Challenges for the newborn state

• Several impediments for Pakistan soon after its formation

• Some immediate others long term

• The Punjab riots • The most immediate and

grave issue was the influx of refugees

• Indian propaganda • Economic burden• Disputes over cash balances • Issues between natives and

immigrants • Territorial issues

• Energy crises • Trade issues • Pakistan major exporter of cotton and wheat • India exporter of sugar and coal • East Bengal grew Jute whereas the factories to

process that jute was in west Bengal • No trade links between east and west wing • Pakistan lacked sea ports only one Karachi

port • Calcutta Port given to India

Long term disputes • Kashmir dispute • Canal Water issues• War 1948 • Issues among the east

and west wing • Language dispute• Constitutional problems• Pakistan also lacked

professionals and technical staff to run the administration

• Challenges from the western frontiers • Tribal chiefs and princely states • Pakhtounistan Issue