CHAPTER 22:

RESPIRATORY

SYSTEM (1): ANATOMYHuman Anatomy and Physiology II –

BIOL153

Nasal cavity

Nostril

Larynx

Trachea

Carina of trachea

Right main (primary) bronchus

Right lung

Oral cavity

Pharynx

Left main (primary) bronchus

Left lung

Diaphragm

Goals/Objectives

Identify the organs forming the respiratory

passageway(s) in descending order until you reach

the alveoli

Describe the location, structure, and function of each

of the following: nose, paranasal sinuses, pharynx,

and larynx

List and describe several protective mechanisms of

the respiratory system

Distinguish between conducting and respiratory

zone structures

Describe the makeup of the respiratory membrane

and relate structure to function

Nasal cavity

Nostril

Larynx

Trachea

Carina of trachea

Right main (primary) bronchusRightlung

Oral cavity

Pharynx

Left main (primary) bronchus

Left lung

Diaphragm

The Respiratory System

Major function –Respiration Supply body with

O2 for cellular respiration;dispose of CO2, a waste product of cellular respiration

Also functions in olfaction and speech

Processes of Respiration

Pulmonary

ventilation

External

respiration

Transport

Internal

respiration

Respiratory

system

Circulatory

system

Respiratory System: Functional

Anatomy

Nasal cavity

Nostril

Larynx

Trachea

Carina of trachea

Right main (primary) bronchus

Right lung

Oral cavity

Pharynx

Left main (primary) bronchus

Left lung

Diaphragm

Functional Anatomy

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Respiratory zone-site of gas

exchange

Conducting zone-conduits to gas

exchange sites

The Nose

Functions

Provides an airway for respiration

Moistens and warms entering air

Filters and cleans inspired air

Serves as resonating chamber for

speech

Houses olfactory receptors

The Nose – Surface Anatomy

Root andbridge of nose

Dorsum nasi

Ala of nose

Apex of nose

Naris (nostril)

The Nose – External Skeletal

Framework

Frontal bone

Nasal bone

Septal cartilage

Maxillary bone(frontal process)

Lateral process ofseptal cartilage

Minor alarcartilages

Dense fibrousconnective tissue

Major alarcartilages

Nasal Cavity

Cribriform plateof ethmoid bone

Posterior nasalaperture

Nasal cavity

Nasal conchae(superior, middle and inferior)

Nasal meatuses(superior, middle,and inferior)

Nasal vestibule

Nostril

Hard Palate

Soft Palate

Nasal cavity-within and posterior to external nose

Divided by midline nasal septum

Posterior nasal apertures(conchae) open into nasopharynx

Roof-ethmoid and sphenoid bones

Floor–hard (bone) and soft palates (muscle)

Nasal vestibule-nasal cavity superior to nostrils

Vibrissae (hairs) filter coarse particles from inspired air

Rest of nasal cavity lined with mucous membranes

Olfactory mucosa

Respiratory mucosa

Paranasal Sinuses

Sphenoid sinus

Frontal sinus In frontal,

sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones

Lighten skull; secrete mucus; help to warm and moisten air

Cribriform plateof ethmoid bone

Nasopharynx

Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx

Regions of the pharynx

Pharynx

Muscular tube

from base of skull

to C6

Connects nasal

cavity and mouth

to larynx and

esophagus

Composed of

skeletal muscle

Nasopharynx

Pharyngeal tonsil

Nasopharynx

Opening of pharyngotympanic tube

Uvula

Esophagus

Trachea

Epiglottis

Air passageway posterior to nasal cavity

Lining -pseudostratifiedcolumnar epithelium

Soft palate and uvula close nasopharynx during swallowing

Pharyngeal tonsil(adenoids) on posterior wall

Pharyngotympanic(auditory) tubes drain and equalize pressure in middle ear; open into lateral walls

Oropharynx

Oropharynx

Palatine tonsil

Isthmus of thefauces

Esophagus

Trachea

Epiglottis

Passageway for food and air from level of soft palate to epiglottis

Lining of stratified squamous epithelium

Isthmus of fauces-opening to oral cavity

Palatine tonsils-in lateral walls of fauces

Lingual tonsil-on posterior surface of tongue

Laryngopharynx

Laryngopharynx

Esophagus

Trachea

Epiglottis

Passageway for food and air

Posterior to upright epiglottis

Extends to larynx, where continuous with esophagus

Lined with stratified squamous epithelium

Larynx

Body of hyoid bone

Thyroid cartilage

Laryngeal prominence(Adam’s apple)

Cricothyroid ligament

Cricotracheal ligament

Epiglottis

Thyrohyoidmembrane

Cricoid cartilage

Tracheal cartilages

Anterior superficial view

Functions

• Provides patent airway

• Routes air and food into

proper channels

• Voice production

• Houses vocal folds

Epiglottis

Thyrohyoidmembrane

Cuneiform cartilage

Corniculate cartilage

Arytenoid cartilage

Arytenoid muscles

Cricoid cartilage

Tracheal cartilages

Body of hyoid bone

Thyrohyoid membrane

Fatty pad

Vestibular fold(false vocal cord)

Thyroid cartilage

Vocal fold(true vocal cord)

Cricothyroid ligament

Cricotracheal ligament

Sagittal view; anterior surface to the right

Larynx

Vocal Folds

Vestibular fold (false vocal cord)

Base of tongue

Epiglottis

Vocal fold (true vocal cord)

Glottis

Inner lining of trachea

Cuneiform cartilage

Corniculate cartilage

Vocal folds in closed position; closed glottis Vocal folds in open position; open glottis

Vocal ligaments-deep to laryngeal mucosa

Attach arytenoid cartilages to thyroid cartilage

Contain elastic fibers

Form core of vocal folds (true vocal cords)

Glottis-opening between vocal folds

Folds vibrate to produce sound as air rushes up

Vestibular folds (false vocal cords)

Superior to vocal folds

No part in sound production

Help to close glottis during swallowing

Voice Production

Speech-intermittent release of expired air while opening and closing glottis

Pitch determined by length and tension of vocal cords

Loudness depends upon force of air

Chambers of pharynx, oral, nasal, and sinus cavities amplify and enhance sound quality

Sound is "shaped" into language by muscles of pharynx, tongue, soft palate, and lips

Trachea – the “windpipe”

Esophagus

Trachealis

muscle

Lumen of

trachea

Posterior

Mucosa

Submucosa

Hyaline

cartilage

Adventitia

Seromucousgland in submucosa

Anterior

Cross section of the trachea

and esophagus

Wall composed of three layers:

• Mucosa-ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells

• Submucosa-connective tissue with seromucous glands

• Adventitia-outermost layer made of CT; encases C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

Trachea – Tissue Composition

Goblet cell

• Pseudostratifiedciliated columnarepithelium

• Lamina propria(connective tissue)

Mucosa

Submucosa

Hyaline cartilage

Seromucous glandIn submucosa

Photomicrograph of the

tracheal wall (320x)

Bronchi and Subdivisions

Superior lobe

of right lung

Middle lobe

of right lung

Inferior lobe

of right lung

Trachea

Superior lobe

of left lung

Left main(primary)bronchus

Lobar (secondary)bronchus

Segmental (tertiary)bronchus

Inferior lobeof left lung

Air passages undergo 23 orders of branching bronchial (respiratory)

tree

From tips of bronchial tree conducting zone structures respiratory

zone structures

Cilia move mucus to pharynx

Cilia

Goblet cell

secretes mucus.

Nucleus of

columnar

epithelial cell

Basement

membrane

Dust particle

Mucus layer traps

inhaled particles.

Watery saline layer

allows cilia to

push mucus

toward pharynx.

Bronchi Epithelium

Bronchi and Subdivisions

Superior lobe

of right lung

Middle lobe

of right lung

Inferior lobe

of right lung

Trachea

Superior lobe

of left lung

Left main(primary)bronchus

Lobar (secondary)bronchus

Segmental (tertiary)bronchus

Inferior lobeof left lung

Changes in the tissue composition

of conducting tubes

• Epithelium

type changes

• Support

structures

change

• Amount of

smooth muscle

increases

Clicker Question

Breathing air through the nose serves multiple

functions. What function would be increased

when breathing dry air?

a) Warming the air

b) Delivering the air to the lungs

c) Providing a resonance chamber for speech

d) Humidifying the air

Functional Anatomy

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Respiratory zone-site of gas

exchange

Conducting zone-conduits to gas

exchange sites

Respiratory Zone

Alveolar duct

Respiratory

bronchioles

Terminal

bronchiole

Alveoli

Alveolar duct

Alveolar

sac

Respiratory

bronchiole

Alveolar

duct

Alveoli

Alveolar

sac

Alveolar

pores

Terminal bronchiole

Respiratory bronchiole

Smooth

muscle

Elastic

fibers

Alveolus

Capillaries

Capillary/Alveoli Relationship

Red bloodcell incapillary

Alveoli(gas-filledair spaces)

Type IIalveolarcell

Type Ialveolarcell

Capillary

Macrophage

Endothelial cellnucleus

Respiratory

membrane

Alveolarepithelium

Fused basementmembranes ofalveolarepithelium andcapillaryendothelium

Capillaryendothelium

Capillary

Alveolus

Nucleus of type Ialveolar cell

Alveolar pores

Red bloodcell

Alveolus

Detailed anatomy of the respiratory membrane

Alveoli and the Respiratory

Membrane

Clicker Question

Which of the following is not part of the

conducting zone?

a) Primary bronchi

b) Lobar bronchi

c) Terminal bronchioles

d) Alveolus

Clicker Question

The respiratory membrane is composed of

________.

a) the alveolar sacs and pulmonary arteries

b) the alveolar membrane, the capillary wall,

and their fused basement membrane

c) the fusion of the type I and type II alveolar

cells

d) the cells found between the alveolar pores

Lungs

TracheaThymus

Apex of lung

Right inferior lobe

Horizontal fissure

Right superior lobe

Oblique fissure

Right middle lobe

Heart(in mediastinum)

Diaphragm

Base of lung

Intercostal muscleRib

Parietal pleuraPleural cavityVisceral pleura

Leftsuperior lobe

Obliquefissure

Left inferiorlobe

Cardiac notch

Lung

Lungs

Transverse section through the thorax, viewed from above. Lungs, pleuralmembranes, and major organs in the mediastinum are shown.

Posterior

Parietal pleura

Visceral pleura

Pleural cavity

Pericardial membranes

Sternum

Vertebra

Esophagus(in mediastinum)

Root of lung

at hilum

• Left mainbronchus• Left pulmonaryartery• Left pulmonaryvein

Thoracic wall

Heart (in mediastinum)

Anterior mediastinum

Anterior

Left lung

Pulmonary trunk

Right lung

Blood Supply

Lungs

Transverse section through the thorax, viewed from above. Lungs, pleuralmembranes, and major organs in the mediastinum are shown.

Posterior

Parietal pleura

Visceral pleura

Pleural cavity

Pericardial membranes

Sternum

Vertebra

Esophagus(in mediastinum)

Root of lung

at hilum

• Left mainbronchus• Left pulmonaryartery• Left pulmonaryvein

Thoracic wall

Heart (in mediastinum)

Anterior mediastinum

Anterior

Left lung

Pulmonary trunk

Right lung

Pleurae