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IT 105-Computer Organization 1
Computer System and Hardware
ComponentsChapter II
IT 105
Prepared by: [email protected]
IT 105-Computer Organization 2
A computer system consists of Hardware
The physical equipment such as case, storage drives, keyboards, monitors, cables, speakers and printers.
Software Includes the operating system and programs. The operating system instructs the computer how
to operate. These operations may include identifying,
accessing and processing information.
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Hardware Components
Computer Case Contains the framework to
support a computer’s internal components while providing an enclosure for added protection.
The size and layout of a case is called a form factor. (e.g. desktop (slim line or full sized) and tower (mini or full sized)
Computer cases may also called as computer chassis, cabinet, tower, box and housing.
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Computer Case
Factors to consider when choosing a case: The size of the motherboard The number of external or
internal drive locations, called bays
Available space When choosing a computer
case, consider the ff: Model Type
There are two main case models, for desktop PCs and for tower computers.
The type of motherboard determines the type of case to be used.
The size and shape must match exactly.
Size If a computer has many
components, it needs more room for airflow to keep the system cool.
Available Space The design of the desktop case
may limit the number and size of the components that can be added.
Power Supply Match the power rating and
connection type of the power supply to the type of motherboard.
Appearance Some people don’t care how
the case looks, others do.
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Computer Case
Status Display LED indicators that are
mounted on the front of the case can tell you if the system is receiving power, when the hard drive is being used, and when the computer is on standby or sleeping.
Vents All cases have a vent on
the power supply, and some have another vent on the back to help draw air into or out of the system.
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Hardware Components
Power Supply Converts alternating-
current (AC) power coming from a wall outlet into direct-current (DC) power, which is a lower voltage.
DC power is required for all the components inside the computer.
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Power Supply Form Factors
AT ATX- more advanced features
than AT ATXv12- add power support for
the motherboard by adding another 4-pin power connector.
Connectors Most connectors today are
keyed connector. Keyed connectors are designed
to be inserted in only one direction.
Power Color Codes Yellow Blue Orange Blue Orange Red White Black
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Power SupplyVoltage Wire Color Use AT Power
SupplyATX Power
SupplyATXv12
Power Supply
+12V YELLOW Disk drive motors, fans, cooling devices, and
system bus slots
-12V BLUE Some types of serial port circuits and early Programmable Read
Only Memory (PROM)
+3.3V ORANGE Most newer CPUs, some types of system
memory and AGP video slots
+5V RED Motherboard, Baby AT and earlier CPUs, and
many motherboard components
-5V WHITE ISA bus cards and early PROMS
0V BLACK Ground: Used to complete circuits with
other voltages
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Power Supply
Different connectors: Molex connector
A keyed connector used to connect to an optical drive or hard drive
Berg connector A keyed connector used to connect to a floppy drive It is smaller than Molex
20-pin or 24-pin slotted connector It used to connect to the motherboard 24-pin has two rows of 12 pins each 20-pin has two rows of 10 pins each
Four-pin-to-eight-pin auxiliary power connector It has two rows to four pins and supplies power to all areas of the
motherboard.
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Hardware Components
Motherboards It is the main printed
circuit boards. It contains the buses, or
electrical pathways. These buses allow data
to travel between the various components that comprise a computer.
Also known as system board, backplane, or main board
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Motherboards
Motherboard accommodates the CPU, RAM, expansion slots, heat sink/fan assembly, BIOS chip, chip set, and the embedded wires.
Sockets, internal and external connectors and various ports are also placed on the mother board.
Various form factors: AT- Advanced Technology ATX- Advanced Technology Extended Mini-ATX Micro ATX LPX- Low-Profile Extended NLX- New Low-Profile Extended BTX- Balanced Technology Extended
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Motherboards Chip Set
Composed of various integrated circuits attached to the motherboard that control how system hardware interacts with the CPU and motherboard.
It allows the CPU to communicate and interact with computer’s other components and to exchange data with system memory, hard disk drives, video cards and other output devices.
It establishes how much memory can be added to motherboard. It also determines the type of connectors on the motherboard. Two distinct components
Northbridge Controls the access to RAM, video card and the speed at which the
CPU can communicate with them Southbridge
Allows the CPU to communicate with the hard drives, sound card, USB ports and other I/O devices.
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Hardware Components
CPU (Central Processing Unit) It is considered the
computer’s brain. Sometimes called the
processor. It comes in different form
factors, each style requiring a particular slot or socket on the motherboard.
Common CPU manufacturers include Intel and AMD.
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Central Processing Unit
CPU socket or slot It is the connector that is the interface between the
motherboard and the processor. PGA (pin grid array)- most CPU sockets and processors built
today ZIF (zero insertion force)- the amount of force needed to
install the CPU. Slot-based processors are cartridge-shaped and fit into a slot
that looks similar to an expansion slot. Cache
While the CPU is executing one step of the program, the remaining instructions and data are stored nearby in a special memory called cache.
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Central Processing Unit Two major CPU architectures
RISC (reduced instruction set computer) Architectures use a relatively
small set of instructions and RISC chips are designed to execute these instructions very rapidly.
CISC (complex instruction set computer) Architectures use a broad set
of instructions, resulting in fewer steps of operation.
Hyperthreading The CPU has multiple pieces
of code being executed simultaneously on each pipeline.
A CPU’s speed is rated in cycles per second Speed (MHZ, GHz)
The amount of data that a CPU can process at one time depends on the size of the processor bus (CPU bus or FSB (front-side bus)).
The wider the processor data bus, the more powerful the processor.
Current processors have a 32-bit or 64-bit processor data bus.
Single-core CPU One core inside a single CPU chip
that handles all the processing capability.
Dual-core CPU Two cores inside a single CPU chip,
in which both cores can process information at the same time
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Hardware Components Cooling Systems
Case Fan It is installed in the computer case to make the cooling process more efficient.
CPU Fan A fan on top of the heat sink moves away the heat from the CPU.
Graphics Card Cooling System Fans are dedicated to cooling the graphics-processing unit (GPU).
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Hardware Components Memory
ROM (Read-only Memory) Chips that contain
instructions that the CPU can access directly.
Stores basic instructions for booting the computer and loading the operation system.
The contents cannot be erased, changed, or rewritten by normal means.
ROM types includes: PROM (Programmable
read-only memory) Cannot be erased or
rewritten
EPROM (Erasable programmable read-only memory) Can be erased with
exposure to UV light. EEPROM (Electrical
EPROM) Also called as flash
ROMs. It can be erased and
rewritten without removing the chip from the computer
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Memory
RAM (Random Access Memory) It is the temporary
storage for data and programs that are being accessed by the CPU.
It is a volatile memory. Types of RAM are as
follows. DRAM (Dynamic RAM)
A memory chip that is used as main memory.
SRAM (Static RAM) A memory chip that
is used as cache memory.
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Memory
FPM DRAM (Fast Page Mode DRAM) A memory that
supports paging. Paging enables
faster access to the data than regular DRAM.
EDO (Extended Data Out) RAM A memory that
overlaps consecutive data accesses. This speeds up the access time to retrieve data from memory
Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) A DRAM that
operates in synchronization with the memory bus.
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Memory
Double Data Rate ( DDR) SDRAM A memory that
transfers data twice as fast as SDRAM.
DDR2 SDRAM A memory that is
faster than DDR-SDRAM.
It decreases noise and crosstalk between signal wires.
RAMBus DRAM (RDRAM) A memory chip that
was developed at very high rates of speed.
Rarely used.
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Memory
Memory Modules DIP (Dual Inline Package)
Is an individual memory chip. A DIP had dual rows of pins used to attached it on the mother board.
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Memory
SIMM (Single Inline Memory Module) A small circuit board that holds several memory chips.
SIMM have 30-pin and 72-pin configurations.
DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Module) A small circuit board that holds SDRAM (168 pins), DDR
(184-pins), and DDR2 (240-pins).
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Memory
Cache Memory SRAM is used as cache
memory to store the most frequently used data. SRAM gives processor
faster access to the data than retrieving it from slower DRAM or main memory.
Types of cache memory L1 is internal cache
integrated into the CPU. L2 is external cache
originally mounted on the motherboard near the CPU.
L3 is used on some high-end workstations and server CPUs.
Error Checking Nonparity does not check
for errors in memory. Parity contains 8 bits for
data and 1 bit for error checking. The error-checking bit is called a parity bit.
Error Correction Code (ECC) can defeat multiple bit errors in memory and correct single bit errors in memory.
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Hardware Components
Adapter Cards Adapter cards increase a
computer’s functionality by adding controllers for specific devices or by replacing malfunctioning ports.
NIC connects a computer to network using a network cable.
Wireless NIC connects a computer to a network using radio frequencies.
Sound Adapter Provides audio
compatibility.
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Adapter Cards
Video Adapter Provides graphic
capability. Modem Adapter
Connects a computer to the internet using phone line.
SCSI Adapter Connects SCSI devices
such as hard drives or tape drives to a computer.
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Adapter Cards
RAID Adapters Connects multiple hard
drives to a computer to provide redundancy and improve performance.
To connect peripheral devices: USB port Parallel port Serial port
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Adapter Cards
Expansion Slots ISA (Industry Standard
Architecture) Is an 8-bit or 16-bit
expansion slots. This is older technology and is seldom used.
EISA (Extended ISA) It is a 32-bit expansion slot
and is seldom used. MCA (Microchannel
Architecture) Is an IBM proprietary 32-bit
expansion slot. AGP (Advanced Graphics
Port) Is 32-bit expansion slot. It is
designed for video adapters.
PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) Is a 32-bit or 64-bit
expansion slot. PCI-express
Is a serial bus expansion slot.
It is backward-compatible with PCI slots.
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Hardware Components
Storage Drives A storage drive reads or
write information to magnetic or optical storage media.
Storage drives can be installed inside the computer case such as hard drive.
For portability, some storage drives can connect to the computer using USB port, FireWire port or SCSI port.
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Storage Drives
Types of storage drives: Floppy Drives (A: drive)
Is a storage device that uses removable 3.5 inch floppy disks.
This can store 720 KB or 1.44 MB of data.
One of the oldest technology.
Hard Drives (C: drive/D: drive) Is a magnetic storage
device that is installed inside the computer.
Is used as permanent storage for data.
Capacity-GB and speed rpm (revolutions per minute)
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Storage Drives
Optical Drives Is a storage device that
uses lasers to read data on the optical media.
Types: Compact Disc (CD) Digital Versatile Disc
(DVD) CD and DVD media can
be prerecorded (read-only), recordable (write once), rerecordable (read and write multiple times)
CD-700 MB DVD-8.5 GB
Other types of optical media: CD-ROM- PR CD-R- RO CD-RW- R,RR,E DVD-ROM- PR DVD-RAM- R,RR,E DVD+/-R- RO DVD+/-RW- R,RR,E
Legend: PR-Prerecorded, RO- Recorded once, E- Erased, RR-Rerecorded, R-recorded
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Storage Devices
Flash Drives Also known as thumb
drive Is a removable storage
device that connects to a USB port
Storage capacity is up to 16 GB
Network Drives Is a connection to a
remote computer’s storage for access to files, directories, and applications.
Types of Drive Interfaces Integrated Drive
Electronic (IDE ) Also called Advanced
Technology Attachment (ATA), an earlier drive controller interface that connects computers and hard disk drives.
It has 40-pin connector.
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Storage Devices Enhanced Integrated
Drive Electronics (EIDE) Also called ATA-2, is
an updated version of the IDE drive controller interface.
Parallel ATA (PATA) Refers to the parallel
version of the ATA drive controller interface.
Serial ATA (SATA) Refers to the serial
version of the ATA drive controller interface.
Uses 7-pin connector.
Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) A drive controller
interface that can connect up to 15 drives. It uses a 5-pin, 68-pin, or 80-pin connector.
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Hardware Components
Internal Cables Data cables connect
drives to the drive controller, which is located on an adapter card or the motherboard.
Types of data cables: Floppy disk drive (FDD)
data cable Has up to two 34-pin
drive connectors and one 34-pin connector for the drive controller.
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Internal Cables PATA (IDE) data cable
Has 40 conductors, up to two 40-pin connectors and 40-pin connector for the drive controller.
PATA (EIDE) data cable Has 80 conductors, up
to two 40-pin connectors for drives and one 40-pin connector for drive controller.
SATA data cable Has seven conductors,
one keyed connector for the drive and one keyed connector for the drive controller
SCSI data cable Three types:
A narrow SCSI data cable has 50 conductors, up to seven 50 –pin connector, and one 50 – pin connector for host adapters
A wide SCSI data cable has 68 conductors, up to 15 68 –pin connector, and one 68 – pin connector for host adapters
An Alt-4 SCSI data cable has 80 conductors, up to 15 80 –pin connector, and one 80 – pin connector for host adapters
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Hardware Components
Ports and Cables Serial
Can be either DB-9, or DB-25 male connector
To connect a serial device, such as modem or printer, serial cable must be used.
A serial cable has a maximum length of 50 feet (15.2 m)
USB Ports Is standard interface that
connects peripheral devices to a computer.
A single USB port in a computer can support up to 127 separate devices with the use of multiple USB hubs.
USB 1.1 -12 Mbps USB 2.0 – 480 Mbps
FireWire Ports Is a high-speed, hot-
swappable interface that connects peripheral devices to a computer.
A single FireWire port in a computer can support up to 63 devices.
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Ports and Cables
Parallel Ports Is a standard Type A DB-25
female connector. To connect a parallel
device, such as printers, a parallel cable must be used.
A parallel cable has a maximum length of 15 feet.
SCSI Ports If a single SCSI device is
connected to SCSI port, the cable can be up to 80 feet in length.
Can support up to 15 devices.
Network Ports Also called an RJ-45 port,
connects a computer to a network
The connection speed depends on the type of network port
Standard Ethernet can transmit up to 10 Mbps, Fast Ethernet can transmit up to 100 Mbps, and Gigabit Ethernet can transmit up to1000 Mbps
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Ports and Cables
PS/2 Ports Connects a keyboard or
mouse to a computer Is a six-pin mini DIN
female connector Audio Ports
Connects audio devices to the computer
Common audio ports Line In –connect
external source such as stereo
Microphone In –connects to a microphone
Line Out –connects to speakers or headphones
Auxiliary In –an additional line in
Gameport/MIDI –connects to a joystick or MIDI-interfaced device
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Ports and Cables
Video Ports Connects a monitor
cable to a computer Several types:
VGA (Video Graphics Array) Has three-row 15-pin
female connector Analog output
DVI (Digital Visual Interface) Has a 24-pin female
connector or 29-pin female connector
Digital output
HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface) Has 19-pin connector Provides both analog
and digital signals S-Video
Has 4-pin connector and provides analog signals
Component/RGB Has three shielded
cables (red, green, and blue) with RCS jacks and provides analog signals
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Hardware Components
Input Devices Is used to enter data or
instructions into a computer Mouse and Keyboard Digital Camera and
Digital Video Camera Biometric Authentication
Device Touch Screen Scanner
Output Devices Is used to present
information to the user from a computer Monitors
CRT (cathode ray tube) LCD (liquid crystal
display) DLP (digital light
processing) Printers, scanners, and
fax machines Speakers and
headphones
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Project #1 (individual or by pair) Choose your own partner. Create a portfolio that
compiles all the images of all given hardware components and sub-components. Indicate their names and functions. Categorize them for better readable output. Use your own creativity, formal or informal. Deadline is before or on the preliminary exam day.
Creativity-40% Readability-20% Originality- 40%