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Referencing

Referencing and citingPlagiarismReference stylesReference management software

G. Gabriel

LSC LibraryPocock House235 Southwark Bridge RoadLondon SE1 6NPlibrary@lsclondon.co.uk

© Thomas Hawk, Flickr

Introduction© Capital Proximité News

1

What is referencing?

“Referencing is the practice of acknowledging in your own writing the intellectual work of others; work that has been presented in some way into the public domain.” (Neville, 2007, p. 1).

© Thomas Hawk via Flickr

Reference list or bibliography?

Reference list contains only the items read and specifically cited in text.

Bibliography is a list of everything you read in preparation for writing an assignment, whether you found them worth citing in text or not.

© Thomas Hawk via Flickr

Example

Why reference materials?

• Trace the origins of ideas;

• Build a web of ideas;

• Find your own voice;

• Validate arguments;

• Spread knowledge;

• Show appreciation;

• Express main influences;

• Avoid plagiarism.

(Neville, 2007, p. 8-10)

“Referencing helps create a map of knowledge, a web of pathways in knowledge; and each researcher helps extend that knowledge. It means that we don't have to find out everything for ourselves all over again; we don't have to reinvent the wheel. In effect, referencing multiplies knowledge exponentially.”

(Monash University, 2014).

Principles of referencing

Walker and Taylor (1998, pp.11-15) present five principles:

1. The principle of intellectual property. We acknowledge people’s right to claim ownership of an idea/product if it has been presented in a “fixed” way (e.g. published, presented).

2. The principle of access. Other readers will easily and quickly identify and locate documents, thus spreading and advancing knowledge.

3. The principle of economy. A references should be presented so as to save time with lengthy explanations in the text.

5. The principle of transparency. There must be no ambiguity in terms and expressions used.

What to reference?

You can cite references taken from a range of sources:

• Books and chapters of books (print or online); • Articles from journals or newspapers; • Papers presented at conferences; • Reports (university working papers);• Notes supplied by a lecturer; • Legal documents; • Internet sources (including weblogs, email correspondence)• DVD/CD databases; • Radio/television/videos/audio cassette/CD-ROMS; • Interview transcripts; • Illustrations; • Works of art and design.

Criteria for choosing to reference.

• Relevance: to what extent is this source relevant? Is the information provided a partial or restricted view of the subject? Are counter-arguments presented and treated with respect?

• Currency: when was the source published? Are there revised editions?

• Authority: is the source authoritative/credible? Do other authors refer this source?

• Scope: how general or particular are the ideas/models/practices described (limited in time/space/population)?

(Neville, 2007, p. 15-16)

2Plagiarism

Plagiarism: what is it?

“Plagiarism is defined as submitting as one's own work, irrespective of intent to deceive, that which derives in part or in its entirely from the work of others without due acknowledgement. It is both poor scholarship and a breach of academic integrity.”

(Cambridge University, 2011)

(Varsity, 2008, p.1)

Examples of plagiarism

• Quoting verbatim without due acknowledgement of the source;

• Paraphrasing by changing some of the words, or the order of the words, without due acknowledgement of the source;

• Using someone else’s ideas without due reference;

• Cutting and pasting from the Internet to make a pastiche of online sources;

• Submitting someone else’s work (includes group works without clear identification of who did the work);

• Colluding with another person.

Examples of plagiarism

(Indiana University Bloomington,

2005)

Consequences of plagiarism

https://student.unsw.edu.au/turnitin-support

How to spot plagiarism

While you are reading/writing, make sure you identify:

• Which part is your own thought and which is taken from other authors;

• Which parts of your own writing are a response to the argument or directly inspired by ideas in the text;

• Which parts are paraphrases of the author’s points;

• Which parts were done in collaboration with others.

Avoiding plagiarism

Each assignment has specific learning outcomes or assessment criteria that require you to:

• Read critically, selecting appropriate and relevant evidence;

• Write critically, exploring all aspects of an issue (positive/negative, for/against, etc.);

• Summarise and provide an insightful analysis of a complex issue;

• Combine and relate information and ideas, and then discuss them in your own words.

Demonstrating academic integrity

Avoiding plagiarism: what is your system?

© Pong, FreeDigitalPhotos.net

© digitalart, FreeDigitalPhotos.net

© Stuart Miles, FreeDigitalPhotos.net

• Examples of good and bad paraphrasing https://www.indiana.edu/~istd/example1paraphrasing.html

• Tutorial from Cardiff Metropolitan University https://ilrb.cf.ac.uk/plagiarism/tutorial/

• Books at the LSC Library:

Further reading

http://www.plagiarismadvice.org/resources/teaching-resources/item/thompson-universityresearch

Further reading

©David Castillo, FreeDigitalPhotos.net3Reference styles

Introduction

Reference styles are numerous and some standards are more popular in certain subject areas.

Some examples:

The LSC has adopted the Harvard System of referencing and citation.

Harvard (used in Social Sciences)IEEE (predominant in the Engineering field)Vancouver (predominant in the Medical field)ChicagoOxford…

Citing is an abbreviated form to reference contents from another author and each citation corresponds to a full bibliographic reference.

There are generally two ways to cite:

> Citing “(Author, date, p.)” within the text

e.g. A previously study (Grover, 2005)...

> Numerical citing in the text or footnote

e.g. A previously study[1] demonstrated…

e.g. A previously study(1) demonstrated….

Library and Information Service

What is citing?

The full reference will be presented in the work’s bibliography.

The full reference will be presented in the note field (bottom of the page).

Harvard style

In-text citations

• For 1 author use: (Surname, year, p.)e.g. Geck’s theory (2001, pp. 2-20) proved... e.g. The theory proved (Geck, 2001, pp. 2-20)...

• For 2 authors use: (1st Surname and 2nd Surname, year, p.)e.g. John and Inkle (2001, p. 25-30) argue that...e.g. Authors have argued (John and Inkle, 2001. p.25-30)...

• For several authors and several citations use: (1st Surname et al., year, p.)

e.g. other studies (Moniz et al., 2005; Wilson, 1995) proved...

Note: the

bibliography is

done

alphabetically,

beginning with the

authors’ surname.

Harvard style

Print bookSurname, Initials., Year. Title. #ed. City: Publisher.

e.g. Patton, M.Q., 1990. Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods. 2nd ed. Newbury Park: SAGE.

Print book chapterSurname, Initials., Year. Title. In: Surname, Initials. Book title. #ed. City: Publisher, pp. #-# .

e.g. Cooke, D.J. and Philip, L., 2001. To treat or not to treat? An empirical perspective. In: Hollin, C.R. ed. Handbook of offender assessment and treatment. Chichester: Wiley, pp. 3-15.

Conference paperSurname, Initials., Year. Title. In: Surname, Initials. Conference title, Proceedings info. City: Publisher, pp. #-# .

e.g. Naude, P., 1998. Marketing in the information domain. In: Halinen, A. (Eds) Interactions, Relationships and Networks, Proceedings of the 14th Annual IMP Conference, pp. 245-62.

Government or commercial reportsInstitution name, Year. Title. #ed. City: Publisher.

e.g. Bank of England, 2003. Quarterly Report on small business statistics. London: Bank of England.

Harvard style

Printed articleSurname, Initials., Year. Title, Journal name, Volume# No.#, pp. #-#.

e.g. Guthrie, J. and Parker, L., 1997. Editorial: Celebration, reflection and a future: a decade of AAAJ, Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, Vol.10 No.1, pp. 3-8.

Electronic articleSurname, Initials., Year. Title, Journal name [Online], Volume#. Available at: URL [Accessed: day Month year].

e.g. Merchent, A.T., 2007. Diet, physical activity, and adiposity in children in poor and rich neighbourhoods: a cross-sectional comparison. Nutrition Journal [Online] 6. Available at: http://www.nutritionj.com/content/pdf/1475-2891-6-1.pdf [Accessed: 27 February 2007].

WebsiteAuthor/source, Year. Title [Online]. Place: Publisher (if available). Available at: URL [Accessed: day Month year].

e.g.Leeds Metropolitan University, 2002, Business Start-Up@Leeds Met. [Online] Available at: www.lmu.ac.uk/city/bus_startup.htm [Accessed: 20 January 2014].

Harvard style: further reading

• Tutorial from the Cardiff Metropolitan University: https://ilrb.cf.ac.uk/citingreferences/tutorial/

• Tutorial from Anglia Ruskin University Library: http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htm

• Tutorial from The University of Queensland Library: http://www.library.uq.edu.au/training/citation/harvard_6.pdf

• Tutorial from Emerald: http://www.emeraldgrouppublishing.com/authors/guides/write/harvard.htm

Harvard style: further reading

• Ebooks

• Quick guides can be found at the LSC Library.

4Reference management software

• Take the stress and headaches out of referencing;

• Keep track of every bibliographic reference used/seen;

• Backup your bibliographic data;

• Tag, search and sort references;

• Make it easier to insert a citation into your document (“cite while you write” functionality) and create an automatic bibliography;

• To quickly change citation and reference style;

Why use reference management software?

Getting started• Go to www.mendeley.com and

create an account;• Install Mendeley’s desktop

version;• Install the web importer (available

in the Online Mendeley Dashboard or in the Mendeley desktop > Tools > Install Web Importer);

• Install Microsoft Word plugin (Mendeley desktop > Tools > Install MS Word Plugin);

Using Mendeleywww.mendeley.com

Using Zoterowww.zotero.org

Getting started• Go to www.zotero.org and create

an account;• Install Zotero’s desktop version;• Download Zotero connector

(available right after you installed Zotero);

www.zotero.org/download/

Using Zoterowww.zotero.org

Comparing reference management software

Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_reference_management_software

Penn State University Libraries http://www.libraries.psu.edu/psul/lls/choose_citation_mgr.html

Gilmour, R. and Cubus-Kuo, L., 2011. Reference management software: a comparative analysis. Issues in Science and Technology Librarianship [Online]. Available at: http://www.istl.org/11-summer/refereed2.html [Accessed: 19 September 2007].

Bibliography

BBC (2013). German minister Annette Schavan quits over ‘plagiarism’. News Europe, 9 February. Retrieved 30 July 2014 from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-21395102

Cassity, S. (2004). Student expelled for internet plagiarism. The Independent, 28 May. Retrieved 30 July 2014 from http://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/student-expelled-for-internet-plagiarism-6168983.html

Coonan, E. (2013). Referencing Without Tears. Retrieved 10 August 2014 from http://researchcentral.wordpress.com/2013/11/13/referencing/

Indiana University Bloomington, School of Education (2005). How to recognize plagiarism. Retrieved 1 August 2014 from https://www.indiana.edu/~istd/example1paraphrasing.html

Jump, P. (2014). Scientist’s dishonest reporting of work could sink those in her wake. Times Higher Education, 9 January. Retriaved 1 August from http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/news/scientists-dishonest-reporting-of-work-could-sink-those-in-her-wake/2010319.article

Monash University. (2014). Why do we reference?. Available at http://www.monash.edu.au/lls/llonline/writing/general/reference/index.xml (retrieved 10 August 2014).

Neville. (2007). The Complete Guide To Referencing And Avoiding Plagiarism. Open University Press. Retrieved 11 August 2014 from http://www.myilibrary.com?ID=112960

Stothard, M. (2008). ‘1 in 2’ admits to plagiarism. Varsity, 681, 1,4-5.

TSL Education Ltd. (2008). Dear dismissed for plagiarism. Times Higher Education, 6 March. Retrieved 30 July from http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/news/dean-dismissed-for-plagiarism/400950.article

University of Cambridge. (2011). University-wide statement on plagiarism. Retrieved 15 July 2014 from http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/univ/plagiarism/students/statement.html

Walker, J.R., & Taylor, T. (1998). The Columbia guide to online style. New York: Columbia University Press.

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