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honors world history- the roman republic
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The Roman Republic
Chapter 6, Section 1
Italian Peninsula
Greeks first came to Italy in 900 BC
Greeks liked Italy’s central location and rich, Mediterranean farmland
Italy is separated from Europe by the Alps in the North
Etruscans
Etruscans dominated the Italian Peninsula from 900-500 BC
Influenced by the Greeks; used their alphabet
Gained control of Rome in 625 BC and taught the Romans their culture and technology
Early Rome
Rome was founded by Romulus in 753, after he killed his brother Remus, according to legend
Consisted of 7 hills on the Latium plain
The Etruscans drained the marshes & built roads & the Forum
The Republic
Society consisted of patricians and plebians
Patricians set up a gov’t with executive and legislative branches
Executive- 2 consuls w/ veto powerLegislative-Senate w/ 300 patricians
Plebeians Gain Power
Demanded representation in gov’tTribunes gained veto power,
Assembly of Tribes gained law making power
Improved social standingPreviously unwritten laws were
codified on the 12 Tables
Roman Religion
Romans worshipped gods borrowed from the Greeks but given Roman names
They also kept some of the nature spirits they worshipped during Etruscan rule
Roman Legions
The Republic faced many attacks from neighbors
All Roman men were required to join army
Divided soldiers into smaller “legions” to make them more mobile
Very disciplined and well-trained
Roman Legions
As army conquered foes, they had to pledge allegiance to Rome
Permanent settlements were developed and connected by roads
Carthage
Carthaginians in N. Africa were also expanding
Conflict arose over the Sicily1st Punic war lasted from 264-241
with the Romans winning and forcing the Carthaginians to pay a large indemnity
2nd Punic War
20 years later, Hannibal led 40,000 troops through Gaul and over the Alps (½ are killed)
Hannibal terrorized Romans, nearly destroying army at Cannae
Scipio attacked Carthage, forcing Hannibal to return and surrender
Problems in the Republic
As Rome expanded, conflict arose from provinces paying tribute
Romans seized land and created latifundia, plantations
Roman legions were stationed throughout empire to quell revolts
Feuds
Many nobles used the large population of unemployed to form their own militaries
These armies provided many nobles with a lot of power
Julius Caesar
In 60 BC Caesar became consul with the help of Pompey and Crassus-Triumvirate
Used military accomplishments in Gaul and Germanic lands to increase his popularity
Julius Caesar
Pompey ordered Caesar to give up his army
Instead, Caesar marched into Rome and seized power
In 45 BC, Caesar declared himself dictator for life
Caesar in Power
Expanded representation in the Senate
Provided land for landless poorDeveloped the modern calendar Julius Caesar was killed on March
15, 44 BC by Senators who believed he had grown too strong
End of the Republic
With Caesar’s death, Octavian and Antony formed a new triumvirate
Divided the Republic up among themselves
Octavian defeated Antony in 31 BC at Actium becoming the undisputed ruler of Rome
The Roman Empire
Chapter 6, Section 3
Augustus- “A city of brick to one of marble.”
Changed name from OctavianRebuilt RomeReformed tax system and
eliminated corruptionBuilt new roads and public buildingsPax Romana for 200 years
Julio-Claudian Emperors
The 4 successors to AugustusTiberius was constantly paranoidCaligula was a sociopath and was
killed by Praetorian GuardClaudius followed but was killed by his
wifeNero was insane and nearly destroyed
Rome with his vanity and indulgence
The Good Emperors
Under Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, and Marcus Aurelius Rome reached its peak
Trajan stretched Rome to its largest size
Hadrian built a wall in Britain
Roman Rule
Made gov’t more efficient; chose qualified leaders for provinces
Developed ideas such as “innocent until guilty” which have formed the basis for western & Christian law
Downsized the army too much, making it vulnerable to attack
Pax Romana
Goods from all over the world poured into Rome
Family became less important and divorces more common
Middle class grew largerSociety became less stable
Engineering and Entertainment
Roads and aqueducts were the life-blood of Rome
Circus Maximus, Colosseum, & public baths kept the people happy
Innovations like concrete and the arch helped create structures like the Pantheon
Education, Science, & Literature
Borrowed much from other culturesMost boys were educated, the
wealthy at academiesLatin was the common language
and forms the basis for today’s Romance languages
Rise of Christianity
Chapter 6, Section 4
Judaism in the Empire
As Rome secured Judea under Augustus, many Jews believed a messiah would arrive to save them
Jews revolted in 66 AD but were defeated in 70 AD and their temple was destroyed
Revolted again in 132 AD
Judaism in the Empire
As Rome secured Judea under Augustus, many Jews believed a messiah would arrive to save them
Jews revolted in 66 AD but were defeated in 70 AD and their temple was destroyed
Revolted again in 132 AD
Jesus of Nazareth
A Jew who proclaimed that God’s rule was close at hand preached acts of kindness
Disciples believed he was messiahControversy in the Jewish
community concerned Romans so they crucified Jesus
Spread and Persecution of Christianity
Disciples claimed Jesus had risen from the dead and was the messiah
Converts like Paul spread religion throughout Mediterranean
Peter brought Christianity to RomeMany believers were martyred by
the Romans
The Early Church
According to legend, Constantine accepted Christianity in 312 after a battle
Said Romans could worship how they pleased
Theodosius made Christianity Rome’s official religion in 392
The Early Church
Church was set up in a hierarchy by the 400’s and the bishop of Rome had taken a leadership role as the pope
Latin churches became the Roman Catholic while Greek-influenced churches became Eastern Orthodox
Roman Decline
Chapter 6, Section 5
Empire’s Problem
After Marcus Aurelius, there were 28 emperors in 90 years
Instability opened Rome up to attacks from “Barbarians”
Warfare led to poor crops, inflation, and extreme financial hardship for the empire
An Empire Divided
The west part of the Roman Empire was being constantly attacked
Diocletian and Constantine tried to implement reforms to slow economic decline unsuccessfully
Theodosius decreed that the empire should be split in 395
Reasons Barbarians Attacked
Sought warmer, southern climateWanted Rome’s wealthInability of military to contain
Visigoths led to further uprisings from Franks, Vandals, Goths, Huns and others
Fall of Western Empire
Vandals destroyed Rome in 455Franks and Goths divided GaulIn 476, Odoacer defeated the last
Roman EmperorThis German general accepted
Latin culture and Christianity