CITIESOrigin,

Concepts of City Growth, and Spatial Theories

RAGENE ANDREA L. PALMA, EnPragenepalma@gmail.com

littlemissurbanite.wordpress.com

THE ANCIENT CITIES

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MESOPOTAMIA(10,000 BC – 7th century AD)

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WATER-BASED

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ANCIENT EGYPT3000-300 BC

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ANCIENT GREECE8TH-6TH CENTURY BC

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ACROPOLIS AGORA

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And let this be the law: If any one intentionally

pollutes the water of a spring, or collected in reservoirs, either by

poisonous substances, or by digging, or by theft,

let the injured party bring the cause before the wardens of the city, and claim in writing the value of the loss; if the accused be found guilty of injuring the water by deleterious substances,

let him not only pay damages, but purify the

stream or the cistern which contains the water,

in such manner as the laws… order the

purification to be made by the offender in each

case.

PLATO

POLLUTER PAYS PRINCIPLE

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Human well-being is realized only

partly by satisfying whatever people’s

preferences happen to be at a particular time; it is also necessary

for successive generations to leave behind

sufficient resources so that

future generations are not

constrained in their preferences.

ARISTOTLE

INTERGENERATIONAL EQUITY

HIPPODAMUS OF MILETUS (498-408 BC)

“Inventor / father of formal city planning”

Made the Hippodamian Plan or the grid city to maximise winds in the summer and

minimise them in winter. This shows his geometric, arranged style in design

Also worked on the Piraeus Port and Alexandria

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Google

The Roman Empire (29 BC – 393 AD) 

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CASTRA

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VIA APPIA

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AQUEDUCT

BREAKTHROUGH IN ENGINEERING, HYDRAULICS

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VIKINGS DESTROYED

THE AQUEDUCT

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FALL OF ROME

Religious divisions, absence of military discipline, murder, and citizen unrest also brought about instability 

THE DARK AGES / MEDIEVAL PERIOD

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CATHEDRAL CITIES

1. Central to a church2. Walled3. Enclosure of the cities posed problems

for growing populations because of the limited resources, epidemics, and generally unhealthy environment.

THE RENAISSANCE

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FLORENCE

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COMMERCE as a driving factor

AMSTERDAM

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MILAN

THE MERCANTILE CITIES

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NEW YORK(NEW AMSTERDAM)

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WILLIAM PENN’S PHILADELPHIA(PENNSYLVANIA)

PHILADELPHIA TODAY

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PIERRE CHARLES L’ENFANT’S PLAN FOR WASHINGTON DC

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PARIS

PLANNED BY BARON GEORGES EUGENE HAUSSMAN

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Green spaces by lining the avenues with trees and by using pocket parks all around the city

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“A park was never an ornamental

addition to a city but an integral part of its fabric and a force for

future growth on several levels:

economic, social, and cultural.”

FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED

Father of American Landscape Architecture

Wrote Public Parks and the Enlargement of

Towns

Designed Central Park, New York

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CENTRAL PARK, NEW YORK

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EBENEZER HOWARD

Introduced the polycentric garden

cities and the concept of three magnets (urban-

countryside dis/advantages)

Wrote Garden Cities of To-morrow

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TO-MORROW: A PEACEFUL PATH TO REAL REFORM (1898)

GARDEN CITIES OF TO-MORROW(1902 reprint)

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LETCHWORTH, UK

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HELLERAU, GERMANY

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WELWYN, ENGLAND

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GREENBELTS IN THE UK

CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT

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WORLD COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 1893

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“Make no little plans. They have no magic and

probably themselves will not be realized. Make big plans; aim high in hope and work, remembering

that a noble, logical diagram once recorded will

never die, but long after we are gone will be a living thing, asserting itself with ever-growing insistency. Remember that our sons and grandsons are going to do things that would

stagger us. Let your watchword be order and

your beacon, beauty. Think big.”

DANIEL HUDSON BURNHAM

Father of American City Planning

Planed Chicago, Baltimore, Buffalo, Cleveland, Manila,

Baguio

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THE PLAN OF CHICAGO

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PLAN OF MANILA

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CHARLES EDOUARD

JEANNERET (LE CORBUSIER)

“We must decongest the centers of our

cities by increasing their

density.”

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LE VILLE RADIEUSE(RADIANT CITY)

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STUVYESANT, NEW YORK

NEW TOWNS

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RADBURN, NEW JERSEY

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FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT

Designed the car-oriented Broadacre City (forerunner of suburbanization)

Created the quadruple block plan

QUADRUPLE BLOCK PLAN

BROADACRE CITY

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HENRY WRIGHT

Introduced the Superblock

Wrote The Report of the Commission in Housing and

Regional Planning for the State of New York

THE SUPERBLOCK

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CLARENCE STEIN

Materialized the greenbelt resettlement towns across America

Wrote the book New Towns for America

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SUNNYSIDE GARDENS, QUEENS

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CHATHAM, PITTBURGH

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CLARENCE PERRY

Introduced the concept of the

pedestrian-oriented neighborhood unit

REGIONAL PLANNING

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SIR PATRICK GEDDES

Father of Regional Planning

Wrote City Development: A Study of Parks, Gardens, and Culture Institutes; Civics as Applied Sociology; Cities in Evolution

Popularized the Survey Analysis Plan

Introduced the terms “conurbation” and “city-region” difference

Biologist and planner, sociologist and geographer

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THE VALLEY SECTION

LAND USE PLANNING

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CONURBATION

TEL AVIV, ISRAEL JODHPUR, INDIA

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CITY

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REGION

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URBAN

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RURAL

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SIR LESLIE PATRICK ABERCROMBIE

Re-planned London: The Country of London Plan

And the Greater London Regional Plan (Abercrombie Plan)

Started the New Towns movement in the UK; planned to combat sprawling by

resettlement

Wrote A Plan for the City & County of Kingston upon Hull

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ABERCROMIE PLAN:NEW TOWNS FOR POST-WAR

LONDON

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LEWIS MUMFORD

A historian-sociologist who studied cities and architecture

From his 23 books, the most prominent in city planning is The City in History, which pointed out how technology and nature

could be harmonious. This also gave the concept of an organic city and rationalised how planning has various disciplines.

Mumford was friends with City Beautiful advocates Frank Lloyd Wright, Clarence Stein, and Frederic Osborn.

Mumford and Wright exchanged transatlantic letters on professional and personal matters.

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BENTON MCKAYE (1879-1975)

Originator of the 3,500 km Appalachian Trail in the eastern US

Was a forester and conservationist, and co-founded the Wilderness Society. He championed regional conservationism

APPALACHIAN TRAIL

The Appalachian Trail extends from Georgia to Maine. It is the home to at least 2,000 plant and animal species. Millions of people take a shot at this

hike-only trail.

The Regional Planning Association of America.

Clarence Stein, Benton McKaye, Lewis Mumford, Alexander Bing (a real estate developer), and Henry Wright.

CITY FUNCTIONAL MOVEMENT

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EDWARD MURRAY BASSET (1863-1948)

Urban planner and lawyer who was the Father of American Zoning.

He was the first to use zoning as a means of implementing land use in New York. He

wrote books about zoning.

Also coined the term freeway and parkway

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DON ARTURO SORIA Y MATA (1844-1920)

Made the concept of the Linear City, which has many parallel and specialised functions.

The linear city gears away from the usual centric urban forms. The lines help control

the expansion of a city.

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CIUDAD LINEAL(LINEAR CITY)

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CIUDAD LINEAL(LINEAR CITY)

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TONY GARNIER (1869-1948)

Followed Soria y Mata’s linear city and created the concept of a linear, industrial city. He envisioned the plan to cater to 35,000 residents, and followed the principles of function, greeneries, open space,

and exposure to the sunlight.

The industrial city is linked by circular patterns

He also already used the concept of zoning and labeled spaces into leisure, industry, work, and

transport.

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UN CITE INDUSTRIELLE

THOMAS ADAMS (1871-1940)

As an architect, he worked primarily on low-density residences or garden suburbs

Founded the British Town Planning Institute, became the Town Planning Advisor to the Local Government Board, then

moved to Canada and yet again became an adviser to the Commission of Conservation

Wrote the book Rural Planning and DevelopmentPushed for planning legislation by mandate, local plans,

zoning, building regulations, and recognised the responsibility of a licensed or professional planner. (This

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CITY EFFICIENTMOVEMENT

CONSTANTINOS APOSTOLOS DOXIADIS (1914-1975)  

Studied the science of human settlements, known to us today as ekistics. This branch of science is vast and looks into the culture, economies, and

society in varying scales

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EKISTICS

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FRANCIS STUART CHAPIN (1888-1974)

As a sociologist and educator, he stressed the importance of quantifying social activities in an

evolving city through statistics.

He was the first to write the textbooks on urban and regional planning

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Amazon THE FIRST TEXTBOOKS ON URBAN PLANNING

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IRA LOWRY

Worked with ROBERT GARIN on a model. This model came up after a series of research on land use and transportation.

Published A Model of Metropolis, a computer model for spatial organization of anthropogenic activities in a metropolitan area. It generates an assessment that can be the basis for urban policy decisions.

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The model became a tool for urban and regional planning. 

Looks at the relationship and logic to the spatial arrangement of human activities.

Shows  gravity modelling (in transport planning, trip distribution), or the farther the distance, the more interaction declines (commonly known as distance decay.)

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WILLIAM LEVITT (1907-1994)

Father of American Suburbia / The King of Suburbia / The Inventor of the Suburb

Mass produced houses that were affordable

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twisted sifter.com

SUBURBANIZATION:A TERRIBLE WASTE OF SPACE

EDEN, FLORIDA

CATHERINE BAUER WURSTER (1905-1964)

An advocate of social and public housing. She authored the American Housing Act of 1937 and was an adviser to five presidents.

Wrote the book Modern HousingShe also worked with Lewis Mumford

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ROBERT MOSES

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ROBERT MOSES the Master Builder of New York. His

plans had parkways, expressways, and housing development all over the city

one of the most controversial figures in the history of urban planning

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LOWER MANHATTAN EXPRESSWAY

Masterplan required the destruction of existing communities and

neighbourhoods to be built. This was an irony in doing supposedly public works.

The urban renewal under Moses was also done through gentrification, which means that renewal and rebuilding for investments

and “improvements” really displaced the poorer residents.

This was a problem of social exclusion. It drove away the poor, black neighbourhoods, and the “smaller” people of the community.

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GENTRIFICATION

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GENTRIFICATION

The renovation and renewal of old buildings

Arrival of wealthier people

Increase in rents and property values

Displacement of lower income families and small

businesses

Changes in the area’s culture and character

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SOCIAL EXCLUSION

ADVOCACY AND EQUITY PLANNING

PAUL DAVIDOFF (1930-1984)

Father of Advocacy Planning. He paved the way to stand against the destructive effects of urban renewal

Wrote the famous article Advocacy and Pluralism in Planning

SAUL DAVID ALINSKY (1909-1972)

Founder of modern community organizing

Wrote the book Rules for Radicals

Worked with the poorer communities, and influenced neighbourhood organisations

SHERRY ARNSTEIN (d. 1997)

Social and health worker

Published an article on the ladder of citizen participation, which gave not only a voice  but power to the citizens. This addressed how citizens were being victimised, and led the way to participatory planning.

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8 RUNGS ON THE LADDER OF CITIZEN PARTICIPATION

NEW URBANISM

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JANE JACOBS

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JANE JACOBS“Cities have the capability of providing something for everybody, only because, and only when, they are created by everybody.”

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JANE JACOBSAn urban activist who was

strong and vocal against urban renewal; she fought for new

urbanism

Wrote the powerful book The Death and Life of Great

American Cities, which was an open attack on urban

renewal; provided insight into the decline of neighbourhoods

in New York; became a voice for slums and communities

Her book and activism led to the eventual fall of urban

renewal towards city diversity, mixed-use, dense neighborhoods, and

vibrant communities.

Also wrote the book The Economy of Cities

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archdaily.com

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Planetizen.com

ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING

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A marine biologist

Wrote the powerful book Silent Spring, a haunting compilation and narrative of research about the detrimental and even lethal effects of pesticides and fertilisers on the living environment. This book launched a global environmental movement

Wrote Sea Around Us

RACHEL LOUISE CARSON (1907-1964)

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IAN MCHARG (1920-2001)

Was called an “architect who valued a site’s natural features” (New York Times)

Transformed efforts of traditional planning into environmental planning by using the technique of sieve mapping or overlay, which took into account the varied features of the environment.

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SIEVE MAPPING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM

THEORIES OF URBAN GROWTH

AND LAND USE

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BOUNDARIES

http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/EART/maps/oaklandlanduse.jpgLAND USE

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NODES AND CENTERS

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THE CHICAGO SCHOOL OF URBAN

SOCIOLOGY

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ERNEST W. BURGESS (1925)

First theory to represent American Cities: Chicago over a period of 50 years

Rebuilding after a fire: Social patterns and segregation

CONCENTRIC ZONE

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HOMER HOYT (1939)

Economist, wrote during the age of automobiles

Looked into 142 American cities: Cities tend to grow with wedges because of transportation

roads

Growth follows present land use, strengthened by transportation access, affecting land values

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SECTOR OR RADIAL MODEL

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CHAUNCEY HARRIS AND EDWARD ULLMAN (1945)

City develops around various nuclei, not just the CBD; pointed out “growth centers”

Four geographic principles:1 Activities require highly specialized facilities

2 Activities cluster due to mutual profit3 Activities repel each other in some areas

4 Activities could not make profit if burdened by high rent

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MULTIPLE NUCLEI

http://lewishistoricalsociety.com/wiki2011/article_image.php?image_type=article&id=91

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IN TWO (2) MINUTES, PLEASE MAKE A ROUGH SKETCH OF WHAT YOUR CITY / MUNICIPALITY LOOKS LIKE.

WHAT DOES YOUR CITY LOOK LIKE?

WHAT CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES INFLUENCE

YOUR CITY’S DEVELOPMENT?

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THANK YOU.