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honors world history- reaction and nationalism
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Democracy and Reform
Ch. 8 sec. 2&3/Ch. 10 Sec. 1
Nationalism
From 1100’s to 1800’s central Europe was a collection of kingdoms and free cities
Nationalism began to slowly build after Napoleonic wars (p.254)
ConservativesLiberalsRadicals
French Political Instability
Congress of Vienna reinstated Louis XVIII (1815)
Charles X overthrown in 1830 after trying to restore absolutism
Revolution of 1848 saw the abdication of Louis Philippe and rise of Louis Napoleon
2nd Republic
Louis-Napoleon became Napoleon III Vastly improved French economic
infrastructure
Periods of War Crimean War pitted Russia against Great
Britain, France, and Sardinia over territory in Ottoman Empire (1854)
In 1870 France declared war on Prussia, but was defeated in 6 weeks (Franco-Prussian War)
Prussia severely punished the French and embarrassed them
Confusion again in France
Workers revolted and formed Commune of Paris (1871)
20,000 workers were killed by National Assembly armed forces
Third Republic was established Survived failed coup d’etat and
Panama Canal disaster
Dreyfus Affair
Alfred Dreyfus, a Jew, was set up as a traitor
This trial deeply divided France between anti-Semitic groups and those who supported Dreyfus
Proved the 3rd Republic could survive
Unification of Italy
Chapter 8 Sec. 3
Count Cavour’s Diplomacy In 1849, Victor Emmanuel II became king
of Sardinia Aided by Count Cavour
Supported France in the Crimean War Promised France Savoy and Nice if
French aided vs. Austria With French aide, Sardinia defeated the
Austrians at two major battles in 1859Napoleon III went back on his word and
made peace w/ Austria
A New Italy Giribaldi gained control of Sicily and
Naples and seceded them to Victor Emmanuel II, creating a constitutional monarchy in 1861
There were large cultural divisions between North and South Italy
Support during 7 Weeks War led Prussia to giving Venetia to Italy in 1866
Franco-Prussian war in 1870 gained Rome, completing Italian unification
Unification of Germany
Chapter 8 Sec. 3
Steps toward UnityCongress of Vienna in 1815 created
39 independent states, Prussia and Austria were largest
Prussia had a strong gov’t & military as well as a growing economy even though Austria controlled the German Confederation
Rise of Bismarck
Prime Minister of Prussia was Otto von Bismarck
Believed war could accomplish most goals and used realpolitik to build a large and strong army
His main objective was German Unification
Three WarsBismarck attacked Denmark to gain
northern kingdomsEnsured Prussia would control
unification by defeating Austria in the 7 Weeks War in 1866 after gaining foreign allies in Russia, Italy, & France
Easily defeated France in the Franco-Prussian War in 1870to gain support from all German states for unification
Formation of an Empire
In 1871, William I became kaiser and Bismarck became chancellor
The 25 German states still had own gov’ts, but they were under control of national gov’t
Bismarck’s Realm
The Rule of BismarckBecame chancellor in 1871Viewed Catholic Church as anti-
nationalist, expelled Jesuits from Germany, and passed May Laws
Bismarck compromised w/ Pope Leo XIII because he needed Catholic support to defeat Socialists
Effects of IndustrializationAfter unification, Germany moved
ahead industriallyCreated a rift between the poor
laborers and the middle classDespite anti-Socialist laws, the Social
Democratic party continued to gain popularity
Fall of BismarckKaiser William I died in 1888 and was
eventually succeeded by his grandson William II
Unlike his grandfather, William II wanted complete authority
Bismarck had often offered William I his resignation as a means to get his way, but William II accepted it in 1890
Austria-Hungary Decline
The Dual Monarchy
After the Revolutions of 1848, Francis Joseph began his 68 year reign
In 1848, Hungary tried to secedeAfter defeat in 7 Weeks war in 1866,
Joseph realized that he needed Hungary
In 1867, established the dual monarchy which kept them united
Austria and HungaryAustria and Hungary were dependent
on each other economicallyAustria-manufactured goodsHungary-Agriculture Industrialization led to urbanization in
Vienna and Prague
Powder Keg in BalkansDual monarchy excluded the slavs
(60% of population)Decline of Ottoman Empire in 1850’s
inspired revolutionaries in the BalkansSerbia, Montenegro, & Romania won
independence while others were under British and Austrian control
Led to continued conflict until 1913
Empire of the Czars
Autocracy in TroubleAfter Napoleonic Wars, many
believed change was needed in Russia
A military revolt after Alexander I’s death in 1825 led his successor, Nicholas I, to crush opposition harshly
Embarrassing loss in Crimean War led to more unrest and tension
ReformsAlexander II tried to reform the
autocracy by emancipating the serfsNew democratic system of local gov’t
called zemstvos in 1864Lessened military service from 25 to 6
yearsReforms did not slow revolutionary
sentiments, Alex II was killed in 1881
Alexander IIITo protect the autocracy from
anarchists & Nihilists, Alexander III implemented Russification
Encouraged pogroms against the Jews