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Poster of Open Government Data Conference 2011 Wien Palais Strudlhof
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© Johann Höchtl, Research fellow at Center for E-Government, Danube University Krems, Austria and PhD student at Business Informatics Group, Technical University Vienna, Austria.
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2009 2010 2011
Tim Berners Lee describes URIs as the crucial element of Semantic Web
§ 1. DIRECTIVE 2003/98/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 17 November 2003 on the re-use of public sector information
§ The Ministerial Declaration on eGovernment approved unanimously in Malmö, Sweden, on 18 November 2009 includes several declarations of intent regarding increased transparency and openness in the administration process
§ Granada Ministerial Declaration on the European Digital Agenda: Agreed on 19 April 2010 (ministers responsible for the Information Society Policy of the European Union Member States)
2008
§ October 2010: Vienna agrees on Open Data Strategy
Austria: OGD performs Workshops with government and business representatives and civil society
Open3 conducts an Open Government survey among Austrian parliamentarians
§ 2011: Austria: Council of Ministers agrees on the requirement of an Open Data strategy
§ In October 2010, the Australian Government adopted an open access policy, with Creative Commons as the preferred licence for the release of government information
§ Germany adopts Freedom of Information law on federal level
§ US president Obama releases a memorandum concerning the freedom of information act directed to the heads of federal agencies in which he proclaims: “In the face of doubt, openness prevails”
October 2009: DC Apps for democracy. “4000% ROI in 30 days”
2010: Foundation of Open Commons Region Linz with aim to open Government Data
§ 15 December 2010: Neelie Kroes says “Yes to Open Data”
§ 14 March 2007: INSPIRE Directive 2007/2/EC establishing an Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community
2010: Austria: Open3 and OGD Austria, civil society open data movements, are founded as associations.
May 2009: Going live of US data.gov
January 2010: Going live of US data.gov
1999: RDF, the Resource Description Framework for storing arbitrary entities and relations among them, declared as a W3C recommendation
2004: W3C adopts RDF as standard
2009: Pellet 2.0, the most feature complete semantic web reasoner with support for OWL 2.0 released
2003: The Java based Jena semantic web framework reaches V 2.0. It is the most feature complete implementation of semantic web functionality and widely adopted by business and academia
December 2007: The initial 8 open data principles get drafted and are the basis for amendments and interpretations
24 May 2004: The Open Knowledge Foundation is founded and promotes open content, data and information and becomes a strong open data supporter.
2001: Foundation of Creative Commons (CC). The Creative Commons organization releases a set of licences suitable for creative and ingenious work and partly adaptable for data. Most importantly, the CC actively promote to the discussion of openness and transparency in the society as a whole.
2008: OWL, the Web Ontology Language reaches V2 specification. OWL extends the expressive power of RDF & RDFS with formal semantics to support reasoning for automated information generation.
Components of an Open Government Data Infrastructure
§ Legal decision or directive
Web site or public appearance
Civil society movement or action
Technical specification or SDK
The Origin of Species
Organisation Technology
Society Legislation
00 User retrieves URIs by querying opendata search engine / URI service (optional)
Information ressource URIs are resolvedagainst RDF web server, which queriesPURL DB to resolve stale URIs
Web server returns RDF or HTMLdata based on client request.
Internal View
Internal Databases
External View
RDFDatabase
data.gv.atapi.data.gv.at proxy.data.gv.at
RDF-Browser Javascript Libraries
Web Interface
33
DB2
DB1
Organisation data.gv.at
JSON-Connectors
Filtering stage
SPAR
QL
IPSec Tunnel
Organisationfinance.data.gv.at
RDFDB
Web Interface
Organisationeconomy.data.gv.at
RDFDB
Web Interface
Web Interface
URIService /
DiscoveryService00
2211
4'
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Cross-site Javscript call require proxyservice; Obsolete as of HTML5 CORS
New datasets get syndicated as soon asthey become available by RSS, ATOM orpubsubhubbub
Staging and filtering area at which internaldatasets, identified as open data, areamended by publicly addressable URIs
11
22
33 Mobile devices query against JSON API;Advanced services issue SPARQL queries
4'4'
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Open Government Data time-line with a focus on Austria
Architectural Components
Make Openness the DefaultCountries having Freedom of Information Acts (FOIA), with an assumption of “In the face of doubt, openness prevails” , can move much faster towards open data by circumnavigating discussions of purpose, meaning, entitlement and legal necessity.Apply Meaningful LicencesOpen Government Data beneficiaries require meaningful licenses in order to securely base services on released data and create additional value. Those licences regulate IPR, legal liability, naming attribution and derived work. The more liberal those licences are, the more uptake published data will see.
[email protected] @myprivate42 http://www.facebook.com/myprivate42 http://www.slideshare.net/jhoechtlhttp://digitalgovernment.wordpress.com/
Derived work is required to be re-shared?License requires attribution to the issuer?
Licence / RemarksCreative Commons Attribution 3.0, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode√ XCC-0, very liberal licence, the issuer waives all of his or her copyright and neighbouring and related rights in a work, worldwide applicable; re-assertion of copyright not allowed
X X
Public Domain Dedication and Certification (PDDC), based on U.S. law, enforceability outside US questionable; interesting concept of non-normative community norms. http://www.opendatacommons.org/norms/, focus on data-bases/sets
X X
Open Database License (ODbL), Derivative and creative work allowed, originator must be attributed, resulting work must be released under same licence, focus on data-bases/sets
√ √
Open Data Commons (ODC), Extraction, re-utilisation, creation of derivative and creation of collective Databases allowed; Work-in-progress, focus on data-bases/sets
√ X
http://wiki. okfn.org/O
penDataLi censing
Embrace Open InnovationSocial and commercial entrepreneurs play a core role at turning OGD into new services. This requires an attitude of “letting loose” to enable an inflow of new ideas.
Leverage the Benefits of Peer ProductionPeer Production will harness human skill, ingenuity and intelligence more efficiently and effectively. The ability to integrate the talents of dispersed individuals and organizations is becoming and important skill and requires more uptake by politicians and heads of public administration agencies.
Understand ProsumerismOpen Innovation is not a one-way game. Once an administrative body decides to open-up, the inflow has to be carefully revised and incorporated into subsequent tasks. If society input is neglected, built-up trust will vanish.
Collaborative Innovation FrameworkInnovation mall Community
InnovationOpen
Elite Circle Consortium Closed
GovernanceHierarchical Flat
Participa tion
Pisano et. al. “Which collaboration is right for you?” HBR 2008http://hbr.org/2008/12/which-kind-of-collaboration-is-right-for-you/sb1
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/8034134/Open-Government-Licence-promises-unlimited-use-of-government-data.html
Open Data Principleshttp://sunlightfoundation.com/policy/documents/ten-open-data-principles/
For open data to be useful to the public, technical aspects have to be met. These include• machine readability• ease of physical access• permanence• royalty-free data formatsData SeparationExternal and intra-organisational data representation has to be separated. By separation, data not meant for disclosure will be filtered, prepared to meet open standards and semantically enriched.Semantic AnnotationsTrust is leveraged by interlinking datasets, thus enabling a user or eService to inspect datasets, preferably down to the data origin (political decision, census data, electronic metering point).
This is achieved by meaningful and permanent URIs, a core element of the semantic web.A National URI InfrastructureURIs by their segmented nature (namespaces) fit the need of democratic governments by following the principles of subsidiarity and local authority. The establishment of a national URI infrastructure has to take place at the national CIO level while itemisation can be left to the respective federal
administrative bodies, eg. http://{domain}.{federallevel }.data.gv.at/{concept }/IDentifier.{RDF|html}
Search and Publication ServiceThe federal nature of open data by URI segmentation requires a higher level service for aggregation, search and ontological harmonisation. Local government data providers sources publish changes to their data sets to this higher level service by RSS or pubsubhubbub.
Uncharted WatersThe effects of releasing Open (Government) Data are boldly touted: More openness and transparency and valuable data sets will spur new economic models, thus lead to new levels of economic growth. There is little supportive, quantitative data to back this assumptions. Observations of medieval change from alchemy to science by transparency of methods and research results support the prospect of broad societal change.
Chance for evaluation of success or failure of government, strengthened by quantitative data Evaluation
Open DataOpen Data
Initialisation
eParticipationeParticipation
Co-Drafting
eConsultationeConsultation
Implementation
Co-ProductionCo-Production
Policy ModelsFor open datasets to be beneficial to more but a small “data elite”, concerns of data and media literacy have to be raised and tacked by adapted curricula, starting at primary school pupils and their teachers.
Role of Civic Society
Koumenides, Christos, Harith Alani, Nigel Shadbolt, and Manuel Salvadores “Global Integration of Public Sector Information.” 26-27, Raleigh, NC, USA, 2010 http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/21025/.
Müller, Weitzmann, Lesch et.al. OffeneStaatskunst- Bessere Politik durchOpen Government? Berlin, October 2010.
Shirky, Clay. Cognitive Surplus: Creativity and Generosity in a Connected Age.Penguin Press, 2010.
