Complete course Over view fall 2016 Maju

Introduction

Sociology

DEFINITIONS

Conclusion

The Sociology is the systematic study of human

behavior

Nature of SociologyI. Sociology is an Independent Science.II. Sociology is a Social Science & not Physical

Science.III. Sociology is a Categorical & not a Normative

Discipline. IV. Sociology is Relatively an abstract Science &

not a Concrete Science.V. Sociology is a Generalizing & not a

Particularizing or Individualizing. VI. Sociology is a General Science & not a Special

Social Science.VII. Finally, Sociology is both a Rational & an

Empirical Science.

Sociology - A Social Science

What is Science Ian Robertson: Science refer to the logical, systematic methods by which knowledge is obtained and to be the actual body of knowledge produced by these methods.

Neuman: Science is a social institution and a way to produce knowledge.

Horton/ Hunt: A Science is a body of organized verified knowledge which has been secured through scientific investigation.

The Nature of Science

• Science is the no-ethical•The Scientist has no techniques•Knowledge attained by him is instrumental •Science is the knowledge and method of investigation•Object world is quite different from the Subject world.•Based on unbiased investigation •Its Self critical

Types of Science

Natural Science

Physical Science

BiologicalScience

Social SciencePlantsAnimalsMoon StarsRiver

PhysicsMathematicsChemistryGeology

BiologyAgricultureGeographyAstronomy

SociologyHistoryAnthropologyEconomics

Sociology and other social Science Differences

Sociology Social Psychology 1. Sociology studies Society and social groups.

It has no primary interest in the individual, not in his personality nor in his individual behavior.

2. Sociology analyses social processes.3. Sociology is interested in the social forms and

structures within which the behavior of man takes place.

4. Sociology studies the groups themselves and the larger social structures within with both individual and group processes occur.

5. Sociology studies society from the sociological view point.

1. Social psychology analyses mental processes of man.

2. History is an age-old social science. It has a long story of 2000 years or even more.

3. Psychology studies the individual and social psychology the individual in his social groups.

4. Social psychology studies the individual’s behavior from the viewpoint of psychological factors involved.

5. Social psychology studies the behavior of individual in group situation or in society. Its focus of interest is individual and not the society as such.

Application of

Sociology

Application of Sociology

Sociology deals with social event . All human relation fall in the study

of sociology. Sociology is the study of structure,

function and problems of human group.

Application of Sociology The social science research centre Punjab

University. Rural Development Academy Peshawar.Central statistical office Karachi.Family Planning Association Lahore.Institute of social and cultural studies Punjab University.Rural Sociology Department Agriculture University Faisalabad.Sociology department Sargodha/ Gujrat University.

SOCIAL ACTIONSOCIAL INTERACTION

Social Action Conclusion

1. Social action can be done by one or more persons.

2. Social action influences others.3. Social action is performed in face of some

social situation.4. Social action has its relationship with some

social system in the way that the actors are interdependent upon one another.

Five basic Element of social action

1. The actorit is that individual who perform an act. The actor can be one or more persons.

2. The goalit is the aim or objective for which the action was done. Without goal, an action is futile and baseless.

3. Social situation The actor perform his role in presence of some social situation. While a social situation is a continuously occurring group event spread in space and time. The Social situation instigates the actor to action. To control the situation he does an act. Therefore, a social situation is an agent of social action. Social situation has two types two types-controllable and uncontrollable.

Five basic Element of social action

4. Normative orientation. The social action is performed on some social pattern, custom. All these forms are called norms of society. The pattern on which the social action is done is called norm.

5, Energy. A social action request energy for its performance. Physical energy and training are essential for an act.

Social GroupsA Group is called Social when an interaction

interplays among its participants, Social interaction is the basic condition of

social group

Social Group Basis

It’s a foundation of society and culture.Human is the product of groupLife is done by cooperation among various groups.

Social Group importance of

It’s a study of structure & function of human group. Sociology is the study of Human groups.Social groups is the basic factor in all social functions, structure, institutions, & systems

Culture

CultureCharacteristics

Culture is LearntCulture is SocialCulture is SharedCulture is TransmissiveCulture is Continuous and cumulativeCulture is consistent and integrated Culture is dynamic and adaptiveCulture is gratifying Culture is varies from SocietyCulture is Super organic and ideational

CultureEthnocentrism

Every Culture considers itself superior to other

cultures

عصبیت

Social Values and Beliefs

Chapter 11

Liaqat Hussain

SOCIAL VALUESIntroduction

• Values belief and religion all the three are interrelated concepts.

• According to DURKEIM, “ a religion is a unified system of beliefs and practices related to sacred things”

• Values are a part in study of social norms.• Values are “the conception of the good which

influence selection from available end, means and modes of actions,”

SOCIAL VALUESDefinition

• H.m.Johnson: “Values are general standards and may be regarded as higher order norms”

• Perter Sorslay: “Values are general conception of “the good” ideas about the kind of ends that people should pursue throughout their lives and throughout the many different activities in shuich they engage.”

• M.Haralambos: “ a value is abelife that something is good and worhwhile. It dfines what is woth having and worh striving for”

SOCIAL VALUESFunctions

I. Values provides goals or ends for the members to aim for,II. Values provide for stabilities and uniformities in group

interaction, hence create sense of belongingness among people who shared commonly.

III. Values bring legitimacy to the rules that govern specific activities.

IV. Value help to bring about some kind of adjustment between different sets of rules.

V. Values differentiate between right and wrong and what is desirable and undesirable.

SOCIAL VALUESand Norms

I. Values is related to social norms.II. The protection of values is made by the norms.III. The human behavior is directed by the norms.IV. Norms are the guides of human behavior and the

behavior is directed towards value.Human

behavior

Values Social norms

HinduismSanatan is Sanskrit name and its comes

from Sant, Sants or Sofi, the term Sanatana Dharma can be roughly translated to mean

"the natural, ancient and eternal way."

( دھرم (سناتن

ZoroastrianismZoroastrianism is based on the teachings of Zoroaster, a 6th-century

BC Iranian prophet and philosopher. Zoroastrianism is almost identical with Mazdaism (the worship of Ahura Mazda, the supreme deity

exalted by Zoroaster). Zoroastrianism survives today in isolated areas of the Middle East, primarily Iran, but more prosperously in India,

( پرست (آتش

Socialization

Liaqat Hussain

and

Personality

Chapter 12

Socialization

1. Cultural Conditioning

2. Personal-Social Learning

3. Individual as a Cocial Product

Methods

Socialization

1. Converts human from biological to social being.2. It contributes in personality development.3. It helps to become disciplined.4. It helps to performs different roles.5. It establishes knowledge and skills.6. It contributes in the stability of social order.7. It transmits culture from on generation to orhter.8. It creates right aspiration in social life.

Functions

Educational InstitutionsChapter 19

Liaqat Hussain

IntroductionAim of the Education is

To provide Equipment and techniqueTo meeting various needs of lifeShape our attitudePrepare us for behaving in a certain manner We can realize the social goalsEducation socializes and individual into a useful member of society.

EducationalInstitutions

SchoolsCollegesMadarsasUniversities Technical InstitutionsVocational InstitutionsMedical collegesEducational Boards

Educational Types

Formal Education:it is taken from school, collages,

universities and other formal educational Institution Informal Education:

it is taken from family, community and society with no hard and fast rules and regulations.

Religious Institution Chapter 19

Liaqat Hussain

Religions

1. Devta’s2. Non revealed Religions3. Revealed Religions4. Theoretical Religions

Religious Institution Definition

Durkheim: Religion the unified system of beliefs and practices related to sacred things, that is to say things set apart and forbidden and unite people into a moral community.

Religious Institution Functions

Remove fear and anxiety.Relation between man and universe. Relation between man and God.Judgment of right and wrong.Presentation of values.Creates Purity and Cleanliness.Socializing institution.Crates Social Solidarity.Relates man and woman.

Religious Institution Functions

Remove fear and anxiety.Relation between man and universe. Relation between man and God.Judgment of right and wrong.Presentation of values.Creates Purity and Cleanliness.Socializing institution.Crates Social Solidarity.Relates man and woman.

Economic Institution

Chapter 21

Liaqat Hussain

Economic InstitutionMajor Economic Institutions

1. Agriculture farming.2. Chemical fertilizer and its supplying agencies.3. Irrigation systems.4. Harvesting of crops.5. Land tenure system.6. Agriculture Department.7. Production store and supplying agencies.8. Agriculture sale departments.

Economic InstitutionFunctions of Economic Institution

1. Social Stratification. 2. Power and Authority.3. Interdependence of other Institutions. 4. Socialization 5. Need Satisfaction. 6. Income generation and Employment.7. Division of Labor and specialization. 8. Provision of Funds.

Political Institution

Chapter 22

Liaqat Hussain

Political Institution Introduction

Political Institution is universal in all the societies of the world. To maintain law and order in society, a political government is required

Political Institution Definition

“Distribution system of power and authority which is used to maintain social order is called political institution.” JohnJ.Maccionis: “Politics or polity is the social institution that distributes power, sets a society’s agenda and makes decisions.”Marg orie Hogan: “Political Institution is a complex of social norms and rules that serves to maintain social order to exercise power to compel conformity to the existing system of authority and to provide the means for changes in the legal or administrative System.”

Political Institution The State

Iman Ghazali: “a state comes into being when the people get into conflicts and there is need of a law, of a judge and a ruler to enforce the whole system,”

Gillin and Gillin: “the state is the sovereign political organization of the individuals occupying a definite territory.”:

Political Institution Elements of state

1. An independent political organization,2. A number of people loving there in , and3. A fixed geographical area.

Political Institution Functions if state and Government

1. Institutionalization of Norms2. The Decision of Conflicts3. The Enforcement of Norms4. The Defence of the Society

Political Institution The function of Law

1. Social Order 2. Right and duties 3. Cooperation 4. Authority 5. Morality

Social Structure & Social Integration

Chapter 24

Liaqat Hussain

Social Structure & Social IntegrationIntroduction

Human society is composed of• individuals, • groups,• institutions, • norms, • social roles, • social classes,• strata, culture,• organization.


An Institution is composed of • individuals, • Groups of people• Social norms for defining relations among people,• Social roles and status of the people who fulfill the activities

of the institution. • Social organization among the individuals and their functions, • Social class and strata are established • by differentiation of status achieved • through different roles and• A cultural need is fulfilled by every institution• for which it was established.


From this analysis of social institution, we can say that an institution

A. An organized social group,B. A part of social system in the whole society,

andC. Structured on the basis of social relations

as defined by the cultural norms.

Social Structure & Social IntegrationBasic institution

Family

Education

Religion

Politics

Econom

y