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TO: SIR ASGHAR MALIK
BY:AALIA FERDOUS
ROLL NO#444
M.PHIL(LING) 2ND SEMESTER
Introduction code switiching and code mixing
To Find out code mixing and code switiching devices in THINGS FALL APART
How in Pakistani context such research can be conducted.(Suggestions/Applications)
The use of English, a second language in
Nigeria, as a lingua franca is the result of
British rule. In a complex speech community,
Nigerians communicate in English or in the
indigenous Nigerian languages, depending on
the situation in which they operate at a
particular time. English is employed for formal
occasions while the indigenous languages are
used for informal occasions.
Nigeria has a very complex linguistic system, withmany indigenous languages, various dialects, and theEnglish language. In a multilingual and biculturalsociety, literary artists are constrained in their literaryworks by many problems. One of such problems isthe expression of African/Nigerian culture,experiences and worldview in English the language ofanother culture. Nigerian novelists, like the poets andthe dramatists, create literature deriving fromNigerian background, with varying local situations.To proffer solutions to language problems, thenovelists modify English language and adopt variousstylistic-creative strategies. Among these are code-switching and code-mixing.
,
The culture of a people is best expressed and preserved in theirliterature through language. Every culture has its peculiar wayof looking at the general world. Language, culture andliterature areintimately related. To effectively and adequately articulate theNigerian culture in English, the language undergoesstructural adjustments and changes. In the attempts by Nigerianprose writers to adequately cater for the varying localsituations in their works, they employ various stylistic-creativedevices and strategies, among which arecode-switching and code-mixing.The novels under study is THINGS FALL APART by ChinuaAchebe
Code-switching and code-mixing aresociolinguistic phenomena. They are features oflanguage in contact, and the effects ofbilingualism and multilingualism. They arestylistic devices employed by Nigerian novelistsin their attempts to tackle the nagging problemsof language in Nigerian literature. Codeswitching and code mixing are, therefore,aspects of language use in Nigerian prosefiction, and by implication, the Nigerian society.
No similar words in English
Did not know the English word
To fill the gap in speaking
Easier to speak in own language
To avoid misunderstanding
To convey intimacy
So others would not understand (Privacy)
To add emphasis
Chi: personal god. efukfu: worthless man. egwugwu: a masquerader who impersonates one of the ancestral spirits of the village. ekwe: a musical instrument; a type of drum made from wood. eneke-nti-oba: a kind of bird. eze-agadi-nwayi: the teeth of an old woman. iba: fever. ilo: the village green, where assemblies for sports, discussions, etc., take place. inyanga: showing off, bragging. isa-ifi: a ceremony
When they finished, each brought her bowl of foo-foo and bowl of soup to her husband
He still remembered the song: Eze elina, elina!(P.17) Sala
Eze ilikwa ya Ikwaba akwa ogholi Ebe Danda nechi eze Ebe Uzuzu nete egwu Sala(P.18)
He is Okonkwo kpom-kwem, exact, perfect (Things Fall Apart, p.49).
The proper name for a corn-cob with only a fewscattered grains was eze-agadi-nwayi, or the
teeth ofan old woman (Things Fall Apart, p. 25).Where did you bury your iyi-uwa?... You buried
it inthe ground somewhere so that you can die and
returnagain to torment your mother (Things Fall
Apart)1
Dhum!qalander,God will give,Dhum!qalander,God alone
Zindagi hai ya koi tufan haiHum tou is jenay kay hathon mer chalay
Hay,hai,what was it?
Just then the moazzin began to call the evening azaan……………….. (Twilight in Dehli)
Tere liye hi to signal tod-taad keAaya Dilli wali girlfriend chhod-chhaad keHo tere liye hi to signal tod-taad keAaya Dilli wali girlfriend chhod-chhaad ke
Ho teri aankh da ishaara mujhe fraud lageTu to majnu aawara by God lage..Kasmein waade kha keApni pocket money bachaa keAaya tere liye paise-vaise jod-jaad ke..Ghar waalon ko bhi bye-shaaye bol-baal keAaya Dilli wali girlfriend chhod-chhaad keTere liye hi to signal tod-taad keAaya Dilli wali girlfriend chhod-chhaad ke
Shining in the shade in sun like A pearl upon the ocean Come on feel me Come on heal me..
Hua jo tubhi mera mera Tera jo ikraar hua To kyun na main bhi keh doon keh doon Hua mujhe bhi pyaar hua Tera hone laga hoon, khone laga hoon Jab se mila hoon Tera hone laga hoon, khone laga hoon Jab se mila hoon
Shining in the shade in sun like A pearl upon the ocean Come and feel me.. How feel me
In Pakistani context where different languages are used,code mixing and code switiching are frequently practiced phenomenon in our news papers, short stories, media print / electronic. Suggested research can be conducted in all these areas
Code switiching and code mixing in Mediacode switiching and code mixing in classroom
instructions