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Understanding referencing and plagiarism
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Understandingreferencing and plagiarismMSc Civil & Environmental Engineering
Edyta Krol
Academic Support Librarian
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February 2014
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February 2014
Referencing is
‘an acknowledgement of someone else’s work or findings’
Dunbar (2007)
• Acknowledge sources• Demonstrate breadth of reading• To give your work scholarly credibility• To allow you, you tutor and other readers to
retrieve the documents cited• To signpost to the reader that this idea is not
your own• To avoid accusations of plagiarism
Why do we need to reference?
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February 2014
Whenever you draw on a source of information:
• As a general source of inspiration
• As the source of a particular theory, argument or
viewpoint
• For specific information such as statistics, case
studies or examples
• For direct quotations
• For text you have paraphrased or summarised
When to reference
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February 2014
• Copying another person’s work, including the work of
another student (with or without their consent), and
claiming or pretending it is your own
• Presenting arguments that use a blend of your own and a
significant percentage of copied words of the original author
without acknowledging the source
• Paraphrasing another person’s work, but not giving due
acknowledgement to the original author
Neville, C. (2007) The complete guide to referencing and avoiding plagiarism.
Maidenhead: Open University Press
What is plagiarism?
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February 2014
• A form of plagiarism where two or more students work together
to produce a piece of work which is then submitted by each of
them as their own individual work
• If a student gets someone else to compose the whole or part of
any piece of work
• If a student copies the whole or part of someone else's piece of
work with their knowledge and consent
• If a student allows another student to copy material, knowing
that it will subsequently be presented as that student's own
work
Collusion
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February 2014
• To get a better grade – 59%
• Laziness or bad time management – 54%
• Easy access to material via the Internet – 40%
• They do not understand the rules – 29%
• ‘It happens unconsciously’ - 29%
• They do not think they will be caught – 16%
Dordoy, A. (2002) Cheating and plagiarism: staff and student perceptions at
Northumbria. Working paper presented at Northumbrian Conference: ‘Educating for
the Future’, Newcastle 22 Oct. 2003
Why do students plagiarize?
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February 2014
•Plagiarism
•Collusion
•Other kinds of cheating??
Academic dishonesty
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February 2014
Do not even think about it!
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February 2014
You need to know about:
• Identifying sources and information that need to be
documented
• Using material gathered from sources: summary, paraphrase
and quotation
• Staying loyal to the source material
• Creating in-text citation
• Blending quotations into your paper
• Documenting sources in Reference list
How to avoid plagiarism
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February 2014
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February 2014
•The author’s words are copied exactly –
‘verbatim’
•Quotation marks (“…”) are added – where quote
begins and ends
•You need the author’s surname,
year of publication and page number
in brackets at the end
Direct Quotation
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February 2014
Quotation marks
“When you make a claim about the way things are in
the world, you must offer the reader evidence and say
where it comes from.” (Northedge 1999, p. 191)
Author’s surname Year of publication Page number
Example
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February 2014
Direct quotes are useful when...
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February 2014
The content is complicated and you cannot express yourself as well as the
source
You want to analyse or discuss/challenge a quotation
You want to finish your essay with a particularly good quote which sums up argument or start with one which raises
debate
•Writing out evidence in your own words
•You still need to put a reference
•Author’s surname, date of publication are
required
• Its meaning is not changed
Paraphrasing
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February 2014
Topic sentence
Many study skills guides include useful advice for helping
a student insert references in his/her essay. For example,
Northedge (1991) states that when you are presenting a
point of view, you must support this with evidence and
provide a reference.
author surname date of publication paraphrased information to support
statement
Example
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February 2014
•Many find it difficult
•Not a case of just changing a few words
•You need to understand what you have read
•Take notes from books
•Use notes to put things into your own words
•Do not copy out whole sentences
How to paraphrase
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February 2014
Paraphrasing thoughts
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February 2014
Your work flows better if you learn to put different authors’ ideas in your own
words
You can use some key words and phrases but the key is understanding
meaning and significance
Be careful not to change the odd word here or there. Direct quote if you can
not paraphrase
Always use a reference
1. What is the difference between references and
a bibliography?
Some common issues
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February 2014
Reference List
Bibliography
•The same format as a Reference List
•Includes all material used in the preparation of your work
Includes only sources cited in the text of your assignment as in-text citations
2. How do I reference a source I found in a book
or article but I haven’t actually read it myself?
In text citation:
Ivan Illich (1981), as summarized by Sherman (1995) has
suggested… OR
Sherman (1995) refer to the work of Ivan Illich (1981), that
suggest…
Reference List:
Sherman, B. (1995) Licensed to Work. London: Cassell
Some common issues
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February 2014
3. Referencing several authors who have
expresses a similar view
If you want to show that a number of authors hold a similar view
for something which you have paraphrased, you can simply list
them all with the date of publication
Example
It has often been argued that motivating staff is key to business
success (Smith 2004; Jones 2009; Wilson 2010)
Some common issues
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February 2014
4. How do I reference standards?
Example
BS 5605:1990 (1999). Citing and referencing published materials.
London: British Standard Institution.
ISO 14001:2004. Environmental management systems. Geneva:
International Organization for Standardization.
Some common issues
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February 2014
5. How do I reference a web page?
Try to find an author and year – as you would for a book.
Example - in text citation
“50 years after being published, To Kill a Mockingbird is still devoured by
students” (Geoghegan, 2010)
Example - in List of References
Geoghegan, T. (2010) Why is to Kill a Mockingbird so popular? [Online].
Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/8740693.stm
[Accessed: 14 February 2013]
Some common issues
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February 2014
•Never cite the URL. Always put the name of an
author, or the organization
•Do not separate list of www sites in your
“References”. Internet sites are incorporated
alphabetically along with other sources
•Do not paste in a URL address to a list of
“References” without any other supporting
information
Web sites – Common mistakes
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February 2014
1. In-text citation
Example
Northedge (1999) argues that students need to be introduces early
to good study skills.
2. List of references
Example
Northedge, A. (1999) The Good Study Guide. Milton Keynes: Open
University Press
Two kinds of references - recap
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February 2014
Recording references
•Record the full details of all resources you use during your research for any assignments and projects - use screen capture functions if possible, or photocopy
•Databases / Summon/Library Catalogue provide tools to save, email or export to reference management software
February 2014
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• Consistent and accurate
• Use a particular style
University of West London has adopted the:
In-text Citations and References
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February 2014
UWL Harvard
Referencing Style
The University subscribes to RefWorks which
allows you to build ‘libraries’ of references and
also create reference lists or bibliographies
already formatted in UWL Harvard and in
alphabetical order.
Using referencing software
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February 2014
• Advice offered by Academic Support Librarians
• FAQ available on Library website
• Printed and online guides
• Help with enquires
Online
By phone
In person – Help Zone
Help Available
February 2014
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