Chapter 10

World Regions in Global Context:World Regions in Global Context:Peoples, Places, and Environments (3Peoples, Places, and Environments (3rdrd Ed.) Ed.)

Sallie A. Marston, Paul L. Knox, Sallie A. Marston, Paul L. Knox, & Diana M. Liverman& Diana M. Liverman

Chapter 10: Chapter 10:

South AsiaSouth Asia

Robert M. ArthurRobert M. Arthur


Bordered ByBordered By• Himalayan Himalayan

MountainsMountains• Indian Ocean Indian Ocean • Arabian SeaArabian Sea• Bay of BengalBay of Bengal

22ndnd densest densest populationpopulation

PeripheralPeripheral• RuralRural• PovertyPoverty


PovertyPoverty• Rural villages extremely poorRural villages extremely poor

Little access to electricity and clean water Little access to electricity and clean water

• Urban dwellers distressed alsoUrban dwellers distressed also Shantytowns, overcrowded citiesShantytowns, overcrowded cities

• Successful middle class pose a stark Successful middle class pose a stark contrastcontrast

LandformsLandforms

Peninsular Peninsular HighlandsHighlands• Deccan PlateauDeccan Plateau

Ancient lava Ancient lava formationformation

1/3 of the plateau 1/3 of the plateau regionregion

• Surrounded by Surrounded by highlandshighlands

The East and The East and Western GhatsWestern Ghats

Rugged areasRugged areas Sparsely populatedSparsely populated

LandformsLandforms The Mountain RimThe Mountain Rim

• Himalayan and Karakoram Himalayan and Karakoram rangesranges

• Fertile valleysFertile valleys Isolated villagesIsolated villages

• Earthquake proneEarthquake prone• Resource potentialResource potential

CoalCoal OilOil

LandformsLandforms The PlainsThe Plains

• Home to the Great Home to the Great DynastiesDynasties

• Major riversMajor rivers• Agriculturally Agriculturally

productiveproductive

• Densest populationsDensest populations• Deserts and harsh Deserts and harsh

environmentsenvironments• Where the British set Where the British set

up their capitalup their capital

The Indus The Indus PlainsPlains

Cultural HearthCultural Hearth• Productive Productive

agricultureagriculture• IrrigationIrrigation

Inundation canalsInundation canals Tube wellsTube wells Persian wheelsPersian wheels Canal coloniesCanal colonies Double croppingDouble cropping Craft industriesCraft industries

• Major citiesMajor cities Lahore – 6 millionLahore – 6 million Karachi – 11.8 Karachi – 11.8

millionmillion

LandformsLandforms The Coastal FringeThe Coastal Fringe

• Mixed group of featuresMixed group of features• Generally narrowGenerally narrow• Includes the islandsIncludes the islands• Fertile areaFertile area• Dense populationsDense populations• Number of large citiesNumber of large cities

ClimateClimate Mountains and SeasMountains and Seas

• Strong influencesStrong influences• Mountains isolate Mountains isolate

surface airsurface air• Orographic effectOrographic effect• Moisture from the Moisture from the

seasseas• Seasonal patternSeasonal pattern

Cool and dry wintersCool and dry winters Hot and dry from Hot and dry from

March to JuneMarch to June June to September is June to September is

rainy seasonrainy season

MonsoonsMonsoons

• Warm, moist air from the southWarm, moist air from the south• Collides with the mountainsCollides with the mountains• Torrential Rainfall: 79 – 158 inchesTorrential Rainfall: 79 – 158 inches• Risk of flooding – especially in BangladeshRisk of flooding – especially in Bangladesh

Environmental HistoryEnvironmental History

Indus Valley – 4,500 years agoIndus Valley – 4,500 years ago• Harrapan culture – hydraulic cultureHarrapan culture – hydraulic culture

Harrapa and MoenjodaroHarrapa and Moenjodaro

• Aryan tribesAryan tribes Created the Vedic culture – cornerstone of Created the Vedic culture – cornerstone of

HinduismHinduism Settled the plains – agricultural groupsSettled the plains – agricultural groups Sustainable developmentSustainable development British colonial trade marks the beginning of British colonial trade marks the beginning of

serious environmental degradationserious environmental degradation

Environmental HistoryEnvironmental History Population PressurePopulation Pressure

• DeforestationDeforestation FuelFuel Room for agricultureRoom for agriculture

• Overuse of waterOveruse of water Environmental Environmental

PollutionPollution• Water pollutionWater pollution

Poor sanitationPoor sanitation

• Air pollutionAir pollution Major citiesMajor cities

• Marginal farmingMarginal farming

South Asia in the World SystemSouth Asia in the World System

Mauryan Empire (320 – 125 Mauryan Empire (320 – 125 BCBC))• First empire in southern AsiaFirst empire in southern Asia• Emperor AsokaEmperor Asoka

Influential in establishing BuddhismInfluential in establishing Buddhism Gupta Empire (320 – 480 Gupta Empire (320 – 480 ADAD))

• The classical periodThe classical period• Accomplishments in arts, sciences, and Accomplishments in arts, sciences, and

medicinemedicine• Expanded tradeExpanded trade

South Asia in the World SystemSouth Asia in the World System Mughal IndiaMughal India

• AkbarAkbar• Islamic ruleIslamic rule• Political Political

organizationorganization• Support for arts Support for arts

and sciencesand sciences• Taj MahalTaj Mahal• Empire collapses Empire collapses

in early 1700sin early 1700s

British ImperialismBritish Imperialism British East India Co.British East India Co.

• Pushes out Pushes out PortuguesePortuguese

• 1690 – European 1690 – European trading outposts trading outposts establishedestablished

• 1773 British begin to 1773 British begin to control Indiacontrol India

The Raj – British RuleThe Raj – British Rule• Social reformSocial reform• Infrastructure buildingInfrastructure building• UniversitiesUniversities• PlantationsPlantations

Independence & PartitionIndependence & Partition

Indian National Congress Party – 1887Indian National Congress Party – 1887• To promote greater democracy and freedomTo promote greater democracy and freedom

from both the British and traditional princes from both the British and traditional princes Mohandas GhandiMohandas Ghandi

PartitionPartition• Country divided along ethnic/religious linesCountry divided along ethnic/religious lines• Islamic administrative district – PakistanIslamic administrative district – Pakistan

Principalities were decided by the PrincesPrincipalities were decided by the Princes Islamic Kashmir goes to India due to Hindu princesIslamic Kashmir goes to India due to Hindu princes

Independence & PartitionIndependence & Partition

India, East and West Pakistan CreatedIndia, East and West Pakistan Created• Largest refugee movement ever recordedLargest refugee movement ever recorded• Fighting amongst groups as they passedFighting amongst groups as they passed• East Pakistan fight for independenceEast Pakistan fight for independence• India assists – war over 1971India assists – war over 1971• West Pakistan – PakistanWest Pakistan – Pakistan• East Pakistan – BangladeshEast Pakistan – Bangladesh• Pakistan and India continue to fight over KashmirPakistan and India continue to fight over Kashmir

South Asia in Today’s WorldSouth Asia in Today’s World GeopoliticsGeopolitics

• Kashmir – Muslim militants and Chinese Kashmir – Muslim militants and Chinese occupationoccupation

• Strategic location – Cold War politicsStrategic location – Cold War politics• India and Pakistan possess nuclear weaponsIndia and Pakistan possess nuclear weapons

AfghanistanAfghanistan• 1973 – Military dictatorship1973 – Military dictatorship• Ties with Soviet UnionTies with Soviet Union

Fundamentalist uprising – mujahideenFundamentalist uprising – mujahideen Successfully fight Soviets with aid from U.S., Successfully fight Soviets with aid from U.S.,

Saudi Arabia and PakistanSaudi Arabia and Pakistan 1989 – Soviets retreat, Taliban take power1989 – Soviets retreat, Taliban take power Sept. 11, 2001 – U.S. “Operation Freedom” ousted Sept. 11, 2001 – U.S. “Operation Freedom” ousted

the Talibanthe Taliban

TeaTea Introduced to EuropeIntroduced to Europe

• From Japan and ChinaFrom Japan and China• Popularity quickly Popularity quickly

spreadspread 17 million pounds yearly 17 million pounds yearly

(1700)(1700)

• British smuggle plants British smuggle plants and expertise out of and expertise out of ChinaChina

• Plantations in AssamPlantations in Assam• Suez Canal speeds Suez Canal speeds

transporttransport• George Lipton George Lipton

establishes plantations establishes plantations in Ceylonin Ceylon

Economic TransitionEconomic Transition India – World’s largest democracyIndia – World’s largest democracy

• 1010thth largest industrial sector largest industrial sector• 1992 instituted reforms to open up economy1992 instituted reforms to open up economy• Rapid middle class growthRapid middle class growth

200 million: well-educated, sophisticated 200 million: well-educated, sophisticated consumersconsumers

• Still massive poverty – 390 millionStill massive poverty – 390 million• Other South Asian countries not doing as wellOther South Asian countries not doing as well• South Asian Association for Regional South Asian Association for Regional

Cooperation (SAARC) - 1985Cooperation (SAARC) - 1985

PopulationPopulation

1.35 Billion People1.35 Billion People• 22ndnd largest group largest group• Fastest growingFastest growing• High densities High densities

throughout most of throughout most of the regionthe region

• Good agricultural Good agricultural regions have highest regions have highest densitiesdensities

Along riversAlong rivers Coastal areas Coastal areas

• Mostly ruralMostly rural• 50 - 1 million50 - 1 million++ cities cities

Population PoliciesPopulation Policies

Concerns over population growth and Concerns over population growth and urbanizationurbanization• Resources already severely taxedResources already severely taxed• India began in 1952 – not successfulIndia began in 1952 – not successful• 1970s, coerced vasectomies1970s, coerced vasectomies

Relied on punishmentsRelied on punishments Public backlashPublic backlash People distrustful of family planning programsPeople distrustful of family planning programs

• Female education, status, and wealthFemale education, status, and wealth Linked to lower birth ratesLinked to lower birth rates Emphasis on educating womenEmphasis on educating women

South Asian DiasporaSouth Asian Diaspora 5 to 6 million in Europe, Africa, and North America5 to 6 million in Europe, Africa, and North America

• Demand for cheap labor after abolishing slaveryDemand for cheap labor after abolishing slavery• Brain drainBrain drain

First to Britain, then students remaining in U.S. and EuropeFirst to Britain, then students remaining in U.S. and Europe

CultureCulture

ReligionReligion• HinduismHinduism• Many formsMany forms

India, Sri Lanka, and India, Sri Lanka, and NepalNepal

• IslamIslam Afghanistan, Afghanistan,

Pakistan, Bangladesh Pakistan, Bangladesh and Maldivesand Maldives

• JainsJains• SikhsSikhs

Punjab regionPunjab region

CultureCulture

LanguageLanguage• 1600 different languages1600 different languages

Four Major FamiliesFour Major Families• Indo-EuropeanIndo-European

Hindi, Bengali, Punjabi, Bihari, and UrduHindi, Bengali, Punjabi, Bihari, and Urdu

• MundaMunda Tribal tongue spoken in remote peninsular hill regionsTribal tongue spoken in remote peninsular hill regions

• DravidianDravidian Tamil, Telegu, Kanarese, and MalayalamTamil, Telegu, Kanarese, and Malayalam

• Tibeto-BurmeseTibeto-Burmese Scattered across the Himalayan region Scattered across the Himalayan region

CultureCulture The Caste SystemThe Caste System

• Kinship Grouping - JatiKinship Grouping - Jati Language, region, and occupationLanguage, region, and occupation EndogamousEndogamous Born into casteBorn into caste Norms of interaction between Norms of interaction between

classesclasses Brahmins (religious leaders) at the Brahmins (religious leaders) at the

toptop Untouchables at the bottomUntouchables at the bottom Attempts have been made to Attempts have been made to

alleviate conditions of untouchablesalleviate conditions of untouchables

CultureCulture Contemporary Contemporary

CultureCulture• Large middles classLarge middles class• Cricket – major Cricket – major

sportsport• BollywoodBollywood

India’s movie India’s movie industryindustry

Traditional valuesTraditional values Large industryLarge industry

• Culture exported Culture exported from South Asiafrom South Asia

Mysticism and yogaMysticism and yoga Food - curryFood - curry

Ethnicity & NationalismEthnicity & Nationalism Areas of Political Areas of Political

TensionTension• The PunjabThe Punjab

Sikh separatistsSikh separatists• KashmirKashmir

Islamic separatistsIslamic separatists Conflict between India, Conflict between India,

China, and PakistanChina, and Pakistan• PakistanPakistan

Mohajir Quami Mohajir Quami MovementMovement

• BhutanBhutan Nepali immigrantsNepali immigrants

• Sri LankaSri Lanka Tamil tigersTamil tigers

• IndiaIndia Ethnic separatist Ethnic separatist

movementsmovements

Inequality & Inequality & GenderGender

PovertyPoverty• Illiteracy, destitution – Illiteracy, destitution –

100’s of millions100’s of millions• Kolkata – 700,000 Kolkata – 700,000

homelesshomeless• Shantytowns Shantytowns • Informal economic sectorInformal economic sector

Inequality & Inequality & GenderGender

GenderGender• Patriarchal SocietyPatriarchal Society• Women suffer poverty Women suffer poverty

the mostthe most• Perform most of the workPerform most of the work

UneducatedUneducated Few property rightsFew property rights Restricted public behaviorRestricted public behavior ““Bride burning”Bride burning”

• Self-help movementsSelf-help movements• Children even worse offChildren even worse off

Bonded laborBonded labor

The Grameen BankThe Grameen Bank Muhammad Yunus Muhammad Yunus

• Economics ProfessorEconomics Professor• MicrocreditMicrocredit• Group LiabilityGroup Liability• Profit-makingProfit-making

12,000 employees12,000 employees 98% repayment rate98% repayment rate $120 – typical loan$120 – typical loan 95% women 95% women

borrowersborrowers Replicated worldwideReplicated worldwide Awarded the Noble Awarded the Noble

Peace Prize in 2005Peace Prize in 2005

Environmental IssuesEnvironmental Issues

Deforestation, Water Shortages, Air and Water Deforestation, Water Shortages, Air and Water PollutionPollution• Weakly enforced environmental lawsWeakly enforced environmental laws

Environmental degradation results in $13.8 billion of yearly Environmental degradation results in $13.8 billion of yearly losseslosses

• 1984 – Bhopal Disaster1984 – Bhopal Disaster Union Carbide plant releases poisonous gasUnion Carbide plant releases poisonous gas 6000 killed, 100’s of thousands injured6000 killed, 100’s of thousands injured

• Poor PlanningPoor Planning Tarbela Dam ruining Mangrove forestsTarbela Dam ruining Mangrove forests

• Fish stocks near depletionFish stocks near depletion Wells to supply water, contaminated with arsenicWells to supply water, contaminated with arsenic

Regional DevelopmentRegional Development

1992 – Structural Economic Reforms1992 – Structural Economic Reforms• Increase in manufacturingIncrease in manufacturing• Increase in foreign investmentIncrease in foreign investment• Uneven economic developmentUneven economic development

Development in urban areasDevelopment in urban areas Rural areas continue to declineRural areas continue to decline

• Shift in agriculture to lucrative export Shift in agriculture to lucrative export cropscrops

Local foods more scarce and more expensiveLocal foods more scarce and more expensive

Endangered Endangered MegafaunaMegafauna

Loss of habitat and Loss of habitat and poachingpoaching• Cheetah – Cheetah –

disappeareddisappeared• Bengal tigerBengal tiger

$50,000 to poachers$50,000 to poachers Government Government

criticizedcriticized

• Asian elephantAsian elephant Tusks for ivoryTusks for ivory

Upper Ganga PlainsUpper Ganga Plains

Historical CenterHistorical Center• Sacred river of Sacred river of

HinduismHinduism• Center of British Center of British

EmpireEmpire• Agricultural Agricultural

productivityproductivity Ability to support Ability to support

population density population density surpassed surpassed

• Some industrySome industry Food processing, Food processing,

textiles, glassmaking, textiles, glassmaking, crafts, and carpetscrafts, and carpets

DelhiDelhi Traditional CapitalTraditional Capital

• Major crossroadsMajor crossroads• Agriculturally Agriculturally

productive regionproductive region• Chandni Chowk Chandni Chowk • New DelhiNew Delhi

British capitalBritish capital Planned cityPlanned city Modern government Modern government

buildingsbuildings Geometric street Geometric street

patternspatterns

Damodar Valley & HooghlysideDamodar Valley & Hooghlyside

Largest Manufacturing Region in IndiaLargest Manufacturing Region in India

• Kolkata (Calcutta), major port facilityKolkata (Calcutta), major port facility

• Coalfields and iron oreCoalfields and iron ore

• Damodar River supplies power and water for steel Damodar River supplies power and water for steel

industryindustry

• Engineering, metallurgy, food processing, Engineering, metallurgy, food processing,

petrochemicals and book publishing industriespetrochemicals and book publishing industries

KolkataKolkata 12.9 million people12.9 million people

• 22ndnd largest in south largest in south AsiaAsia

• Hooghly RiverHooghly River• Capital of British Capital of British

IndiaIndia 1772 – 19111772 – 1911

• Major commercial Major commercial and industrial cityand industrial city

Over urbanizationOver urbanization Slums and urban Slums and urban

decaydecay FloodingFlooding Squatters and Squatters and

homelesshomeless

Mumbai-PuneMumbai-Pune Small and Isolated RegionSmall and Isolated Region

• Mumbai (Bombay) - 18 million peopleMumbai (Bombay) - 18 million people• Major British port - India’s first railroadMajor British port - India’s first railroad• Financial centerFinancial center

Textiles, automotive, consumer goods, chemicals, petrochemicals, Textiles, automotive, consumer goods, chemicals, petrochemicals, plastics, pharmaceuticals, food processing, printing and film plastics, pharmaceuticals, food processing, printing and film makingmaking

• Slums – site and serviceSlums – site and service

BangaloreBangalore High-Tech CenterHigh-Tech Center

• ResearchResearch Defense and Defense and

telecommunicationtelecommunication Science and technology Science and technology

centercenter

• Educated workforceEducated workforce• Affluent populationAffluent population• Software productionSoftware production• Foreign investmentForeign investment

Compaq, Motorola, Compaq, Motorola, Nexus, Oracle, Texas Nexus, Oracle, Texas Instruments, Verizon, Instruments, Verizon, Philips Electronics, and Philips Electronics, and Daimler BenzDaimler Benz

End of Chapter 10:End of Chapter 10:


World Regions in Global Context:World Regions in Global Context:Peoples, Places, and Environments (3Peoples, Places, and Environments (3rdrd Ed.) Ed.)

Sallie A. Marston, Paul L. Knox, Sallie A. Marston, Paul L. Knox, & Diana M. Liverman& Diana M. Liverman

Education

Chapter 10