CONCEPTS OF NETWORKING

PRESENTED BY : SUMIT DIMRI

AGENDATopics To Be Illustrated:-

Networking & 3Elements Required For NetworkinG NeeD FoR NetworkinG Types Of NeTwoRk OSI Reference ModeL TCP/IP SuiT ComParInG tcp\ip wiTH osi model NetWorK harDwarE IP AddReSSinG First Octet RulE

Basic Elements For Functionality Of Networking

Network Hardware - For Data Communications Network Software - For Data Representation & Orientation

Network ProtocoL - For Defining RuLeS For data Communations

NeEd Of NetworkinG File sharing: A network makes it easy for everyone to access the

same file and prevents people from accidentally creating different versions.

Printer sharing: With a network, several computers can share the same printer.

Communication and collaboration: A network allows employees to share files, view other people's work, and exchange ideas more efficiently. In a larger office, you can use e-mail and instant messaging tools to communicate quickly and to store messages for future reference.

Remote access: With remote access in place, users are able to access the same files, data, and messages even when they're not in the office.

Data protection: A network makes it easier to back up all of your company's data on an offsite server, a set of tapes, CDs, or other backup systems.

Types of networkinG LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network) Peer To Peer Networking Server Base Networking

Host (Sender of Information Guest (Receiver of Information)

LAN (Local Area Network)

Network which is include in a single building or room can be defined as

LAN or we can say Intranet.

WAN (Wide Area Network)

Network expanding through cities , countries, continents limit called WAN, which can be connected through phone or modem . it’s also called internet.

MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

Network expand through a Single building in city limit is called MAN.

Sector 1 Sector 2

Peer To Peer Network

In this network both computers have equal rights to share their resources. And both acts as server.

Server Base Network

In this network all computers and other shared resources are controlled by centralized server.

OSI REFERENCE MODEL[ Open System Interconnection ]

Layers In OSI Model

1. Application Layer Responsible For Allowing Network Processes To Applications. Contains Set Of Applications For Representation Of Data.

2. Presentation Layer Responsible For Data Encryption, Compression And

Conversion Determines The Format Of Presentation Of Data

3. Session Layer

Responsible For Establishing, Managing And Terminating sessions Between Applications.

Provides Inter-Hosts Communication

4. Transport layer Provides Virtual End To End Communication Between Peer Processes Checks For Header And Reliable Connection By Error Detection And Correction

5. Network Layer Responsible For Path Selection Between End Systems Through Routing Performs Subnet Flow Control Performs Fragmentation Of A Data Packet To Be Sent And Assembly Of Frames Being Received By Sender Establishes Virtual Circuits

6. Data Link Layer Evaluates Physical Address Of Concerned Hardware Or Device

For Receiving Or Transmitting Frames. Contains Two Sub Protocols. Medium Access And Link Layer

Protocol Provides Error Free Communication Link

7. Physical Layer

Responsible For Transmission Of Raw Bits Over A Communication Link

Consists Of Mechanical and Electrical Interfaces To Physically Transfer Data Through Physical Medium

The TCP\IP ModeL

The TCP\IP Model Is a Specification For Computer Network Protocols

Also Called Internet Reference Model

TCP\IP Defines Set Of Rules To Enable The Computers To Communicate Over A Network

Provides End To End Connectivity Specifying How Data Should Be Formatted, Addressed And Routed Over A Network

Contains 4 Layers

Layers In TCP\IP ModeL

Application Layer: This is the scope within which applications create user data and

communicate this data to other processes or applications on another or the same host.

The communications partners are often called peers. This is where the "higher level" protocols such as SMTP, FTP, SSH,

HTTP, etc. operate.

Transport Layer: The Transport Layer constitutes the networking regime between two

network hosts, either on the local network or on remote networks separated by routers.

The Transport Layer provides a uniform networking interface that hides the actual topology (layout) of the underlying network connections.

This is where flow-control, error-correction, and connection protocols exist, such as TCP.

This layer deals with opening and maintaining connections between Internet hosts.

Internet Layer: The Internet Layer has the task of exchanging datagrams across

network boundaries. It is therefore also referred to as the layer that establishes

internetworking, indeed, it defines and establishes the Internet. This layer defines the addressing and routing structures used

for the TCP/IP protocol suite. The primary protocol in this scope is the Internet Protocol,

which defines IP addresses. Its function in routing is to transport datagrams to the next IP

router that has the connectivity to a network closer to the final data destination

Link Layer: This layer defines the networking methods with the scope of the

local network link on which hosts communicate without intervening routers.

This layer describes the protocols used to describe the local network topology and the interfaces needed to affect transmission of Internet Layer datagrams to next-neighbor hosts. (cf. the OSI Data Link Layer).

Network hardware Typically refers to equipment facilitating the use of a computer

network.Typically, this includes routers, switches, hubs, gateways, network interface cards, Networking cables, network bridges, modems.

Router

It works on layer three (Network)

It communicates different network.

It has it’s own OS which can be configured by Computer.

It’s best than all.

Switch

It works on layer two (data link)

It has many collision domain. Each port is one collision domain.

It broadcasts at first time. It communicates all

computers of same network. It’s speed is better than Hub.

Hub (Hybrid Unit Board)

It works on layer one (Physical)

It has One Collision domain or one way for sending data.

It always broadcast. It communicates computers of

one network. It’s differentiated by it’s

sticker and it’s port (hub link)

Gateway

Operates as a router Data conversions above the

network layer. Conversions:

encapsulation - use an intermediate network

translation - connect different application protocols

encrpyption - could be done by a gateway

Nic (Network interface cards) Network interface cards (also

called NICs, network adapters,or network cards) are connectivity devices that enable a workstation, server, printer, or other node to receive and transmit data over the network media

Nearly all NICs contain a data transceiver, the device that transmits and receives data signals

NICs belong to both the Physical layer and Data Link layer of the OSI Model, because they apply data signals to the wire and assemble or disassemble data frames

Network Cabling There are lots of Cables which are used in Network to

communicate computers and Network devices to each others. The main cables are . Straight through Cables Cross through Cables Rollover cables

Straight Through Cables

This type of cables are used to join two different divices.

E.g. PC to Switch , Switch to Router , PC to Hub.

Cross Through Cable

It connects same devices . E.g. PC to PC , Switch

to Switch etc.

Rollover Cables

It connects switch or Router to computer through console port.

Coaxial Cable

Types of cables which are used for communication.

Co axial Made By Copper , Data move in the form of

Electronic cheap but slow. The connector of this wire

is BNC. E.g. TV Cable

Length Covers about 500 m.

Twisted-Pair

It ‘s the network media of choice

It’s well suited to the need of the modern network.

It’s used for both telephone and Network.

Two Types T-P Cables Shielded Twisted pair

(STP) Untwisted Twisted Pair

(UTP) The difference between

STP and UTP is the extra shielding cover of it.

The distance is longer than UTP.

Fiber Optic Cables

It’s newcomer in the Networking scene.

Uses Electric signals to send data transmission.

Travels distances measured in Kilometers.

It’s costly than other cables.

Bridge Copies frames from one network to another Can operate selectively - does not copy all frames (must look at

data-link headers). Extends the network beyond physical length limitations.

Bridge

IP Addressing First Octet Rule

IP Address : A Numerical Identification Assigned To Devices For Addressing Them.

32-BIT Binary Code Format Address

32 Bits Divided Into 4 Octets With Each Octet Of 8 Bits.

Each Octet Is Converted Into Equivalent Decimal Form

Each pair Is Then Written Together In Dotted Decimal Form

There Are Five Primary Classes Of IP Addresses. The Higher Order 3 Bits determines The Class.

ClassClass First OctetFirst Octet NetworkNetwork

AA 0 - 1260 - 126 LargeLarge

BB 128 - 191128 - 191 MediumMedium

CC 192 -223192 -223 SmallSmall

DD 224 - 239224 - 239 MulticastMulticast

EE 240 - 255240 - 255 ExperimentExperiment

1st octet = network address, octets 2-4 = host address. 1st bits of 1st octet set to 0 or OFF. Range varies from (0-127).

124.224.224.100

01111100 11100000 11100000 01100100

Class A IP Address:

Class B IP Address:

129.224.224.100

10000001 11100000 11100000 01100100

1st 2 octets = network address, octets 3-4 = host address. First 2 bits of 1st octet set to 10. Range varies from (128-191).

1st 3 octets = network address, octet 4 = host address. 1st 3 bits of 1st octet set to 110 Range varies from (192-223)

193.224.224.100

11000001 11100000 11100000 01100100

Class C IP Address: