1 Visions of America, A History of the United States

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1 Visions of America, A History of the United States

Jeffersonian AmericaAn Expanding Empire of Liberty, 1800–1824

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1 Visions of America, A History of the United States

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Jeffersonian America

I. Politics in Jeffersonian America

II. An Expanding Empire of Liberty

III. Dissension at Home

IV. America Confronts a World at War

V. The Republic Reborn:Consequences of the War of 1812

VI. Crises and the Collapse of the National Republican Consensus

AN EXPANDING EMPIRE OF LIBERTY, 1800–1824

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Politics in Jeffersonian America

A. Liberty and Small Government

B. The Jeffersonian Style

C. Political Slurs and the Politics of Honor

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The Jeffersonian Style

What does Monticello reveal about Thomas Jefferson’s ideas and values?

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Political Slurs and the Politics of Honor

What role did slavery play in life at Monticello?

What role did honor play in the political culture of Jeffersonian America?

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Envisioning EvidenceTHE WORLD OF SLAVERY AT MONTICELLO

About 150 slaves allowed Jefferson to maintain his aristocratic lifestyle.

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An Expanding Empire of Liberty

A. Dismantling the Federalist Program

B. The Courts: The Last Bastion of Federalist Power

C. The Louisiana Purchase

D. Lewis and Clark

E. Indian Responses to Jeffersonian Expansionism: Assimilation or Revivalism

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Dismantling the Federalist Program

Was Jefferson’s election in 1800 a real revolution?

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The Courts: The Last Bastion of Federalist Power

Judicial Review – The idea that courts might strike down acts of the legislature

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Choices and Consequences

• Marbury, who sought political office, was denied his commission by Madison, Jefferson’s secretary of state

• Marbury sued Madison and demanded his office

• The case went to the Supreme Court, with Marshall as chief justice

JOHN MARSHALL’S PREDICAMENT

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Choices and Consequences

Marshall’s choices in Marbury v. Madison

JOHN MARSHALL’S PREDICAMENT

Give Marbury his commission

Deny Marbury the commission

Acknowledge the legitimacy of

Marbury’s claim while somehow

avoiding a showdown

between the court and executive

branch

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Choices and Consequences

Decision and consequences• Marshall used a legal technicality to avoid

conflict between executive and judicial branches

• Marshall’s ruling:– Strengthened the idea of judicial review; and– Gave more power to the Supreme Court

How did John Marshall avoid a showdown with Jefferson in Marbury v. Madison?

JOHN MARSHALL’S PREDICAMENT

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Choices and Consequences

Continuing Controversies

•What role should judicial review play in a democracy?

JOHN MARSHALL’S PREDICAMENT

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The Louisiana Purchase

Was the Louisiana Purchase consistent with Jefferson’s ideals?

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The Louisiana Purchase

Louisiana Purchase – The U.S. acquisition of the Louisiana Territory from France in 1803

–Secured control of the Mississippi River and nearly doubled the size of the nation

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Lewis and Clark

What role did Sacagawea play in the Lewis and Clark expedition?

What were the main goals of the Lewis and Clark expedition?

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Indian Responses to Jeffersonian Expansionism: Assimilation or Revivalism

What were the central beliefs of Handsome Lake’s religious revival?

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Indian Responses to Jeffersonian Expansionism: Assimilation or Revivalism

Pan-Indian Resistance Movement – Shawnee leaders Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh’s plan to unite Indian tribes to repel white encroachments in Ohio and Indiana

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Dissension at Home

A. Jefferson’s Attack on the Federalist Judiciary

B. The Controversial Mr. Burr

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Jefferson’s Attack on the Federalist Judiciary

Why did Jefferson target the federal judiciary and seek to limit its power?

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The Controversial Mr. Burr

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America Confronts a World at War

A. The Failure of Peaceable Coercion

B. Madison’s Travails: Diplomatic Blunders Abroad and Tensions on the Frontier

C. The War of 1812

D. The Hartford Convention

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America Confronts a World at War

Impressment – The practice of forcing merchant seamen to serve in the British navy

Chesapeake Affair – An 1807 incident when the British ship the Leopard fired at an American navy ship, the Chesapeake

–Abducted four American sailors as deserters from the Royal Navy

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The Failure of Peaceable Coercion

What was peaceable coercion?

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The Failure of Peaceable Coercion

Embargo Act of 1807 – The cornerstone of peaceable coercion that attempted to block U.S. trade with England and France to force them to respect American neutrality

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Madison’s Travails: Diplomatic Blunders Abroad and Tensions on the Frontier

How did British relations with Indians in the Northwest exacerbate political tensions with America?

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The War of 1812

Who were the War Hawks?

What were the main military consequences of the War of 1812?

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The War of 1812

War Hawks – Young Republican congressmen from the South and the western regions who favored western expansion and war with Britain

War of 1812 – The war between Britain and America over restrictions on American trade

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Competing VisionsWAR HAWKS AND THEIR CRITICS

Why did Westerners believe that the British were encouraging Indian violence against Americans?

War Hawks accused British of arming Native Americans and inciting them to attack American settlers.

Critics argued that conflicts with Native Americans resulted from settlers’ encroachment on their lands.

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Competing Visions

Images like this one supported War Hawks’ claims.

Critics dismissed the War Hawks’ idea of a British-Native American conspiracy.

The issue pitted “Young” Republicans against “Old” Republicans.

WAR HAWKS AND THEIR CRITICS

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The Hartford Convention

What were the main goals of the Hartford Convention?

How are the actions of New England states represented in the political cartoon on the Hartford Convention?

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The Hartford Convention

Hartford Convention – A meeting of Federalists in Hartford, Connecticut, to protest the War of 1812

–Proposed several constitutional amendments intended to weaken the powers of the slave states and protect New England interests

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The Republic Reborn:Consequences of the War of 1812

A. The National Republican Vision of James Monroe

B. Diplomatic Triumphs

C. Economic and Technological Innovation

D. Judicial Nationalism

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The National Republican Vision of James Monroe

Why was Monroe’s presidency described as an “Era of Good Feelings”?

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The National Republican Vision of James Monroe

Era of Good Feelings – A term coined to describe the absence of bitter partisan conflict during the presidency of James Monroe

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Diplomatic Triumphs

What were the major ideas associated with the Monroe Doctrine?

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Diplomatic Triumphs

Monroe Doctrine – A foreign policy statement by President Monroe that declared that:

–The Americas were no longer open to colonization

–The U.S. would view any effort to control independent nations in the western hemisphere as a threat to America

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Images as HistorySAMUEL MORSE’S HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

AND THE NATIONAL REPUBLICAN VISION

Morse highlighted the multicolored stone columns (symbolized the ideal of Federalism).

Native American figure in the gallery symbolized diplomacy and subjugation of native peoples.

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Images as HistorySAMUEL MORSE’S HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

AND THE NATIONAL REPUBLICAN VISION

Morse focused on act of lighting the House’s chandelier, a symbol of progress.

Why did Morse highlight architecture and minimize the people in his painting?

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Economic and Technological Innovation

What was the economic significance of Whitney’s cotton gin?

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Economic and Technological Innovation

Cotton Gin – Machine invented by Eli Whitney that easily removed seeds from cotton

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Judicial Nationalism

Which Marshall Court decisions best illustrate the Court’s nationalism?

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Crisis and the Collapse of the National Republican Consensus

A. The Panic of 1819

B. The Missouri Crisis

C. Denmark Vesey’s Rebellion

D. Jeffersonian America and the Politics of Compromise

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The Panic of 1819

Panic of 1819 – A downturn in the American economy in 1819 that plunged the nation into depression and economic hardship

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The Missouri Crisis

What was the Missouri crisis?

What were the main provisions of the Missouri Compromise?

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The Missouri Crisis

Missouri Compromise – The congressional compromise in which Missouri entered the Union as a slave state and Maine was admitted as a free state

–Preserved the balance of slave and free states in Congress

–Drew an imaginary line at 36° 30' through the Louisiana Territory

–Slavery prohibited north of this line

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Denmark Vesey’s Rebellion

How did the Missouri crisis contribute to the climate of fear in Charleston during the Vesey trial?

Why did white residents of Charlestown blame northerners for the Vesey insurrection?

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Denmark Vesey’s Rebellion

Denmark Vesey Uprising – An alleged plot led by a free black man, Denmark Vesey, to free slaves in Charleston and kill their masters

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Jeffersonian America and the Politics of Compromise

What were some of the main political compromises of the Jeffersonian era?