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Citrus Greening Disease • Found in FL in August 2005 • Huanglongbing (HLB) – yellow
shoot disease
3/23/2012 2
HLB Tree vs Healthy Tree
Huanglongbing (HLB) background
• The disease has been around since the 19th century
• 1927: Psyllids were first linked to HLB and are the known vector for the disease
• 1998: Asian citrus psyllid was discovered in Florida
• 2005: HLB was confirmed in Florida
• 2010: HLB was confirmed in all citrus-producing counties in Florida
• The level of HLB infection varies widely in the state
3
The Challenges of HLB
• Among most significant challenges to citrus worldwide
• Few solutions available from beyond Florida
• Significant research questions unanswered
• HLB impacts are immediate
• Clearly beyond the scope of the industry’s basal facility to organize, prioritize and fund (2005)
Greening Effects on Citrus Production
• Overall tree decline, eventual tree death
Greening Effects on Citrus Production
• Bitter-tasting, lopsided fruit, small in size • May not color properly with portions
remaining green
Production Costs for a 10+-Year-Old Southwest Florida Processed Orange Grove Source: R.P. Muraro, UF, IFAS
2002-03 Without HLB-
Greening
2009-10 Without HLB &
Black Spot
2009-10 With HLB & Black Spot
$/Acre % $/Acre % $/Acre %
Weed Control & Herbicide 183.13 23.3 185.72 17.2 185.72 11.3
Spray-Pesticide 137.18 17.4 169.10 15.6 482.93 29.4 Fertilizer & Lime-Calcium 152.56 19.4 303.04 28.0 303.04 18.5 Pruning/Topping 28.03 3.6 32.08 3.0 32.088 2.0
Tree Removal/Resets 102.44 13.0 136.72 12.6 276.08 16.8
Irrigation & Ditch Maintenance 184.16 23.3 224.77 20.8 243.17 13.7
HLB Scouting Management & Canker Decontamination 0.00 0.0 29.85 2.8 137.09 8.4
Total Production Costs 787.50 1,081.28 1,641.72
Asian citrus psyllid – Diaphorina citri
First found in Florida June 1998
ASIAN CITRUS PSYLLID Adults
• 3-4 mm in length • may live 30-60+ days • prefer to feed on new leaf flush when present • can survive long periods feeding on undersides of mature leaves • adults infected with HLB bacteria spread pathogen to healthy trees
Psyllid nymphs • 5 nymphal (immature) stages • range in size from 0.3 – 1.6 mm in length • develop exclusively on young tender flush • nymphs are easily observed when populations are increasing during periods of abundant new flush
Eggs • 0.3 mm in length • laid within unfurled leaves • use hand lens to observe • eggs hatch within 3-5 days
Citrus Greening: The Pathogen
• Phloem-limited bacterium • Transmitted by psyllids • Graft transmissible • Not currently cultured
Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus
Hlb management guidelines • Guidelines are rigorous psyllid control & inoculum removal
• What does it mean for the growers?
– Routinely scouting for psyllids
– Continuously scouting for symptoms of HLB
– Pesticidal suppression of psyllids
– Immediately removing trees confirmed to be infected
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HLB Increasing Throughout the State October, 2005
2 counties
HLB Increasing Throughout the State April, 2006
12 counties
HLB Increasing Throughout the State January, 2007
14 counties
HLB Increasing Throughout the State June, 2007
24 counties
HLB Increasing Throughout the State February, 2008
30 counties
HLB Increasing Throughout the State August, 2008
32 counties
How Fast Does it Spread? Oct05-Mar06
How Fast Does it Spread? Apr06-Sep06
How Fast Does it Spread? Oct06-Mar07
How Fast Does it Spread? Apr07-Jul07
How Fast Does it Spread? Aug07-Oct07
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SGC Groves – Disease Impact
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SGC Groves – Disease Impact
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SGC Groves – Disease Impact
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SGC Groves – Disease Impact
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Southern Gardens Citrus Groves - Disease Management
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What We Know Today with HLB Management
Growers must Maintain Low Incidence Rates • Inspection • Tree Removal • Psyllid Control • Clean Nursery Stock No Science to support any other practice
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HLB Management Positive Trees • Positive HLB Trees Identified 2006 – 2011 = 598,000
• Positive HLB Trees Removed 2006-2011 = 429,000 • Southern Grove
– 350,000 HLB Positive Trees Identified – 169,000 HLB Positive Trees Removed (Grove Sold to SFWMD)
• Dunwody/Alcoma & Devil’s Garden Groves – 248,000 Positive HLB Trees Identified – 248,000 HLB Positive Trees Removed
• Cumulative Infection Rate – All Groves = 24% – Dunwody/Alcoma & Devil’s Garden Groves = 23%
Why the urgency?
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Assumptions: Starting production 150M boxes/yr Starting trees 60 million Nursery capacity 3.5 M/yr Production loss 5%/year Starting infection 18% % of Nursery reached 55% Infection rate 1.25X per year
Why the urgency?
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Assumptions: Starting production 150M boxes/yr Starting trees 60 million Nursery capacity 3.5 M/yr Production loss 5%/year Starting infection 18% % of Nursery reached 55% Infection rate 1.25X per year
Aerial Applicator
Injection Applicator
Ground Airblast Sprayer
Low Volume Sprayer
Precision Spray Applicator
HLB Survey Crew
• Severely Infected Tree
• Solid Block Before HLB
• Same Block After Inoculum Removal
• Severely Infected Block
Serenade Max WP 2.25 lb/a $11.75/lb $26.44
Oxidate 2 qt/a $32.00/gal $16.00
14-7-8 w/Kphite 8 gal/a $8.05/gal $64.40
Potassium Nitrate 8.5 lb/a $0.58/lb $4.93
Manganese Sulfate 8.5 lb/a $0.91/lb $7.73
Magnesium Sulfate 8.5 lb/a $0.29/lb $2.47
Zinc Sulfate 2.8 lb/a $0.92/lb $2.58
Sodium Molybdate .85 oz/a $1.51/oz $1.28
Saver 1 qt/a $22.00/gal $5.50
435 Oil 5 gal/a $4.50/gal $22.50
Aggressive Nutritional Program
Total Cost per Application $153.83 Total Annual Cost (4 x’s) $ 615.32
Increased Production Cost Due to HLB
PSYLLID CONTROL Cost Per Acre
Admire Injections 6 @ $15 $90.00 Additional Ground Sprays 2 @ $32 $64.00
Arial Sprays 5 @ $23 $115.00 Additional Insecticides 4 @ $10 $40.00
TREE HEALTH Nutritionals $250 - $500 $375.00
ROOT HEALTH Ridomil Applications 2 @ $45 $90.00
HLB CONTROL Surveys 3 @ $25 $75.00
Tree Removal 3 @ $10 $30.00
SUBTOTAL $879.00
Tree Loss 5% $150.00
Fruit Loss 2% $60.00
SUBTOTAL $210.00
Reduction of Income Per Acre Due to HLB $1,089.00
Loss of Income Due to HLB
Questions / Discussion?
