The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire{The Ottomans established a Muslim empire that combined many cultures and lasted for more than 600 years.}

Bell Work

#18 - Using the map in Ch. 3/L1 to add Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands, France, England.

#19 - Explain what “God, glory, and gold” means.

#20 - Using the map in Ch. 3/L1, recreate da Gama’s route on your map.

Quiz

1. To which religion did the Ottomans belong? a. Lutheranismb. Buddhismc. Catholicismd. Islam

Quiz

2. Who founded the Ottoman empire? a. Selim the Grimb. Mehmet the Conquerorc. Ignatius of Loyolad. Osman

Quiz

3. Which warrior from Central Asia slowed the expansion of the Ottoman Empire? a. Tony the Lameb. Timur the Lamec. Charlamagned. Zheng He

Quiz

4. What is Mehmed II’s greatest accomplishment?a. destroying Romeb. conquering Constantinoplec. defeating the Mongolsd. inaugurating the Ottoman

Renaissance

Quiz

5. What lead to the slow decline of the Ottoman Empire? a. the bubonic plagueb. opium from Afghanistanc. incompetent leadershipd. military defeats at the hands of

Crusaders

setting the stage

• Turn to page A26-27• By 1300, the Byzantine Empire was declining…

• The Byzantine Empire was the remnant of the Roman Empire. • founded in 330 AD at the ancient Greek colony of

Byzantium.• Its capital was Constantinople (present day Istanbul).

• …and the Mongols had destroyed the Turkish Seljuk kingdom of Rum. • Anatolia was inhabited mostly by the descendants of

nomadic Turks. • These people were not united under a strong central

power.

Turks move into Byzantium

• Many Anatolian Turks saw themselves as ghazis (GAH-zees), or warriors for Islam.• They formed military societies under an emir, and

followed a strict Islamic code of conduct. • Often, they raided the territories of people who lived

on the frontiers of the Byzantine Empire.

Turks move into Byzantium

• Osman – the most successful ghazi. • known in the West as Othman.• his followers were called Ottomans.• He built a small Muslim state in Anatolia (1300-1326).

• His successors expanded this kingdom by buying land, forming alliances with some emirs, and conquering others.

• The Ottomans’ military success was largely based on the use of gunpowder. • Archers on horseback < musket-carrying foot soldiers

Turks move into Byzantium

• Ottomans + Gunpowder = Military Success• also some of the first people to use cannons as

weapons of attack. • even heavily walled cities were no match for the Turks.

• Orkhan I – Osman’s son; second Ottoman leader.• declared himself sultan, or “overlord”, “one with

power”.• 1361: capture Adrianople, the 2nd most important city

in the Byzantine Empire.

Turks move into Byzantium

• The Ottomans acted wisely toward the people they conquered. • used local officials who were appointed by the sultan.• often improved the lives of the peasants. • Muslims were required to serve in Turkish armies, and

make contributions required by their faith.• Non-muslims could avoid military service by paying a

small tax.

Turks move into Byzantium

• Timur the Lame• The rise of the Ottoman Empire was halted in the early 1400s.• Timir-i-Lang or Tamerlane

• a rebellious warrior from Central Asia; ruler of the Timirid Empire• burned Baghdad to the ground.• defeated Ottoman forces at the Battle of Ankara in 1402.

• this defeat halted the expansion of the Ottoman empire.

Timur the Lame

Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic Expansion

• the Interregnum -The sons of Bayezid I fought a civil war for control of the Ottoman Empire between 1402-1413.• Mehmed I defeated his brothers and restored civil

order. • His son, Murad II, reigned from 1421-1451.• He defeated the Venetians, invaded Hungary, and

defeated Italian crusaders in the Balkans. (pg. 74)

• Crash Course!

Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic Expansion

Mehmed II Conquers Constantinople• son of Murad II• known as Mehmed the Conqueror• took power in 1451.

• after taking the throne, he declared “GIVE ME CONSTANTINOPLE!”

• By this time, Constantinople had shrunk from nearly 1 million people to barely 50,000!!• The city controlled access to the Bosporus Strait, which

connected the Ottomans’ territories in Asia and in the Balkans.

MEHMED THE CONQUORER

Bosporus Strait

MEHMED THE CONQUEROR

Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic Expansion

• In 1453, Mehmed II launched his attack on Constantinople.• The Turks used large cannons to destroy the walls of the city.

• One was 26 ft long and fired 1200 lb boulders.• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z3Skx0pM68A • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Agrv9uAazI • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0sdtkAM-Ud0

• A large chain was laid across the Golden Horn between the Bosporus Strait and Sea of Marmara kept the Turkish ships from the city’s harbor. • The Turks dragged 70 SHIPS OVER A HILL!!!!

• They used greased runners so that they could attack Constantinople from two sides.

Ain’t no stoppin’ us!

Constantinople

Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic Expansion

• The city held out for 7 weeks, but eventually the Turks broke the walls and entered the city.

• Mehmed II opened the city to citizens of many religions and backgrounds (Muslims, Jews, and Christians; Turks and non-Turks).• Constantinople → Istanbul

Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic Expansion

Ottomans Take Islam’s Holy Cities• Selim the Grim

• grandson of Mehmed II• came to power in 1512.• defeated the Safavids (suh-FAH-

vidz) of Persia at the Battle of Chaldiran (pg. 80).• Sunni Islam vs Shia Islam

• swept through Syria, Palestine, and into North Africa.

Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic Expansion

Selim the Grim• At the same time Cortez was defeating the Aztecs in

the Americas, Selim was defeating the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt.• This gave the Turks control of Mecca and Medina.

• What is important about those cities?• He also took control of Cairo, the intellectual center of

the Muslim world. • Now the Turks have defeated the Byzantine Empire and

the Egyptian Empire.

Suleyman the Lawgiver

• The Ottoman Empire’s zenith came under Selim’s son, Suleyman. • came to the throne in 1520, ruled

for 46 years.• known in the West as Suleyman

the Magnificent.• He was a superb military leader.

• 1521: conquered Belgrade.• 1522: captured the island of

Rhodes; now controlled the whole eastern Mediterranean.

• 1526: the Ottomans pushed into Europe, all the way to Vienna, Austria.

Suleyman the Lawgiver

• 1551: By using their immense naval power, the Ottomans were able to capture Tripoli in North Africa.• The Turks ruled from central Europe to the Sinai

Peninsula; from present-day Algeria in North Africa to Iraq.• Not the largest empire ever, but at this time, Suleyman

was the most powerful monarch in the world. • Only Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire came close.

Suleyman the Lawgiver

Highly Structured Social Organization• Suleyman was able to turn this vast empire into a

workable social structure with an efficient government and social organization.• Both civil and criminal actions were handled by a

single law code. • no imprisonment without trial.• allowed no promotions that were not based on merit.• introduced the idea of a balanced government budget.

• Taxes were simplified and limited.• Government bureaucracy was systematized and

reduced.

Suleyman the Lawgiver

Highly Structured Social Organization• The sultan’s 20,000 personal slaves staffed the palace

bureaucracy.• These slaves were acquired through the devshirme system.

• Under this system, the army drafted boys from the people of Christian territories they conquered.

• They were educated, converted to Islam, and trained as soldiers.• janissaries - An elite force of 30,000 were trained to

serve the sultan only. • Sometimes, Christian families would bribe officials so

that their children would be taken.• The brightest ones could rise to high government

posts or military positions.

Suleyman the Lawgiver

• As a Muslim, Suleyman was required to follow Islamic law. • the Ottomans granted freedom of worship to other

religious communities. • These communities were treated as millets, or nations.• Each millet was allowed to follow its own religious laws

and practices.• This kept conflict among people of the various religions to a

minimum.

Suleyman the Lawgiver

Cultural Flowering• Suleyman studied poetry, history, geography,

astronomy, mathematics, and architecture.• employed Sinan, one of the world’s finest architects, to

build the Mosque of Suleyman.• covered in domes and half domes• includes four schools, a library, a bath, and a hospital.

Mosque of Suleyman

Suleyman the Lawgiver

• Art and literature also flourished under Suleyman.• Painters and poets looked to Persia and Arabia for

models.• This period was similar to the European Renaissance.

• used foreign influence to express original Ottoman ideas in the Turkish style.• example of cultural blending…

The Empire Declines Slowly

• Suleyman killed his ablest son and drove another to exile.• This left an incompetent son, Selim II, to take the

throne.• It became customary for each new sultan to have his

brothers strangled. Then his sons would be held prisoner so that they couldn’t be educated or contact the outside world. • This produced a long line of weak sultans, who eventually

brought ruin to the empire.• However, the Ottoman Empire lasted into the 20th century.