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(See http://youtu.be/Z0YU0T5cR6E ) A Compute Platform is normally considered to be the highly stable HW and SW architecture associated with Mainframe or PC computers. But the 21 century is bringing serious computing power to the hands of the consumer and computers that don't look like computers have totally eclipsed traditional computing market. Does this change the definition of the Compute Platform in the 21C? ## By Ian Phillips, Uo.Liverpool. 25feb14. http://ianp24.blogspot.co.uk/ ## Opinions expressed are my own.
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Computing Platforms for the 21Century Abstract:
Wikipedia defines Platform as "A raised level surface on which people or things can stand". A more familiar technical interpretation applies to the hardware and OS configuration applicable to the execution of software; most frequently applicable to highly stable PC or Mainframe architectures. But the world has changed a lot in the 21 century as serious computing power moved into the hands of the consumer. Nowadays computers that don't look like computers, with production runs in the tens or hundreds of millions; totally eclipse traditional computing and thus the traditional computing platform. So does the ARM architecture define a new platform for this computing environment, or is it more complex than that? One of our greatest forefathers, Isaac Newton, realised the reality of platforms when he talked of standing on the shoulders of giants. A platform is a stable place where engineers and scientists can stand to achieve more than they would by their own efforts alone. Platforms are about re-using rather than re-inventing; about Productivity, Quality, TTM, ROI, etc. for the 21 century products we Engineers are now charged to deliver ... It's the economy, stupid!
Context Seminar at Liverpool University
http://www.liv.ac.uk/electrical-engineering-and-electronics/
45min Keynote, 60min Slot. 25feb14
SlideCast and pdf available via http://ianp24.blogspot.co.uk/
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Prof. Ian Phillips Principal Staff Eng’r,
ARM Ltd [email protected]
Visiting Prof. at ...
Contribution to Industry Award 2008
Seminar Uo.Liverpool
25feb14
1v0
SlideCast and pdf available via http://ianp24.blogspot.co.uk/
Opinions expressed are those of the author alone
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The Traditional Computing Platform General Purpose Compute Platforms PC – Dominated by x86 architecture (Intel + AMD + Windows)
Windows ‘N’
DOS
Linux
OpenBSD
FreeVMS
But also Apple ... MacOS ‘N’ – Universal Binaries (PowerPC/x86)
Mainframe - IBM, EMC, Hitachi, Unysis, HP, NEC, Fujitsu Fortran C/C++ Cobol - One of first languages (1959). In 1997, 80% of the world's business ran on COBOL with >200
billion lines of code in existence and >5 billion lines of new code annually (Gartner).
Portable Computing – Pocketable GP Compute Platforms iOS (iPad/iPhone/iPod) Android Windows 8
... We all have our personal favourites!
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Markets provide the Product Opportunities
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Milli
ons
of U
nits
1st Era Select work
tasks
2nd Era Broad-based computing
for specific tasks
3rd Era Computing as part
of our lives
... Older Markets are still there; just not the Biggest!
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The Face of Computing Today
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The Face of Computing Today
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The Computing Machine ... Computing: A general term for algebraic manipulation of Data ...
... State and Time are frequently factors in this.
It can include phenomena ranging from human thinking to calculations with a narrower meaning. Wikipedia
Usually used it to exercise analogies (models) of real-world situations; Frequently in real-time (Fast enough to be a stabilising factor in a loop).
... Not prescriptive about Implementation Technology! ... Not prescriptive about Programmability!
y=F(x,t,s) Numerated Phenomena
IN (x)
Processed Data/ Information
OUT (y)
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Antikythera c87BC ... Planet Motion Computer
See: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L1CuR29OajI
Early-Mechanical Computation
• Inventor: Hipparchos (c.190 BC – c.120 BC). Ancient Greek Astronomer, Philosopher and Mathematician.
• Single-Task, Continuous Time, Analogue Mechanical Computing (With backlash!)
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Babbage's Difference Engine 1837
The difference engine consists of a number of columns, numbered from 1 to N. Each column is able to store one decimal number. The only operation the engine can do is add the value of a column n + 1 to column n to produce the new value of n. Column N can only store a constant, column 1 displays (and possibly prints) the value of the calculation on the current iteration.
Computer for Calculating Tables: A Basic ALU Engine
(Re)construction c2000
Late-Mechanical Computation
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“Baby” 1947 (Reconstruction)
General Purpose, Quantised Time and Data, (Digital) Electronic Computing
Valve/Software Computation
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Electronic System1 2014
Analogue Electronics Digital Electronics Software Memory Mechanics Micro-Motors Optics Sensors Displays Discharge Tube Robotic Assembly Plastic, Metal, Glass
...Technologies working seamlessly to deliver Functionality ... Enhanced Human Memory
1: aka; Cyber-Physical System (Geek-Talk!)
Incorporating DIGIC5+ (ARM)
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Putting Technologies into Context 21c Businesses have to be Selling things that Customers (esp. End-Customers) want to buy. Focusing on Their Core Competencies Opportunities, Competition, Operations and Investors are Global
Business by ... Product Differentiation (Functionality+) Focusing on what End-Customers need ... Technologies enable Product Options ..but..
Business-Models make the Money
New Products are Design is a Cost (Risk) to be Minimised Technology (HW, SW, Mechanics, Optics, Graphene, etc)
just offers the potential to differentiate your Products! The Value of New Technology may not exceed the Cost (Risk)!
... Successful End-Products fund their entire Value-Chains
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Moore’s Law: A Technology Opportunity ... 10nm
100nm
1um
10um
100um
Appr
oxim
ate
Proc
ess
Geo
met
ry
ITRS’99
Tran
sist
ors/
Chi
p (M
)
Tran
sist
or/P
M (K
)
X
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore’s_law
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... But an Increasing Design Problem ! 10nm
100nm
1um
10um
100um
Appr
oxim
ate
Proc
ess
Geo
met
ry
ITRS’99
Tran
sist
ors/
Chi
p (M
)
Tran
sist
or/P
M (K
)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore’s_law
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... With Supporting
Methodology!
(Incl. Software)
Pre.1990 chip design was entire ... Moore’s Law was handled by ever Bigger Teams and ever Faster Tools With Improved Productivity through HDL and Synthesis ... I was a chip designer in 1978; and did it all myself in 3mth (~1k gates!)
Post 1995 reuse silently entered the picture ... Circuit Blocks CPUs (and Software) External IP Up-Integration Chip Reuse (ASSP) ... Delivering Productivity, Quality and Reliability
... Birth of IP and Know-How Companies (Like ARM c1991)
... Lead to the Commoditisation of Silicon (and FABs) !
Reuse Closes the Productivity Gap!
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How Much Reuse Today? Mobile Products have ~500m gate SoCs / ~500m lines of code Doubling every 18mth Designer Productivity: is just 100-1000 Gates(Lines)/day That is tested, verified, incorporated gates(lines) That’s 2,500-25,000 p.yrs to clean-sheet design! (Un-Resourceable)
Typically ‘Product Designs’ have 50-200 p.yr available ... That’s just ~0.5% New ... >99.5% Reuse already! Not Viable to do clean-sheet product design ... nor has it been since ~1995
The core HW/SW is only a part of a Product ... There’s all of the other Components and Sub-Systems There’s the IO systems (RF, Audio, Optical, Geo-spatial, Temporal) There’s the Mechanical There’s the Reproduction (Factory) There's the Business Model (Cash-flow, Distribution, Legal) There’s the Support (Repair, Installation, Maintenance, Replacement)
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How do we Reuse? Design Tools (across all Product Disciplines) underpin this ... Reuse of Modules and Components Reuse of Existing Code and Circuits Sharing Methodology Sharing Architecture Creating Tools to Accelerate Methodology and Repeatability Design For “x” (DFx) is Design For Up-Stream (Re)Deployment
A significant part is (and will remain) Knowledge based ... The Designer has done similar work before The Team has Collective experience The Company has experience and a customer base
The Design Engineer’s Role is ... To create Order out of Chaos Using Current-Technology and Knowledge; to create a Viable Product
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Reuse Platform for Productivity Disintegration of Value-Chains ... Allows Componentisation of Product (Physical and Virtual) Encourages Focus on Your Value-Add Outsource other people’s expertise Across all aspects of business (Technical, Business and Admin) Created the opportunity for ; and for many others.
Changed the meaning of Local ... ∘ English as the lingua-franca ∘ International Contract Law ∘ Instant global telecoms (ICT) ∘ The World-Trade Organisation (WTO) ∘ IT and the Internet ∘ Standardisation of GP-Compute Architecture
... This is a very different way of conducting business ... has never happened before in Human History ... And most people don’t see it today
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Growing opinion that 14 or 7nm will be the smallest yieldable node ... Ever!
All Exponentials Must End ... 130nm
90nm
30nm
14nm
7nm
Just 2-3 gen. (3-5yr) to the end of Planar Scaling
... can get into the last of the of planar chips! Its also the end-of-the-road for
‘promising technologies’ ! Clean-Sheet Synthesis Scalable Processor Arrays Formal Design Top-Down Design
Only things on the drawing board today ...
...And the end for Moore’s Law?
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Packing Technology into an iCon
Analogue and Digital Design Embedded Software Mechanics, Plastics and Glass Micro-Machines (MEMs) Displays and Transducers Robotics and Test Knowledge and Know-How Research, Education and Training Components, Sub-Systems and Systems;
Design, Assembly and Manufacture Metrology, Methodology and Tools ... Involving Many Specialist Businesses
... Round and Round the World ... Not-Least from the UK
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Inside The Control Board (a-side)
http://www.ifixit.com
Level-2: Sub-Assemblies Visible Computing Contributors ...
Samsung: Flash Memory - NV-MOS (ARM Partner) Cirrus Logic: Audio Codec - Bi-CMOS (ARM Partner) AKM: Magnetic Sensor - MEM-CMOS Texas Instruments:Touch Screen Controller and mobile DDR - Analogue-CMOS (ARM Partner) RF Filters - SAW Filter Technology
Invisible Computing Contributors ... OS, Drivers, Stacks, Applications, GSM, Security, Graphics, Video, Sound, etc Software Tools, Debug Tools, etc
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Inside The Control Board (b-side)
GPS Bluetooth, EDR &FM
http://www.ifixit.com
Level-2: Sub-Assemblies More Visible Computing Contributors ... A4 Processor. Spec:Apple, Design & Mfr: Samsung Digital-CMOS (nm) ...
Provides the iPhone 4 with its GP computing power. (Said to contain ARM A8 600 MHz CPU and other ARM IP)
ST-Micro: 3 axis Gyroscope - MEM-CMOS (ARM Partner) Broadcom: Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and GPS - Analogue-CMOS (ARM Ptr) Skyworks: GSM Analogue-Bipolar Triquint: GSM PA Analogue-GaAs Infineon: GSM Transceiver - Anal/Digi-CMOS (ARM Partner)
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The A4 SIP Package (Cross-section)
Down 3-Levels: IC Packaging The processor is the centre rectangle. The silver circles beneath it are solder balls. Two rectangles above are RAM die, offset to make room for the wirebonds.
Putting the RAM close to the processor reduces latency, making RAM faster and cuts power. Unknown Mfr (Memory) Samsung/ARM (Processor) Unknown (SIP Technology)
Source ... http://www.ifixit.com
Processor SOC Die
2 Memory Dies
Glue
Memory ‘Package’
4-Layer Platform Package’
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The Processor Unit (Nvidea Tegra 3, Around 1B transistors)
NB: The Tegra 3 is similar to the A4/5, but is not used in the iPhone
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Lots and Lots of Designers ...
159 Tier-1 Suppliers ... Thousands of Design Engineers 10’s of thousands of Engineers Globally
... Hundreds more Tier-2 suppliers (Including ARM)
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… System-Packaging Maintains Momentum! Interposer today
Die-Integration ..and.. Genuine 3D-Process very soon
10 Layer Interposer
4x Transfer to Production
8x Sampling
10 stack 1.6 mm Active Carrier
DRAM - 20nm Si FIN-MOS CPU- 90nm Si CMOS RF - 300nm GaAs PV - 500nm Ge
Die-Stack Mixed-Technology
300nm Si CMOS
Die-Stack
13aug13
24-Layers 3D NAND-Flash
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Electronic era:
1975-2005 System era:
2003-2030
x2 System Functionality every 18-24mth A Cascade of Technologies over the ages
... A ‘Law’ that started: Stone ⇒ Wood ⇒ Bronze ⇒ Iron ⇒ ...
Moore's Real Law ... Fu
nctio
nal D
ensi
ty (u
nits
)
1960 1980 2000 2020
102
1010
106
1012
100
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ARM: A Platform for Electronic Systems? “ARM designs processor technology
that lies at the heart of advanced consumer products”
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Multiplier
Instruction Decoder
Address Incrementer
nRESET ABORT
nIRQ nFIQ
WRITE SIZE[1:0]
LOCK
CPnCPI CPA CPB
CLKEN CLK
CPnOPC
CFGBIGEND
TRANS
RDATA[31:0]
Barrel Shifter
32 Bit ALU Write Data Register
Address Register
Register Bank
ADDR[31:0]
and
Control Logic
A B u s
A L U B u s
P C
PC Update
Decode Stage
Instruction Decompression
Incrementer
Read Data Register
WDATA[31:0]
PROT
Scan Debug Control
B B u s
1991: ARM a RISC-Processor Core …
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The ‘Lego-Brick’ Chip-Design Concept
ARM7 Core
DMA
Par. Port
PCMCIA UART (2)
Int’t. Contr.
Memory Interface
Timers W’Dog Arb’tr. Misc.
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Today, users require a pocket ‘Super-Computer’ ... Silicon Technology Provides a few-Billion transistors ...
ARM’s Technology (still) makes it Practical to utilise them ...
Systems Get Ever-More Complex!
• 10 Processors • 4 x A9 Processors (2x2): • 4 x MALI 400 Fragment Proc: • 1 x MALI 400 Vertex Proc. • 1 x MALI Video CoDec • Software Stacks, OS’s and Design
Tools/ • ARM Technology gives
chip/system designers ... • Improved Productivity • Improved TTM • Improved Quality/Certainty
ARM
ARM
ARM
ARM
ARM
ARM
nVidea Tegra3
... So By Definition ARM is (≥1) Platform!
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Systems using Billions of Transistors ARM Technology drives efficient
Electronic System solutions: Software increasing system efficiency
with optimized software solutions Diverse components, including CPU
and GPU processors designed for specific tasks Interconnect System IP delivering
coherency and the quality of service required for lowest memory bandwidth Physical IP for a highly optimized
processor implementation
Backed by >900 Global Partners ... >800 Licences Millions of Developers
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C/C++ Development
Middleware
Debug & Trace
Methodology For Productivity
Energy Trace Modules
34
The Right Horse for The Course ...
... Delivering ~5x speed (Architecture + Process + Clock)
About 50MTr
About 50KTr
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... Means 24 Processors in 6 Families
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A Platform for Power Efficiency Watts don’t just happen; they are caused! In the Chip ... Matching the processor to the application Minimise voltage/frequency (P=CV2f) Variable/Gated clock domains Variable/Switched voltage domains Maximises Activity-Proportionality (Counter Intuitive)
In the Software ... Give the OS and the Application SW
Information and Controls Methodology and Utilities
In the System ... Architecture Extend control beyond the chip
... HW Dissipates, but SW Makes It!
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Parallel is More Power-Efficient
Processor
f
Input Output
Processor
f/2
Processor
f/2
f
Input Output
Capacitance = 2.2C Voltage = 0.6V
Frequency = 0.5f Power = 0.4CV2f
Capacitance = C Voltage = V
Frequency = f Power = CV2f
... By a factor determined by Amdahl or Gustafson?
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CoreLink Supports Multi-Processing
ACE
ACE
NIC-400 Network Interconnect
Flash GPIO
NIC-400
USBQuad Cortex-
A15
L2 cache
Interrupt Control
CoreLink™DMC-520
x72DDR4-3200
PHY
AHB
Snoop Filter
Quad Cortex-
A15
L2 cache
Quad Cortex-
A15
L2 cache
Quad Cortex-
A15
L2 cache
CoreLink™DMC-520
x72DDR4-3200
8-16MB L3 cache
PCIe10-40GbE
DPI Crypto
CoreLink™ CCN-504 Cache Coherent Network
IO Virtualisation with System MMU
DSPDSP
DSP
SATA
Dual channel DDR3/4 x72
Up to 4 cores per cluster
Up to 4 coherent clusters
Integrated L3 cache
Up to 18 AMBA
interfaces for I/O coherent accelerators
and IO
Peripheral address space
Heterogeneous processors – CPU, GPU, DSP and accelerators
Virtualized Interrupts
Uniform System
memory
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big.LITTLE Processing For High-Performance, Variable-Load systems...
Tightly coupled combination of two ARM CPU clusters: Cortex-A15 (big Performance) and Cortex-A7 (LITTLE Power) - functionally identical Same programmers view, looks the same to OS and applications
big.LITTLE combines high-performance and low power Automatically selects the right processor for the right job Redefines the efficiency/performance trade-off
big
“Demanding tasks”
LITTLE
“Always on, always connected tasks”
30% of the Power (select use cases)
Current smartphone
big.LITTLE Current smartphone
big.LITTLE
>2x Performance
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Fine-Tuned to Different Performance Points
Simple, in-order, 8 stage pipelines
Performance better than mainstream, high-volume smartphones (Cortex-A8 and Cortex-A9)
Most energy-efficient applications processor from ARM
Complex, out-of-order, multi-issue pipelines
Up to 2x the performance of today’s high-end smartphones
Highest performance in mobile power envelope
Cortex-A7 Cortex-A53
Cortex-A15 Cortex-A57
LIT
TLE
bi
g
Queue
Issue
Integer
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CPU Migration Migrate a single processor workload to the appropriate CPU Migration = save context then resume on another core Also known as Linaro “In Kernel Switcher”
DVFS driver modifications and kernel modifications Based on standard power management routines Small modification to OS and DVFS, ~600 lines of code
big.LITTLE MP OS scheduler moves threads/tasks to appropriate CPU Based on CPU workload Based on dynamic thread performance requirements
Enables highest peak performance by using all cores at once
big.LITTLE Software Model
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A Platform for Applications
Raspberry-Pi (Samsung CPU)
Xilinx Zinq
BeagleBoard Black (TI CPU)
Samsung
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A Platform for Things (IoT)
NXP Freescale
mbed web-based dev’t iot environment
www.mbed.org ST Micro
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A Platform for Society Electronic Systems will underpin all aspects of our lives. We depend on them today; we will
be ever-more-so in the future Based on Electronic Technology,
but integrate a mix of technology to delivering Human-Level Functionality.
Economic Independence of supply is not an option: but Co-Dependence is!
The most important technology in a System is the one that doesn’t work!
...They will NOT Solve Societies Challenges, but will be fundamental to the solutions.
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Conclusions ... Business is about Making Money for Investors ... Good enough is enough; perfection is for the gods. Technology enables Product Options; not all of which are Valuable Most Tech Enterprises, provide ‘components’ into ES Products
Platforms are Productivity-Aids ... A way of creating new Products as quickly and cheaply as possible Sophisticated is not the same as Valuable ARM is a Productivity-Aid to the biggest Computer Market today
Electronic Systems will underpin all of our futures ... Society will create the 21C using the power of Electronic Systems And will be increasingly unaware of them and their technologies! Ever more Sophisticated Systems will require ever greater Reuse
... Platforms will make 21C Electronic-Systems Possible
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Prof. Ian Phillips Principal Staff Eng’r,
ARM Ltd [email protected]
Visiting Prof. at ...
Contribution to Industry Award 2008
http://ianp24.blogspot.co.uk/ [email protected]