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Presentation by students off IE University's Master in Global Environmental Change for the Biari (Brown International Advanced Research Institute) international workshop on world cities and climate change, held from 31 May to 2 June in Madrid.
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Tentative Policy Measures for Madrid’s Climate Change Plan
2013 - 2017Alessandro Faia, Judith Cruxent, María Arnal, Mariana Botero
Master in Global Environmental Change
STRUCTURE
BackgroundThe ProblemWork AreasMethodologyPolicy Measures
Background
Madrid is the result of political decisions made centuries ago
Constant annual population growth rate in non urban settlements.Roquer and Blay (2008)
www.avex-asso.org/dossiers/pl/espagne/index.html
3,273,049Population
Source: INE (2010)
7,869,420Incoming Tourists in 2010
Source: Municipality of Madrid (2010)
The Problem
Impacts of climate change in Spain will be harsher for the center-east of the Iberian peninsula
(Garcia and Alvarez, 2008)
Madrid’s climate is mediterranean continental plus Urban Heat Island effect
5.000.000 in a radius<50km20% <5 years old and >65 years old
(Garcia and Alvarez, 2008)
PUSECC 2008 contains 55 measures to achieve 14% emissions abatement by 2012
€101,229,000
Work areas
RCI + Industry + Transport represent the bulk of final energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions
Source: Summary of GHG Emissions Inventory of the City of Madrid. (1990-2007)
Source: Summary of GHG Emissions Inventory of the City of Madrid. (1990-2007)
Methodology
CRITERIA
Environmental effectiveness
Legal competence
Cost effectiveness
Technical viability
Scale issues
Time issues
Stakeholders
Political opportunity
Met
hodo
logy
Review and analysis of official docs and scientific literature combined with emerging data from semi-structured elite interviews
Fulfillment of a set of criteria
Elite
inte
rvie
wsTOPICS QUESTIONS
Energy efficiency certification What kinds of certifications exist in the field of energy efficiency for businesses?
ISO 16001, ISO 50001 What characteristics and improvements have been made to the ISO 50001 from ISO 16001?
Industrial sector What advantages are generated for the industrial sector by certification, beyond enhancing its image? Are there substantial business gains?
The role of public entities
What role can the Municipality of Madrid play with the ISO 50001 in terms of reduction in energy consumption and in emissions?
Possibility and effectiveness of incentives
What are the requirements and advantages of ISO 50001?
Is it probable that the Municipality will give incentives to businesses that get certified under ISO 50001?
What role can the Municipality play with ISO 50001?
Was UNI EN 16001 effective in terms of GHG emissions? How many businesses have undertaken it in Madrid?
Policy Measures
“Ideas are works of bricolage…they are, almost inevitably, networks of other ideas.”
Steven Johnson“Where Good Ideas Come From: The Natural History of Innovation"
Proposal A
Cool Roofs
Cool Roofs have higher solar reflectance and thermal emittance than conventional roofs
Cool Roofs have been used in Europe for thousands of years
Santorini, Greece
The cooling potential of cool roofs in all major tropical and temperate cities is equivalent to offsetting roughly 44 Gt CO2
1 year’s worth of global CO2 emissions emissions. (Akbari et al. 2008)
PROS•Adaptation and mitigation •Reduce Urban Heat Island effect•+ Energy savings - Energy costs •Reduced roof maintenance
CONS•Increased heat in winter•Not suitable for cold climates•Cleaning
MATERIALS•Coatings•Single-ply membranes•Reflective tiles•Metal
PRICE RANGE12-40€/square m. (acrylic painting)24€/square m. (single-ply membranes)
Average Insolation (10 year average) kWh/m2/day
Madrid 4.62Athens 4.56Rome 4.21Source: Whitlock, C. E., et al., Release 3 NASA Surface Meteorology and Solar Energy Data Set for Renewable Energy Industry Use.
Ideal conditions
•Flat surfaces•RCI buildings•High A/C consumption•Up to 7 stories buildings
Aestethic and practical reasons rule out implementation of Cool Roofs in the city centre
Bus stations, train stations, public offices are ideal for Cool Roofs
Proposed measure“Cool Roofs campaign”
MunicipalityIntroduce Cool Roofs whenever financially and technically possible
Private SectorWeb Platform
Spot a roof (citizen’s indication)Adopt a roof (for companies)
– Or paint your own!
Build white roof map
Software simulation (Metris Archiwizard)
Residential Building681m2 façade - 245m2 roof
Cooling costs: 3,046€/yearDecrease: 3,275€/year Heating costs: 18,873€/year Increase: 2,331€/year
Total savings: 944€/ year
245(sqm) * 12€ (low market price) = 2,940€Energy savings in 4 years: 944€ * 4 = 3,776€
PROPOSAL A COOL ROOFS
CRITERIA EVALUATION
Environmental effectiveness
Legal competence
Cost effectiveness
Technical viability
Scale issues
Time issues
Stakeholders
Political opportunity
Proposal B
Intermodal parkings
120 international missions to gather insights about Madrid’s public transportation system (Comunidad de Madrid, 2010)
Source: www.esmadrid.com
Beltways
Source: www.esmadrid.com
Freeways
Source: www.esmadrid.com
Tolled Highways
Cong
estio
n
1,100,000Circulating vehicles
532,000Experience congestion
Source: RACC, 2009
329,000h/day
3.4m€/day
Source: RACC, 2009
7 work daysPer each citizen per year
839m€/year
Source: RACC, 2009
CMT - PARKING PLAN50.000 spots50.000 spots30 locations30 locations16 «ideal»16 «ideal»2 completed2 completed
Additional capacity
Parking lots in the outskirts
1.Private
2. ADIF (RENFE) parking (railroad public transport)
3. Legal competence of other municipalities
4. Unregulated free parking lots near train stations
Proposed measure
Create a brand for “Park&Ride”
Preminent role of the municipality
Introduce a fee – that includes public transport
Offer discounts – with metro pass Create interactive website:
Map: location,access and type public transportLook for distances, how to get to a spot, time saved, reduction in emissionsCreate a forumInform about parking fees
Dissemination•Use social media•On site advertising•Install highway billboard publicity
Budget•Price interactive website: 10,000€/year•Publicity in highway: 5,040€/year•Web manager salary (24,000€)
PROPOSAL B INTERMODAL PARKINGS
CRITERIA EVALUATION
Environmental effectiveness
Legal competence
Cost effectiveness
Technical viability
Scale issues
Time issues
Stakeholders
Political opportunity
Proposal C
ISO 50001
Why do companies choose certification?
Saving costsRequirement from clientsImage buildingContinuous improvement
Energy Management Systems are a growing market in Spain (+240% in 2010 for Aenor)
Companies can achieve reductions in energy consumption of 3% to 15% (according to our interviewees)
ISO 50001 will be released at the end of 2011
Potential to save up to 60% of the world’s energy use in industry and commercial and institutional sectors (McKane et al. 2009)
Transition to ISO 50001 easier for companies that already have energy policy and efficiency goals
16,527 ISO 14001 certificates in Spain (Source: AENOR, 2010)1st country in Europe, 3rd in the world
Potential market to exploit:Companies with implemented energy policy (ISO 14001 – UNI EN 16001)
Target: Energy Managers
Proposed measuresIntroduction of ISO 50001 as a requirement in the grading system for public tenders issued by the Municipality
Set up information and awareness campaign for energy managers to facilitate transition to ISO 50001
Returns in energy savings are higher than the costs for certification (based on experience from current schemes)
Costs of transitioning to another certification are reasonable
PROPOSAL C ISO50001
CRITERIA EVALUATION
Environmental effectiveness
Legal competence
Cost effectiveness
Technical viability
Scale issues
Time issues
Stakeholders
Political opportunity
Conc
lusi
ons Solutions to climate change can come from cities but they
have to be tailored (no «one size fits all»)
In a crisis responses to climate change can rely on optimizing existing infrastructures or knowledge
Measures proposed are simple, effective and address both mitigation and adaptation
These measures do not alter people’s livesThey don’t require abrupt behavior changes
Q&A