Chapter 21 part 1 The Collapse and Recovery of Europe

WWI and the Depression

1914-1970s

•Militarism– Arms Race (modernized weapons)

•Economic• Industry and Colonial Competition

•Alliances– Complex

•Nationalism– Cultural superiority and independence

Long Term Causes of WWI

Imperial Rivalry

Tension was high

Unrest in the

Balkans

Serbia (Russia ally) wanted to unite all serbs

Heir to Austria-Hungary throne

Archduke Franz

Ferdinand(1863-1914)

June 28, 1914 Ferdinand is visiting Sarajevo, Bosnia

Assassinated by Serbian Nationalists who wanted Bosnia from A-H

Gavrilo Princip

(1894-1918)The

Black Hand

Outbreak of War!

• A-H = War on Serbia (Killed FF)• Russia Supported Serbs• Germans Supported A-H• Germany = War on Russia

and France• Germany Invaded France

through Belgium (Neutral)• British = War on Germany

Allied and Central

Battle FrontsEurope

Middle EastBalkans

South AfricaPacific Islands

The Seas

Colonial nations generally aided their colonizers

Western Front

Schlieffen Plan

Developed 1905Eliminate France

while Russia mobilized

1st Battle of the MarneSept 6-10, 1914

France stopped the Germany short of Paris

Trench Warfare

1916-1917 Little to no movement

Lice, Rats, Cold, Wet, Dysentery, Gangrene,

etc.

Trench Foot

Artillery bombardments followed by troop charges

Millions Killed

“Over The Top”

“No-Man’s-Land”

Battle of VerdunFeb-July 1916 300,000 killed

Battle of the Somme July-Nov. 1916 1,000,000+ Casualties

(60,000 British in 1 day)

Inventory of a British Private, Battle of the Somme 1916 by Thom Atkinson

Town of Passchendaele, Belgium before

and after the 1917 battle

War of Attrition

New Technology

Machine Gun

Radio

Poison Gas

Tanks

Flame Thrower

Zeppelins and Baloons

Airplanes

Artillery

Most people killed by artillery barrages

The War at SeaAllied Blockade

British HMS Dreadnaught

German U-Boats

German Unrestricted

Warfare

Sink any boats approaching

Europe

May 7, 1915 British Lusitania Sunk

Eastern Front

Ottomans Repelled British/French at Gallipoli, 1915

British encouraged Arab

revolts against Ottoman TurksT.E. Lawrence

(1888-1935)“Lawrence of

Arabia”

Turkish Armenian Genocide 1915-1923

1,500,000 Killed 2/3 of the Armenian population

The Home Front“Total War”

Government control of industry, prices, and wages

Rationing, censorship, and restricted freedoms

War of attrition needs industrial output

Women in non-combat

roles

Britain, Germany, Russia, and Austria gave women

the vote after the war

Women made progress

Growing TensionsStrain of total war

President Woodrow

Wilson kept US neutral

however…

Why the USA

Joined the War

$2,000,000,000+loaned to Allies

US ships sunk by German

Unrestricted Warfare

Zimmermann Note to Mexico

Wilson wants to be a part

of the Peace Talks

April 2, 1917 Wilson asked Congress for permission to go

to war

1917 Russian Revolution

Russian industry behind and suffering huge losses

1917 soldiers and women rioted demanding bread and peace

Tsar Nicholas abdicated

Provisional Governmentcontinued the war

Vladimir Lenin(1870-1924)

Marxist leader of the Bolsheviks

Anti-WWI

Bolsheviks overthrew the Provisional Government

Land and factories seized by

peasants and workers

Bourgeoisie attacked

March 3, 1918Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany ended Russia’s involvement in WWI

Russian Civil War 1918-1921Red Army (Communists)

vs.White Army (Supported by Allies)

Bolshevik “Red Terror” eliminated opposition

1918 Royal family executed

The end of the war

June 1917 2,000,000+Americans arrived in France

Gen. Gouraud's orders to French and American soldiers, 16 July 1918

“The bombardment will be terrible.  You will endure it without weakness.  The attack in a cloud of dust and gas will be fierce, but your positions and your armament are formidable.

The strong and brave hearts of free men beat in your breasts.  None will look behind, none will give way.  Every man will have but one thought - "Kill them, kill them in abundance, until they have had enough."

1918 SurrendersSept. BulgariaOct. Ottoman EmpireNov. Austria-Hungary

and Germany

November 11, 1918

Armistice

Impact of the War

10,000,000 Soldiers Dead1-2 million from each Great Power 35-37% of Germans born between 1892-18952-3% of the population of Britain, France, and Germany15% of the Serbian population115,000 U.S. (only involved for a few months)

20,000,000 Wounded6,600,000 Civilians DeadCities Destroyed“Shell Shock”$332 billion in costs

Shell Shock

1919 Paris Peace Conference

Russia Russia andand Germany Germany

excluded from excluded from negotiationsnegotiations

The Big FourDavid Lloyd George G.B.

Economic interests

Vittorio OrlandoItaly - Territory

Weakest of the 4

Georges ClemenceauFrance - Revenge

Woodrow WilsonWoodrow WilsonUSA – 14 pointsUSA – 14 points

Many colonies push for independence but were ignored

Japan denied a race clause Took German colonies in China

June 28, 1919 Treaty of Versailles

Signed

Many nations

unhappy

“Guilt Clause”Blamed GermanyOwe $32,000,000,000Lost landBanned from L of NMilitary RestrictionsHumiliation

Austria (some blame)

HungaryCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaPolandRomaniaAlsace-Lorraine back to France

The Middle East

1916 Britain and France secretly plotted to divide up Ottoman lands

Balfour DeclarationBritish support of Zionism in Palestine

King Faisal I of Iraq

Angry Arabs declared

independence

Crushed by Britain and

France

Turks resist occupation from allies

Mustafa Mustafa Kemal Kemal AtatürkAtatürk(1881-1938)

1st President of Turkey

Modern, western, Modern, western, and secular republicand secular republic

Why is The Great War a turning point?

The Great Depression1929-1939 worldwide and long lasting

Imbalance between real investment and speculation

• USA stock market crash Oct. 1929• 1920s: “Roaring” 20s ran on borrowed money

–Overproduction–Speculation and a stock “bubble”

• Many stocks purchased on margin• Mass selloff = panic and bank closures• Production fell and nations enact

large protective tariffs (USA first)

Poor Economic Policies Added to Depression

Increased unemployment Protective

tariffs

1929Industry shrank

(esp. Germany)

People had less to spend

Wall Street

Crashed

Loans to Europe ended

Industrial profits

declined

Industrial trade

collapsed 70% worldwide

No strong International Leadership

Mass Unemployment

Poverty and social

problems increased