What were the main issues in government during the time of the 1870’s and 1880’s(What all is going on in this time period)?

What did it mean to be a Captain of Industry?

What did it mean to be a Robber Baron?

The Entrepreneurs and their achievements

Andrew Carnegie a. How did Carnegie begin

his working life? CARNEGIE WORKED IN A COTTON MILL AT THE AGE OF 13 AND LATER WAS A SECRETARY TO THE SUPERINTENDENT OF THE PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD AT 18, MAKING HIS A TRUE RAGS TO RICHES

STORY

Andrew Carnegie b. What business did

Carnegie start that made him a very rich entrepreneur? IN THE 1870’S

CARNEGIE STARTED THE FIRST STEEL MILLS

USING THE BESSEMER PROCESS, WHICH LATER BECAME KNOWN AS THE CARNEGIE STEEL CORPORATION.

Andrew Carnegie c. How did Carnegie

attempt to control the entire Steel Industry? CARNEGIE CUT HIS

PRICES BY ORGANIZING SPECIAL DISCOUNTS FOR EXCLUSIVE USE OF RAIL LINES THAT

WOULD BE USED TO TRANSPORT HIS STEEL. OTHER COMPANIES COULD NOT COMPETE WITH THE PRICES THAT CARNEGIE COULD

OFFER AND HAD TO SHUT DOWN.

Andrew Carnegie d. What significant philanthropic

contributions did Andrew Carnegie make to society? -3000 PUBLIC LIBRARIES,

GAVE AWAY OVER $350 MILLION BY THE TIME HE DIED. FUNDED CARNEGIE COLLEGE WHICH LATER BECAME CARNEGIE MELLON UNIVERSITY. CREATED OTHER RESEARCH AND ARTISTIC INSTITUTES, INCLUDING

CARNEGIE HALL, A MUSIC HALL IN NYC.

John D. Rockefeller a. How did Rockefeller

begin his working life? HE BECAME THE

ASSISTANT BOOKKEEPER AT HEWITT & TUTTLE, WHERE HE LATER BECAME THE BOOKKEEPER AND CASHIER. HE HAD TAKEN BUSINESS

CLASSES AT FOLSOM MERCANTILE COLLEGE

John D. Rockefeller b. When did Rockefeller

get his start in business? IN 1858, HE STARTED

A FIRM CALLED CLARK AND ROCKEFELLER, WHICH INVESTED IN AN OIL REFINERY

John D. Rockefeller c. Rockefeller’s first true

successful business venture took place as he invested in a Meat and Grain Partnership during the time of the Civil War.

d. John D. Rockefeller started the Standard Oil Company in 1870.

e. How did Rockefeller gain a shipping advantage over his competitors? HE WOULD PURCHASE RAIL

LINES IN ORDER TO KEEP HIS COMPETITORS FROM BEING ABLE TO MOVE THEIR OIL.

John D. Rockefeller f. How did Samuel Dodd,

Rockefeller’s attorney, devise a plan to control the oil industry? HE FORMED A TRUST BY

PULLING TOGETHER STANDARD OIL AND OTHER LEADING OIL COMPANIES THROUGHOUT THE NATION. ALTOGETHER THERE WERE 40 COMPANIES AND THE TRUST CONTROLLED MOST OF THE NATIONS OIL REFINING. THIS TRUST WOULD ENSURE THAT THERE WOULD BE LESS COMPETITION BETWEEN THESE COMPANIES AND THE BOARD WOULD ATTEMPT TO

ELIMINATE ANY COMPETITION OUTSIDE OF THE TRUST.

John D. Rockefeller g. How did the Sherman Anti-trust Act eventually

regulate the Standard Oil Trust? IN 1911, THE NATIONAL GOV. ENFORCED

THIS ANTI-TRUST ACT, DECLARING THAT THE STANDARD OIL TRUST HAD TAKEN MONOPOLISTIC ACTIONS TO ELIMINATE COMPETITION FROM OPPOSING OIL COMPANIES.

h. What sorts of philanthropic contributions did Rockefeller make to society? GAVE AWAY $500 MILLION

UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

ROCKEFELLER INSTITUTE FORMEDICAL RESEARCH AND GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS

NATIONAL PARK

J.P. Morgan a. Where did J.P.

Morgan begin his working life? HE STARTED AS AN

AGENT AND ATTORNEY IN NEW YORK FOR PEABODY AND COMPANY OF

LONDON

J.P. Morgan b. How did J.P. Morgan

begin his life as an entrepreneur? HE BECAME A

PARTNER IN THE FIRM OF DREXEL, MORGAN, AND COMPANY,

WHICH LATER BECAME J.P. MORGAN AND COMPANY

J.P. Morgan c. What electric company merger did

Morgan organize? EDISON GENERAL

ELECTRIC AND THOMSOM-HOUSTON ELECTRIC INTO GENERAL ELECTRIC IN 1891

d. J.P. Morgan created the United States Steel Company in 1901. FIRST BILLION DOLLAR

CORPORATION IN AMERICA AND THIS ALLOWED J.P. MORGAN TO BECOME QUITE WEALTHY

e. What other businesses did Morgan own? SHIPPING COMPANIES SUCH AS

WHITE STAR LINE, INTERNATIONAL MERCANTILE MARINE COMPANY, LEYLAND LINE.

J.P. Morgan f. What sorts of philanthropic

contributions did J.P. Morgan make to society? MORGAN WAS A

COLLECTOR OF BOOKS AND PICTURES, AND

ART, HE DONATED A LOT OF WORK TO THE METROPOLITAN

MUSEUM OF ART, THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, AND HE ALSO HELPED CREATED THE MEDICAL

SCHOOL AT HARVARD.

Immigration and Labor Unions

The beginning of heavy immigration from Eastern Europe and Russia, along with the worker solidarity movement.

5. Why did Immigration increase greatly during the period of 1864?

AS BUSINESSES GREW, THE NEED FOR WORKERS ALSO GREW. THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT CREATED THE CONTRACT LABOR ACT, WHICH ALLOWED BUSINESSES TO PAY FOR THE PASSAGE OF IMMIGRANTS TO AMERICA IN RETURN FOR UP TO A YEAR OF CONTRACTED LABOR.

During the time period of 1860-1900, 14 million people immigrated to the U.S.

6. What was the average workday for factory workers and did any states push for a shorter workday?

The Average Workday was 12 hours

MOST STATES DID PLACE A LIMIT OF 10 HOURS ON A WORKDAY, BUT STATES DID NOT ENFORCE THIS AS GOVERNMENT USED THE IDEA OF SOCIAL DARWINISM AND WOULD NOT REGULATE BUSINESS.

7. Worker Safety- what were the average amount of workers killed on the job each week in 1882?

675 workers were killed per week due to the unsanitary and dangerous conditions facing the workers

8. What percentage of American workers were children (age 10 and younger)?

5%, with many children working with textiles and some manufacturing

9. How spread out was wealth within America in the late 1800’s?

NOT SPREAD OUT WHATSOEVER, THE RICHEST 9% OF AMERICAN PEOPLE HELD 75% OF THE NATIONAL WEALTH, which leaves the remaining 91% of the population to spread out only 25% of the national wealth

10. In 1848, Karl Marx and Frederich Engles created the Communist Manifesto, which pushed for Socialism and denounced the Capitalist system of business. -How does Socialism

compare to Capitalism? THE GOVERNMENT

OWNS THE MEANS OF BUSINESS AND TELLS PEOPLE WHAT TO MAKE AND WHAT JOB THEY WILL HOLD

Section IV. Labor Unions and Strikes11. What was the first Labor Union?

THE FEDERAL SOCIETY OF JOURNEYMEN CORDWAINERS (LEATHER)

Why did this first union end? THE NATIONAL

GOVERNMENT OUTLAWED IT AND BROKE IT UP

PEACEFULLY, RULING THAT THE UNION GAVE THE GROUP AN UNEQUAL ADVANTAGE AGAINST THE BUSINESS OWNERS.

12. What was the first relatively successful Labor Union?

KNIGHTS OF LABOR (THE NATIONAL TRADES UNION WAS SOMEWHAT SUCCESSFUL BUT THEY ONLY LASTED 3 YEARS DUE TO THE DEPRESSION OF 1887.

What types of people belonged to this Union? BELONGING TO THE

KNIGHTS OF LABOR WERE ALL SKILLED/UNSKILLED LABORERS BELONGED TO THE UNION, INCLUDED BLACKS AND WOMEN

In 1885, 700,000 people belonged to the Knights of Labor.

12. What did the Knights of Labor rally for?

EQUAL PAY FOR EQUAL WORK AN 8 HOUR WORKDAY AN END TO CHILD LABOR What means did the Knights go about

achieving their goals? Strikes and work stoppages

What caused the downfall of the Knights of Labor in the 1890’s? THERE WAS A SERIES OF FAILED

STRIKES AND THE KNIGHTS EVENTUALLY FELL APART DUE TO THEIR MEMBERSHIP OF UNSKILLED LABORERS

13. American Federation of Labor

a. When was the AFL created? 1886

b. Who was allowed to join the American Federation of Labor? ONLY SKILLED WORKERS (LEATHER

MAKERS, STEEL WORKERS, BLACKSMITHS, MINE WORKERS, AUTOMOBILE WORKERS) NOT INCLUDING BLACKS OR WOMEN

c. The AFL had 250,000 members by 1892. d. Were women or African Americans welcome into the

AFL? NO

e. What did the AFL fight for? BETTER WAGES, AN 8 HOUR WORKDAY,

SAFER WORKING CONDITIONS f. How did the AFL fight for their goals?

COLLECTIVE BARGAINING THROUGH NEGOTIATIONS, WALK-OUTS, OR STRIKES.

14. Name the 5 ways that Employers attempted to end membership in Labor Unions.

FORBID ANY UNION MEETINGS FIRED UNION ORGANIZERS NEW EMPLOYEES HAD TO AGREE TO

NOT JOIN A UNION REFUSED TO BARGAIN COLLECTIVELY WOULD NOT RECOGNIZE UNION

WORKERS AS REPRESENTATIVES OF THE EMPLOYEES

15. Railroad Strike of 1877 a. Why did this Strike Occur?

–BALTIMORE AND OHIO RAILROAD ANNOUNCED THEIR 2ND 10% WAGE CUT IN 8 MONTHS

b. What caused Rutherford B. Hayes to send out federal troops to Pittsburgh, Chicago and St. Louis? -WORKERS IN PITTSBURGH,

CHICAGO, AND ST. LOUIS STRIKED. THE STRIKE IN PITTSBURGH TURNED INTO A RIOT AS RAILROAD WORKERS SET THE PROPERTY ABLAZE, CAUSING $5 MILLION IN DAMAGE. SOME RIOTERS WERE SHOT AND KILLED AS THE FEDERAL TROOPS PUT DOWN THE RIOT.

16. Homestead Riot of 1892 a. What caused this riot?

–ANDREW CARNEGIE WAS ON A TRIP IN EUROPE AND HIS PARTNER, HENRY FRICK, CUT WORKERS WAGES AT CARNEGIE STEEL

b. How did Henry Frick attempt to put down this riot? –FRICK HIRED A PRIVATE POLICE FORCE

NAMED THE PINKERTONS WHO WERE KNOWN FOR THEIR VIOLENCE IN PUTTING DOWN STRIKES

c. How did the strike end? –AN INDEPENDENT COMMUNIST ANARCHIST

WHO WAS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH THE BUSINESS OF CARNEGIE STEEL ATTEMPTED TO KILL HENRY FRICK. THIS MAN WAS NAMED ALEXANDER BERKMAN. ALSO, FRICK WAS WOUNDED BUT HE WOULD NOT GIVE IN TO THE UNION. THE UNION EVENTUALLY GAVE UP IN MID-NOVEMBER OF 1892 AFTER BEING ON STRIKE SINCE JULY 6.

17. Pullman Strike of 1894 a. Why did this strike occur?

–GEORGE PULLMAN, A RAIL CAR MAKER LAID OFF WORKERS AND CUT WAGES BY 25% DURING THE PANIC OF 1893. PULLMAN REFUSED TO BARGAIN WITH THE WORKERS AND SHUT DOWN THE PLANT. 120,000 RAILWAY WORKERS JOINED THE STRIKE

b. How did Grover Cleveland end this strike? –AS THE STRIKE TURNED INTO A RIOT,

THE PRESIDENT SENT IN 2,500 FEDERAL TROOPS TO PUT DOWN THE STRIKE AS THE NATION’S MAIL HAD BEEN STOPPED.

c. How did the federal government declare that the strikers were violating the Sherman Anti-trust Act? -THESE INDIVIDUALS SLOWED DOWN THE

U.S. ECONOMY, AND, ACCORDING TO THE SHERMAN ANTI-TRUST ACT, THESE WORKERS TOGETHER WERE RESTRAINING INTERSTATE TRADE DUE TO THE SLOW-DOWN OF THE PLANT AND U.S. ECONOMY