COHERENCE AND SPEECH ACTCreated by : Istifadah Luthfata Sari

COHERENCE

Coherence in linguistics is what makes a text semantically meaningful.

Coherent texts make sense to the reader

Example:

Coherence (makna) coherent (adj) I go to school at 7 o’ clock am. Then I go back to my home at 13 o’clock pm.

I like pizza very much . My mom always pick up and waiting me in my

school.

Cohesion (bentuk) cohesive (adj)I try to be better everyday. I just

wanna make my beloved people all around proud of me. Study hard, I can

prove it.

SUMMARY

• The purely linguistic elements that make a text coherent aresubsumed under the term cohesion.

• If a paragraph is coherent, the reader moves easily from onesentence to the next without feeling that there are gaps in thethought, puzzling jumps, or points not made.” (1967, p. 109-130)

Speech Act

A speech act in linguistics and the philosophy of language:“ is an utterance that has performative function in language

and communication ”.“Speech Acts are group of utterances with a singleinteractional function.”Example: a request, a command,a greeting, a promise, an apology

Speech Act Theory : Austin

(i) Locutionary act: the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and

reference

(ii) Illocutionary act: the making of a statement, offer, promise, etc. in uttering a

sentence, by virtue of the conventional ‘force’ associated with it (or with its

explicit performative paraphrase)

(iii)Perlocutionary act: the bringing about of effects on the audience by means of

uttering the sentences, such effects on the audience by means of uttering the

sentence, such effects being special to the circumstances of utterance.

Speech Act Theory : Austin & Searle

Searle (1969) identified five illocutionary/perlocutionary points:

1. Assertives: statements may be judged true or false because they aim to describe a state of affairs in the world.

2. Directives: statements attempt to make the other person's actions fit the propositional content.

3. Commissives: statements which commit the speaker to a course of action as described by the propositional content.

4. Expressives: statements that express the “sincerity condition of the speech act”.5. Declaratives: statements that attempt to change the world by “representing it as having

been changed”.

Felicity ConditionThese conditions were categorized by the linguist John Searle, who introduced the term appropriateness conditions respectively felicity conditions:Propositional content condition

requires the participants to understand language, not to act like actors or to lie permanently, e.g. a promise or warning must be about the future.

Preparatory conditionrequires that the speech act is embedded in a context that is conventionally recognized, thus, just by uttering a promise, the event will not happen by itself.

Sincerity conditionrequires that the speaker is sincere in uttering the declaration, e.g. a promise is only effective when the speaker really intends to carry it out.

Essential conditionrequires that involved parties all intend the result, e.g. a promise changes state of speaker from obligation to non-obligation.

Indirect Speech

* Indirect speech should not be confused with indirect speech acts.

also called reported speech or indirect discourse, is a means of expressing the content of statements, questions or other utterances, without quoting them explicitly as is

done in direct speech.For example:

He said "I'm coming" is direct speech, whereas He said (that) he was coming is indirect speech.

• I have painted the ceiling blue.• He said that he had painted the ceiling blue.

Speech Act and Society

A speech act in linguistics and the philosophy of

language is an utterance that has per formative

function in language and communication

Society is a grouping of individuals which are united by a network of

social relations, traditions and may have distinctive culture and institutions.

Speech Act and SocietyAccording to Kent Bach, "almost any speech act is really theperformance of several acts at once, distinguished by different aspectsof the speaker's intention: there is the act of saying something, what onedoes in saying it, such as requesting or promising, and how one istrying to affect one's audience." The contemporary use of the term goes back to J. L. Austin'sdevelopment of performative utterances and his theory of locutionary,illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts.Speech acts are commonly taken to include such acts as promising,ordering, greeting, warning, inviting and congratulating.

Cultural DimensionHofstede's cultural dimensions theory is a framework for

cross-cultural communication, developed by Geert Hofstede. Itdescribes the effects of a society's culture on the values of itsmembers, and how these values relate to behavior, using astructure derived from factor analysis.

The theory has been widely used in several fields as aparadigm for research,[citation needed] particularly in cross-cultural psychology, international management, and cross-cultural communication.