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EDU 221 Children With Exceptionalities
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©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 15Facilitating Social Development
©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.
Social Development
• The Four How’s– How to Approach– How to Interact– How to Deal with Difference– How to Manage Conflict
©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.
Social Skills and Overall Development
• Social skills cannot be separated from overall development.
• While engaged in a social conversation, language, physical skills, and cognitive skills are intertwined.
• Therefore social skills need to be taught and reinforced to all children.
©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.
Defining Appropriate Social Skills
• Appropriate social skills are rules and expectations prescribed by particular groups as to how group members will conduct themselves in private and in public.
©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.
Defining Appropriate Social Skills (continued)
• The major social skills learned in early childhood relate to getting along with others.
• Children need to be provided opportunities to interact with peers, adults, and family members.
©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.
Acquiring Social Skills
• Temperament and emotions– Three main types:
• Easy• Difficult• Slow to warm up
– Emotions are felt, but reactions to the emotions are learned.
– Appropriate responses to an emotion need to be taught.
©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.
Acquiring Social Skills (continued)
• Social reinforcement– Adult responsiveness
• This refers to how an adult responds to a young child’s needs.
• If the response is immediate and appropriate, then the child and the adult are satisfied.
• If the response is delayed or inappropriate, then the child becomes mistrustful and wary of the environment.
©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.
Acquiring Social Skills (continued)
• Impact of developmental problems– Infants who do not respond in the typical
sense with smiles, coos, or eye gazing often are not stimulated by the caregivers to express emotion.
– Overstimulated children tend to withdraw and turn away from caregivers’ show of emotion.
– Over responding children cannot control their responses and often turn a caregiver off emotionally.
©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.
Acquiring Social Skills (continued)
• Social skills in sequence– Attachment– Joint attention– Separation protest– Fear of strangers– Stranger anxiety– Theory of mind– Pretend and role-playing
©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.
Acquiring Social Skills (continued)
– Role of early learning programs• Initially it begins as one-on-one time.• It progresses to small group activities.• Then we introduce circle time.• Children are given opportunities to share ideas.• Children learn not to interrupt each other.• Older children become aware of turn-taking and
waiting for a turn.
©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.
Acquiring Social Skills (continued)
• Play– Other children are seen as obstacles and not
playmates– The “Mine” stage– Independent interacting toward a common
purpose– Cooperative stage– Friendships
©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.
Acquiring Social Skills (continued)
• Teaching children to play– Arrange for children to be near each other.– Physically guide them into the play.– Give them materials to stimulate play.– Place objects in their hands.– Verbalize actions.– Rejoice.– Help others join in.
©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.
Acquiring Social Skills (continued)
– Provide social reinforcement.– Move the child toward a group.– Teacher slowly removes herself from the play
experience.
• Gentle insistence– Teacher gently prods a child into participating
in an activity.
©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.
Acquiring Social Skills (continued)
• Incidental social learning– Explain the differences in a positive light.– Answer questions honestly and openly.– Use simple words the child can understand.– Assure the child that the disability is not
“catchy” and it is okay to touch and ask.
©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.
Acquiring Social Skills (continued)
– To encourage incidental social learning:• Move closer to the children playing.• Smile and encourage play with all children.• Bring new materials to the interaction.• Make encouraging comments, keeping the play
going.
©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.
Acquiring Social Skills (continued)
• Sharing and turn-taking– A difficult concept for children because they
have to give up what is theirs to meet the needs of someone else
– Self-assertion• Teach children to stand up for what is theirs and
not let others just take from them.
©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.
Acquiring Social Skills (continued)
• Materials and equipment– Provide multiple materials in areas where
more than one child can play at a time.– Encourage imitation by providing two of some
toys.
©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.
Acquiring Social Skills (continued)
• Imitation and modeling– Arrange the environment to ensure that
interactions take place.– Reinforce the children for playing together.– Reinforce imitation of appropriate behaviors.
©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.
Teacher-Structured Peer Interactions
• Create activities in which all children must participate for the game to work.
• Discovery play sets up the activity for the children to engage in and work together.
©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.
Teacher-Structured Peer Interactions (continued)
• Peer tutoring and peer mediating– Children who are typically developing are
given a chance to explain a new idea to a peer.
– Mediation is done to keep children engaged.– Children with disabilities get the chance to
play with others.– Teachers provide support and
encouragement.
©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.
Teacher-Structured Peer Interactions (continued)
• Peer tutoring– The child with the disability learns from the
peer.– The peer is given a chance to refine and
master a skill.
©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.
Teacher-Structured Peer Interactions (continued)
• Additional ways teachers can structure and facilitate learning:– Choose stories that focus on character
development.– Practice manners.– Seat children close to appropriate models at
circle time and large group activities.– Provide group projects.– Initiate a buddy center.
©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.
Teacher-Structured Peer Interactions (continued)
• Fair play– Rules in the classroom are for everyone.– No one child should be allowed to break rules
because of his or her disability.– Encourage rule-following and reward
appropriate behaviors
©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.
Teacher-Structured Peer Interactions (continued)
• Sometimes more intervention is needed– If a child is hesitant or overwhelmed by the
classroom:• Provide a quiet small group area for the child to
practice social interaction.• Give the child time to practice with the teacher
before engaging another child.• Offer suggestions and play materials that the child
can use independently to encourage others to play with him or her.