
Former slave who wrote of
his experiences
Ending the Slave Trade1794 France (but returned in 1802)1803 Denmark-Norway1807 British1814 Netherlands (Dutch)1818 France again1865 USA1873 Spain1888 Portugal