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Presentation of the PhD Defense of Nicolas Robinson-Garcia which took place in the Faculty of Information Science and Communication in the University of Granada (Spain) on July 14, 2014.
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Classifying and visualizing the disciplinary focus of universities
THE INVISIBLE FACTOR OF UNIVERSITY RANKINGS
PhD Candidate: Nicolás Robinson-García Thesis Defense July 14, 2014
Supervisors: Evaristo Jiménez-Contreras & Emilio Delgado López-Cózar
University of Granada
Rationale Background Research questions Contributions Conclusions
Personal motivation
The I-UGR Rankings aim to complement international rankings and account for disciplinary differences.
My contribution to this project is reflected in this thesis.
2
1th edition published in 2010
Rationale Background Research questions Contributions Conclusions
Personal motivation
3
Rationale Background Research questions Contributions Conclusions
Rankings as bibliometric tools
4
[…] rankings tend to emphasize vertical differences between institutions […]. At the same time, they obscure horizontal differences.
Marginson, 2007
[…] ‘mediocrity’ of a university does not necessarily imply that it is mediocre in all disciplines.
Moed, 2008
Rationale Background Research questions Contributions Conclusions
Rankings in research policy
5
International rankings are focused on
World-Class universities
However, many research
managers use them to
evaluate their national system
Rationale Background Research questions Contributions Conclusions
Table of contents
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Background • Bibliometrics for evaluating
• National Performance research funding systems
• International Rankings
Research questions • Are national university rankings necessary in an international
context?
• How can we develop tools to identify disciplinary profiles?
Contributions • Complementing international rankings
• Mapping techniques for interpreting rankings
Conclusions • Discussion
• Implications
7
Rationale Background Research questions Contributions Conclusions
Bibliometrics as an evaluation tool
The need for bibliometric indicators arises from the enormous growth in scientific and technological activity that has been occuring for centuries, and has now reached avalanche proportions.
Narin et al., 1994
Type of indicator Type of
measurement Unit of analysis
Papers
Citations
Usage
Data
Altmetrics
…
Activity measurement
Impact measurement
Linkage measurement
Micro level Meso level Macro level
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Rationale Background Research questions Contributions Conclusions
Why the need to assess universities’
performance
I. Research as the Second Mission of universities
II. The expansion of Big Science
III. Knowledge-based economies and the production
of human capital in a globalized context
IV.Economic constraints and the need for
accountability
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Rationale Background Research questions Contributions Conclusions
National funding systems and
International Rankings
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Rationale Background Research questions Contributions Conclusions
The problem with international rankings
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Rationale Background Research questions Contributions Conclusions
The problem with international rankings
Rankings consider universities as homogeneous,
neglecting their disciplinary differences
Health &
Life Sciences
Natural & Exact
Sciences
Social Sciences Humanities
12
Rationale Background Research questions Contributions Conclusions
The problem with international rankings
Can we use international rankings to analyze national systems?
13
Rationale Background Research questions Contributions Conclusions
The problem with international rankings
Thus, the country in which a university is located plays an important role in the performance of a university
Bornmann, Mutz & Daniel, 2013
Countries typically have legal and institutional rules within which their universities function
Aghion et al., 2010
Rationale Background Research questions Contributions Conclusions
Table of contents
14
Background • Bibliometrics for evaluating
• National Performance research funding systems
• International Rankings
Research questions • Are national university rankings necessary in an international
context?
• How can we develop tools to identify disciplinary profiles?
Contributions • Complementing international rankings
• Mapping techniques for interpreting rankings
Conclusions • Discussion
• Implications
Rationale Background Research questions Contributions Conclusions
15
RQ 1. Are national university rankings necessary in an international context?
• An insight into the importante of
national rankings in an international
context
• What do university rankings by fields
rank?
Rationale Background Research questions Contributions Conclusions
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RQ 2. How can we develop tools for research policy-makers that can allow them to identify disciplinary profiles?
• What do university rankings by fields rank?
• On the use of biplot analysis
• Mapping academic institutions according to their journal publication profile
• Análisis de redes de las universidades españolas
Rationale Background Research questions Contributions Conclusions
Table of contents
17
Background • Bibliometrics for evaluating
• National Performance research funding systems
• International Rankings
Research questions • Are national university rankings necessary in an international
context?
• How can we develop tools to identify disciplinary profiles?
Contributions • Complementing international rankings
• Mapping techniques for interpreting rankings
Conclusions • Discussion
• Implications
18
Rationale Background Research questions Contributions Conclusions
An insight into the importance of national university rankings in an international context: The case of the I-UGR Rankings of Spanish Universities
Research questions > Are national university rankings necessary, considering the
existence of international rankings?
> Levels of agreement between national and international
rankings regarding their coherence and concordance
Methodology > Rankings analyzed: Shanghai Ranking – QS Ranking –
NTU Ranking – Leiden Ranking – I-UGR Rankings
> Indicators: Spearman rank correlation – Coincidence of
top Spanish universities
19
Rationale Background Research questions Contributions Conclusions
An insight into the importance of national university rankings in an international context: The case of the I-UGR Rankings of Spanish Universities
Conclusions
> Spain is poorly represented in international rankings
25% of the Spanish system
> Despite methodological differences, national rankings are
a necessary complement of international university
rankings
> We must consider these methodological differences
derived from the construction of fields as well as the indicator
used
20
Rationale Background Research questions Contributions Conclusions
What do university rankings by fields rank? Exploring discrepancies between the organizational structure of universities and bibliometric classifications
Research questions > Do rankings by fields represent the structure of
universities?
> Can we provide indicators that show the degree of
correspondence between each field and organizational unit?
Methodology > Universities analyzed: Pompeu Fabra – Granada
> Data processing: Identification of organizational units
> Indicators: Betweenness Centrality – Gini Index –
Number of subject – Number of disciplines
21
Rationale Background Research questions Contributions Conclusions
What do university rankings by fields rank? Exploring discrepancies between the organizational structure of universities and bibliometric classifications
Results
Faculties Departments
University of Granada
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Rationale Background Research questions Contributions Conclusions
What do university rankings by fields rank? Exploring discrepancies between the organizational structure of universities and bibliometric classifications
Results
Faculties Departments
Pompeu Fabra University
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Rationale Background Research questions Contributions Conclusions
What do university rankings by fields rank? Exploring discrepancies between the organizational structure of universities and bibliometric classifications
Conclusions
> Working with addresses adopting a top down approach has
implicit problems of difficult solution
> The structure and size of universities varies significantly
from one to other which prevent from using organizational
structures to construct fields
> The Gini coefficient and the Betweenness Centrality are
useful indicators for pointing out discrepancies between fields
and organizational units
24
Rationale Background Research questions Contributions Conclusions
How can we identify disciplinary
profiles of universities?
Using mapping techniques to analyze
the multidimensional nature of
universities
25
Rationale Background Research questions Contributions Conclusions
On the use of biplot analysis for multivariate bibliometric and scientific indicators
Objective
> Present the visualization methodology known as Biplot
Analysis
Methodology > Three case studies: European countries – Universities –
Scientific fields
> Validation: Comparison with other visualization
techniques: CA – MDS – PCA
26
Rationale Background Research questions Contributions Conclusions
On the use of biplot analysis for multivariate bibliometric and scientific indicators
27
Rationale Background Research questions Contributions Conclusions
On the use of biplot analysis for multivariate bibliometric and scientific indicators
Comparison with other techniques
28
Rationale Background Research questions Contributions Conclusions
On the use of biplot analysis for multivariate bibliometric and scientific indicators
Case study 2. Universities
29
Rationale Background Research questions Contributions Conclusions
On the use of biplot analysis for multivariate bibliometric and scientific indicators
Conclusions
> Biplot analysis may well be an important analysis tool for
bibliometric studies
> They are easy to read tools of potential use in the research
policy arena
> As well as representing the relations between cases, they
also represent relations between variables, and variables and
cases
30
Rationale Background Research questions Contributions Conclusions
Mapping academic institutions according to their journal publication profile: Spanish universities as a case study
Objective
> Present a novel methodology for representing universities
according to their journal publication profile
Structure > Methodological proposal
> Case study with Spanish universities
31
Rationale Background Research questions Contributions Conclusions
Mapping academic institutions according to their journal publication profile: Spanish universities as a case study
Hypothesis
Universities with a similar research profile should publish in the same scientific journals
32
Rationale Background Research questions Contributions Conclusions
Mapping academic institutions according to their journal publication profile: Spanish universities as a case study
Information and Communication Technologies
Collaboration and geographical proximity
Basic vs. Applied
40-50% Q1 journals
30-40% Q1 journals
<30% Q1 journals
33
Rationale Background Research questions Contributions Conclusions
Mapping academic institutions according to their journal publication profile: Spanish universities as a case study
Conclusions
> Mapping techniques end with limitations derived from a
rigid classification system of universities
> Science maps combined with impact or visibility indicators
shows vertical stratification and horizontal diversification
> The technique highlights geographical, social and/or
historical relationships
> Limitation: Too many links between universities blur
similarities between low perfomance universities
34
Rationale Background Research questions Contributions Conclusions
Análisis de redes de las universidades españolas de acuerdo a su perfil de publicación en revistas por áreas científicas
Objectives > Map and analyze the research perfomance of Spanish
universities according to their journal publication profile by
areas
> Analyze the role of universities according to their centrality
values
Methodology > Unit of analysis: Spanish universities with at least 125
publication in the 2007-2011 time period
> Indicators: Production – % Q1 publications – Activity
Index – Closeness centrality
> Areas: Social Sciences – Exact Sciences – Engineering &
Technology – Life Sciences – Health Sciences
35
Rationale Background Research questions Contributions Conclusions
Análisis de redes de las universidades españolas de acuerdo a su perfil de publicación en revistas por áreas científicas
Economics & Business
Social Sciences >30% Q1 journals
15-30% Q1 journals
<15% Q1 journals
36
Rationale Background Research questions Contributions Conclusions
Análisis de redes de las universidades españolas de acuerdo a su perfil de publicación en revistas por áreas científicas
High Transitivity!!
Exact Sciences >55% Q1 journals
40-55% Q1 journals
<40% Q1 journals
37
Rationale Background Research questions Contributions Conclusions
Análisis de redes de las universidades españolas de acuerdo a su perfil de publicación en revistas por áreas científicas
Engineering & Technology >60% Q1 journals
35-60% Q1 journals
<35% Q1 journals
Two communities
Geographical proximity
38
Rationale Background Research questions Contributions Conclusions
Análisis de redes de las universidades españolas de acuerdo a su perfil de publicación en revistas por áreas científicas
Life Sciences >60% Q1 journals
45-60% Q1 journals
<45% Q1 journals
Core universities
39
Rationale Background Research questions Contributions Conclusions
Análisis de redes de las universidades españolas de acuerdo a su perfil de publicación en revistas por áreas científicas
Health Sciences >45% Q1 journals
25-45% Q1 journals
<25% Q1 journals
Cluster 1
Cluster 2
Cluster 3
40
Rationale Background Research questions Contributions Conclusions
Análisis de redes de las universidades españolas de acuerdo a su perfil de publicación en revistas por áreas científicas
Characteristics Examples
Class I
•Large size
•Generalist
•Higher centrality values
Barcelona
Complutense
Autónoma de Madrid…
Class 2
•High specialization in a certain area
or research field
Politécnica de Cataluña
Navarra
Carlos III Madrid…
Class 3
•High specialization in a certain area
•Different publication profile
(outlier)
Pompeu Fabra
Class 4
•Small size
•Poor research performance
Burgos
León
Jaén…
Spanish universities according to their disciplinary focus
41
Rationale Background Research questions Contributions Conclusions
Análisis de redes de las universidades españolas de acuerdo a su perfil de publicación en revistas por áreas científicas
Conclusions
> Science maps are powerful tools for research policy makers
that complement the information provided by rankings
> Four classes of Spanish universities were found by analyzing
their journal publication profile
> Catalan universities and universities from Madrid prevail in
all areas
> Pompeu Fabra as an outlier in the Spanish university system
Rationale Background Research questions Contributions Conclusions
Table of contents
42
Background • Bibliometrics for evaluating
• National Performance research funding systems
• International Rankings
Research questions • Are national university rankings necessary in an international
context?
• How can we develop tools to identify disciplinary profiles?
Contributions • Complementing international rankings
• Mapping techniques for interpreting rankings
Conclusions • Discussion
• Implications
43
Rationale Background Research questions Contributions Conclusions
Rankings and research policy
> University rankings respond to a demand for
accountable and easy-to-use tools by research managers
> If one is to use rankings’ information to analyze
research performance they should not focus just on one
44
Rationale Background Research questions Contributions Conclusions
Are national university rankings necessary
in an international context?
> International rankings should not be used to assess
national university systems as they focus on a non-
representative sample of universities
> National rankings may complement this information by
positioning the rest of the universities in the system
> Comparisons should be made by research field in order
to draw reliable conclusions
45
Rationale Background Research questions Contributions Conclusions
The invisible factor
> There are interpretation issues on the use of rankings
by fields of difficult solution, if any
> Science maps may be helpful complementing the
information of rankings
46
Rationale Background Research questions Contributions Conclusions
How can we develop tools to identify
disciplinary profiles?
> Biplot analysis
I. Relate variables and cases
II. Analyze multivariate data
> Journal publication profile
I. Broad definition of the reasons behind the
similarity of two institutions
II. Not dependent on a classification system
47
Rationale Background Research questions Contributions Conclusions
What kind of relations are defined by the
journal publication profile?
> Geographical and historical ties
> Disciplinary relations
> Research orientation
> Publication patterns and outliers
> Size dependence ¿?
48
Rationale Background Research questions Contributions Conclusions
The analysis of disciplinary differences at the institutional level is far too complex for us to be able to reduce it to league tables
Science mapping techniques are a good way to complement the information provided by rankings as they are easy-to-read tools [..] they provide far richer information
49
‘Nothing is ever quite true’, said Lord Henry
Oscar Wilde
The Picture of Dorian Gray
Classifying and visualizing the disciplinary focus of universities
THE INVISIBLE FACTOR OF UNIVERSITY RANKINGS
PhD Candidate: Nicolás Robinson-García Thesis Defense July 14, 2014
Supervisors: Evaristo Jiménez-Contreras & Emilio Delgado López-Cózar