ARTICULATORY DIAGRAM

ORGANS OF THE SPEECH

1. TONGUEA.- APICO SEGMENTB.- FRONTO

SEGMENTC.- DORSO

SEGMENT2. PALATALD- ALVEOLAR

SECTIONE.- PALATAL

SECTION F- VELAR SECTION

ab

c

fe

d

DESCRIPTION OF THE ORGAN OF SPEECH

THE PAIRED VOCAL FOLDS ARE LOCATED IN THE LARYNX, COURSING FROM THE TYROID CARTILAGEANTERIORLY TO THE ARYTENOIDS CARTILAGES.

CONTRASTIVE PHONOLOGY

THE VOCAL FOLDS

VIBRATE.

THE LIPS FORM THE ORAL

CAVITY OF THE MOUTH.

THE ORAL AND NASAL

CAVITY

THE PALATE

THE UVULA

THE VOCAL FOLDS VIBRATE TO CREATE SOUNDS FOR VOWELS AND VOICED

CONSONANTS.THE TONGUE IS SEGMENTED

IN THREE SECTIONS: THE TONGUE TIP, ALSO

KNOW AS APEX, IS THAT PART LYING JUST BELOW

THE UPPER ALVEOLAR RIDGE, THE TONGUE BACK IS THAT PART

THE NASAL CAVITY IS A RESONANTING

CHAMBER LYING ABOVE THE HARD AND SOFT PALATE. THE ORAL

CAVITY IS A RESONANTING

CHAMBER WHOSE SHAPE IS MODIFIED BY THE ARTICULATORS TO PRODUCE THE NASAL

AND ORAL SPEECH SOUNDS.

THE PALATE IS SEGMENTED IN THREE

SECTIONS ASWELL: THE UPPER TEETH, THA HARD

PALATE FORMS THE HOUSE OF THE MOUTH ALONG WITH THE SOFT STRUCTURE EZTENDS

POETEROIRLY FROM THE HARD PALATE AND ACTS

TO MODIFY THE COMMUNICATION

BETWEEN THE ORAL AND NASAL CAVITY.

THE UVULA IS THAT SMALL PIECE OF SOFT TISSUE THAT CAN BE

SEEN DANGLING DOWN FROM THE SOFT PALATE OVER THE BACK OF THE

TONGUE. THE UVULA IS DESCRIBED

VARIOUSLY SHAPED LIKE A U, A TEAR OR

A GRAPE.

THE LIPS FORM THE ORAL CAVITY OF THE MOUTH

AND ARE COMPRISED OF

MUSCLES FIBERS FROM A NUMBER

OF DIFFERENT FACIAL MUSCLES.

THE PICTURE BELOW SHOWS THE MOUTH CAVITY AND ITS EQUIVALENT GRID IN WHICH THE TONGUE IS MOVED UP-DOWN OR BACK TO UTTER

THE VOWEL SOUNDS.

VOWELS. VOWEL PRODUCTION

A VOWEL IS A SPEECH SOUND PRODUCED BY HUMAN BEINGS WHEN THE BREATH FLOWS OUT THROUGH

MOUTH WITHOUT BEING BLOCKED BY TEETH, TONGUE OR LIPS. VOWELS

ARE NOT FORMED BY BLOCKING AIRFLOW; INSTEAD BY PASSING AIR THROUGH DIFFERENT SHAPES OF

THE MOUTH AND DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF THE TONGUE AND

LIPS.

THE ASPECTS BCONSIDERED TO DETERMINE THE VOWEL FEATURES ARE AS FOLLOWS: VOICING: EVERY

VOWEL IS VOICED IN BOTH LANGUAGES; VOWEL QUALITY:

VOWELS ARE CLASSIFIED AS SIMPLE AND COMPLEX. THIS CLASSIFICATION

DIFFERS FROM ENGLISH AND SPANISH. SIMPLE VOWELS ARE ALSO

KNOWN AS PURE VOWELS. THEY ARE FOR ENGLISH:/a/, /æ/, /Ɛ/, /ɪ/,

/ɔ/, /ʊ/, /ǝ/; FOR SPANISH: /a/,/e/,/i/,/o/,/u/.

THE VOWEL INVENTORY.

DIPHTHONGS

WHEN VOWELS OCCUR COMBINATIONS, THEY ARE CALLED DIPHTHONGS. A

DIPHTHONG STARTS IN ONE POSITION (NUCLEUS) AND MOVES

TO ANOTHER POSITION (THE GLIDE) OR VICEVERSA. A DIPHTHONG IS A SPEECH SOUND WHICH IS USUALLY CONSIDERED AS ONE DISTINCTIVE VOWEL SOUND OF A PARTICULAR

LANGUAGE.

THE VOWEL INVENTORY

THE PICTURE BELOW SHOW THE MOUTH CAVITY AND IT IS

EQUIVALENT GRID IN WHICH THE TONGE IS MOVED UP-DOWN OR BACK TO UTTER THE

VOWEL SOUND

HIGH

LOW

MID

BACKCENTRALFRONT

ROUNDEDNEUTRALSPREAD

VOWEL PRODUCTION.

ENGLISH VOWEL PHONEME QUADRANT.

SPANISH VOWEL PHONEME QUADRANT.

THE POSITION OF THE ARTUCULATORY ORGANS IN THE PRODUCTION OF

VOWELS IS NOT AS AESILY SPECIFIED AS THAT OF CONSONANTS. THIS IS

MAINLY DUE TO THE LINGUISTIC POINTS OF VIEW, RESEARCHES,

SOME BACKGROUNDS AND DIALECTS WHICH MAY CHANGE CERTAIN

DETAILS ON THE VOWEL INVENTORY.NOT ALL DIALECTS OF ENGLISH

MAINTAIN A DISTINCTION BETWEEN THE LAX MID-BACK VOWEL[ɔ] AND

THE LOW VOWEL [a].

WITH VERY FEW EXCEPTIONS, NO MORE THAN TWO VOWELS CAN OCCUR TOGETHER IN SPANISH. VOWEL

PAIRS ARE PRONUNCED ACCORDING TO A FEW SIMPLE RULES. FIRSTLY THE VOWELS ARE GROUPED INTO

STRONG OR OPEN SOUNDS /a/, /e/ AND /o/ AND WEAK OR CLOSED

SOUNDS /i/ AND /u/.

ENGLISH VOWEL PHONEME QUADRANT

/iy/ /I/

/uw/

/ʊ/

/ey/ /ɛ/

/ə/ /ow/

/æ/ /a/

/ɔ/

FRONT CENTRAL BACKH

IGH

MID

LO

W

SPREAD NEUTRAL ROUNDED

TENSE

LAX

TONGE POSITION

AREA

MUSCLE TENTION

LIP SHAPE

SPANISH VOWEL PHONEME QUADRANT

/i/ /u/

/e/

/o/

/a/

FRONT CENTRAL BACK

LO

WM

IDH

IGH

ROUNDED

NEUTRAL

SPREAD

AREA

LIP SHAPE

TONGE POSITION

TENSE

MUSCLE TENTION

CONTRASTIS THE DIFFERENCE IN PRONUNCIATION WHICH IS USED BY THE SPEAKER TO DISTINGUISH DIFFERENT UTTERANCES IN A LANGUAGE.

MONOPHTHONGS.

VOWEL SOUNDS ARE SORTED AS MONOPHTHONGS AND DIPHTHONGS. A MONOPHTHONGS IS A SINGLE VOWEL ARTICULATED WITHOUT CHANGE IN

QUALITY THROUGHOUT THE COURSE OF A SYLLABLE, AS THE VOWEL OF ENGLISH <pet> /pƐt/ AND SPANISH <toro> /‘toɾo/, AS WELL AS TWO WRITTEN

VOWELS REPRESENTING A SINGLE SOUND, AS <ea> IN <team> /tɪym/. MONOPHTHONGS ARE JUST ONE VOWEL SOUND. THEY ARE CLASSIFIED AS

FRONT, CENTRAL AND BACK SOUNDS. A FRONT VOWEL IS PRONUNCED WITH THE HIGHEST PART OF THE TONGUE PUSHED FORWARD IN THE MOUTH AND

SOMEWHAT ARCHEDWITH A FORWARD SHIFT OF THE TONGUE FROM ITS NEUTRAL POSITION.

SPANISH /i/. ENGLISH /I/

PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC VOWEL CONTRAST.

SPANISH /i/ WITH ENGLISH /ɪy/ AND /ɪ/

ENGLISH /ɪy/.

SPANISH /i/

THE FRONTO SECTION OF THE TONGUE RISES TO MAKE CONTACT BOTH SIDES OF THE UPPER

LATERAL TEETH. A GROOVE IS FORMED IN THE MIDDLE OF IT AND

THE AIRSTREAM FLOWS THROUGHOUT FREELY. THE TIP OF THR TONGUE TOUCHES THE

LOWER INCISIVE TEETH.

EXEMPLE: <i> <ira> /‘iɾa /

ENGLISH /Iy/

SPANISH /i/ WITH ENGLISH /ɪy/ AND /ɪ/.

ENGLISH /I/

THE TONGUE IS POSITIONED FORWARD AND HIGH IN THE ORAL CAVITY WITH THE SIDES IN CONTACT WITH THE TEETH LATERALLY AND THE TIP POSITIONED BEHIND THE LOWER TEETH. THE LIPS ARE

SPREAD AND RETRACTED. THE JAW

MOVES UP.EXEMPLE:

<ee> <week> /‘wɪyk /

THE TONGUE IS POSITIONED FORWARD AND SLIGHTLY LOWER

THAN IN THE ORAL CAVITY FOR /i/, WITH

THE SIDES IN CONTACT WITH THE TEETH

LATERALLY AND THE TIP POSITIONEED BEHIND

THE LOWER TEETH. THE JAW MOVES UP

SLIGHTLY LOWER THAN FOR /i/. LIPS ARE

SPREAD AND RETRACTED.EXEMPLE:

<o> <women> /‘wɪmɪn/

SPANISH /e/

THE DORSO SECTION OF THE TONGUE REACHES THE BORDERS OF THE HARD

PALATE MAKING A GROOVE BETWEEN THE

TONGUE AND THE PALATE. THE JAW MOVES

DOWN MORE THAN IN /i/ PRODUCTION. THE TIP OF THE TONGUE

MOVES FORWARD THE LOWER FRONT TEETH.

EXEMPLE: <e> <tren> /‘tɾen/

ENGLISH /ey/

SPANISH /e/ WITH ENGLISH /ey/ AND /Ɛ/.

ENGLISH /Ɛ /

THE TONGUE IS POSITIONED FORWARD AND HIGH IN THE ORAL CAVITY WITH ITS SIDES IN CONTACT WITH THE

LATERAL TEETH. THE JAW MOVES UP. THE

LIPS ARE SPREAD AND RETRACTED.EXEMPLE:

<ay> <say> /‘sey/

THE TONGUE IS POSITIONED FORWARD AND HIGH IN THE ORAL CAVITY WITH THE SIDES IN CONTACT WITH THE

LATERAL TEETH AND THE TIP PLACED

BEHIND THE LOWER TEETH. LIPS ARE

SPREAD AND RETRACTED.

EXEMPLE: <ea> <head>

/‘hƐd/

SPANISH /a/

THE DORSO SECTION OF THE TONGUE MOVES UPWARDS GENTLY TO THE CENTRAL AREA OF THE ORAL CAVITY. THE

TONGUE REMAINS MOVELESS. THE TIP OF THE TONGUE TOUCHES

LIGHTLY THE LOWER INCISIVE TEETH. THE JAW MOVES DOWN

MUCH GREATLY THAN THE OTHER SOUNDS.

EXEMPLE: <a> <cársel> /‘kaɾsel/

ENGLISH /æ/

SPANISH /a/ WITH ENGLISH /a/ AND / æ /.

ENGLISH /a/

THE TONGUE IS POSITIONED SLIGHTLY AND LOW IN THE

ORAL CAVITY WITH THE APEX POSITIONED BEHIND THE

LOWER TEETH. THE JAW IS LOWERED MORE THAN ANY

OTHER FRONT VOWEL SOUND. LIPS ARE SPREAD

AND RETRACTED.A CENTRAL VOWEL SOUND IS

PRODUCED WITH THE TONGUE IN ITS CENTRAL POSITION ANDNEAR THE CENTER OF THE VOCAL

CAVITY.EXEMPLE:

<a> <hat> /‘hæt/

THE TONGUE IS SLIGHTLY BACK AND LOW IN THE ORAL CAVITY WITH THE

TIP OF THE TONGUE PLACING BEHIND

THE LOWER FRONT TEETH. THE JAW IS

SLIGHTLY LOWERED AND MAY CHANGE

DEPENDING ON THE PHONETIC

ENVIRONMENT. LIPS ARE SPREAD.

EXEMPLE: <o> <not>

/‘nat/

ENGLISH / ǝ /

THE TONGUE IS SLIGHTLY BACK AND LOW IN THE ORAL CAVITY WITH THE

TIP OF THE TONGUE PLACING BEHIND

THE LOWER FRONT TEETH. THE JAW IS

SLIGHTLY LOWERED AND MAY CHANGE

DEPENDING ON THE PHONETIC

ENVIRONMENT. LIPS ARE SPREAD.

EXEMPLE: <u> <hut>

/‘hǝt/

SPANISH /o/

THE TONGUE IS RETRACTED BACKWARDS THE ORAL

CAVITY. THE POSTDORSO SECTION

OF THE TONGUE MOVES UP TOWARD THE SOFT PALATE. THE TIP OF THE TONGUE REACHES THE LOWER TOOTH RIDGE.

LIPS ARE ROUNDED.EXEMPLE:

<o> <amor> /a‘moɾ/

ENGLISH /ɔ/

SPANISH /o/ WITH ENGLISH / ɔ/ AND /ow /.

THE TONGUE IS POSITIONED BACK IN A LOW-MIED

POSITION WITH RESPECT TO THE HEIGHT. THE JAW IS

SLIGHTLY LOWERED. THE LIPS ARE ROUNDED BUT BIGGER

THAN FOR /u/ AND/ow/.EXEMPLE:

<a> <war> /‘wɔɹ/

ENGLISH / ow/

THE DORSO SECTION OF THE TONGUE IS MOVED

BACKWARDS BUT LOWER THAN / ʊ /. THE JAW IS

SLIGHTLY LOWERED. THE LIPS ARE ROUNDED AND

PROTRUDED.EXEMPLE:

<ew> <sew> /‘sow/

DIPHTHONGS A DIPHTHONG IS A PHONOLOGICAL GROUP CONSISTING OF A VOWEL

SOUND FOLLOWED BY A NON-ADJACENT GLIDE WITHIN THE SAME SYLLABLE.

ENGLISH DIPHTHONGS

SPANISH DIPHTHONGS

A DIPHTHONG IS A COMPLEX VOWEL, MADE OF TWO COMPONENTS; A DIPHTHONG BEGINS AS ONE VOWEL AND FINISHES AS ANOTHER. USUALLY, THE TWO COMPONENTS CAN BE REFERRED TO AS A NUCLEUS AND AN OFF-GLIDE. FOR EXEMPLE, THE DIPHTHOND TRANSCRIBED PHONETICALLY [aɪ], FOUND IN WORDS LIKE <ride>, IS COMPOSED OF /a/ (THE NUCLEUS) AND /y/ (THE OFF-GLIDE). STANDARD ENGLISH HAS THREE “PHONEMIC” DIPHTHONGS: /ay/, AS IN <ride> AND <why>, /aw/, AS IN <loud> AND <how>, AND /ɔy/, IN <boy> AND <moist>.IT IS IMPORTANT TO KNOW THAT THERE ARE SEVERAL ARBITRARY WAYS OF TRANSCRIBING DIPHTHONGS WHICH DO NOT DEAL WITH IPA.

THE VOWELS IN SPANISH CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS EITHER WEAK, <i,u> OR STRONG, <o,e,a> AND THE CLASSIFICATION CAN DETERMINE WHEN COMBINATIONS OF TWO OR MORE VOWELS ARE CONSIDERED TO FORM A SEPARATE SYLLABLE.THE BASIC RULE OF VOWEL COMBINATIONS AND SYLLABLES IS THAT TWO STRONG VOWELS CANNOT BE IN THE SAME SYLLABLE, SO THAT WHEN TWO STRONG VOWELS ARE NEXT TO EACH OTHER, THEY ARE CONSIDERED TO BELONG TO SEPARATE SYLLABLES, <ma.re.o> /ma.‘ɾe.o/. BUT OTHER COMBINATIONS -SUCH AS A STRONG AND A WEAK VOWEL OR TWO WEAK VOWELS- ARE CONSIDERED TO FORM A SINGLE SYLLABLE, <frio.len.to> /fɾio.’len.to/, <bai.la.ble> /bay.’la.ble/.

OTHER GLIDED SOUNDS.(SPANISH RISING DIPHTHONGS).

SPANISH DIPHTHONG /ya/

SPANISH DIPHTHONG /ye/

SPANISH DIPHTHONG /yw/

SPANISH DIPHTHONG /yo/

THE DORSO SECTION OF THE TONGUE MOVES

DOWNWARDS FROM THE HIGH FRONT POSITION TO

THE LOW CENTRAL POSITION. LIP SHAPE

CHANGES FROM SPREAD TO NEUTRAL. THE JAW MOVES

DOWNWARDS. THEREFORE, /ya/~ [ja] IS VOICED, COMPLEX-NON ADJACENT GLIDE, HIGH FRONT BECOMING LOW

CENTRAL, TENSE, SPREAD BECOMING NEUTRAL.

EXEMPLE:

SPANISH:<ya> [ja] [’asja]

THE DORSO SECTION OF THE TONGUE MOVES

BACKWARDS FROM THE HIGH FRONT POSITION TO THE HIGH BACK POSITION.

LIPS SHAPE CHANGE FROM SPREAD TO

ROUNDED. THEREFORE, /yw/~ [ju] IS FEATURED AS VOICED, COMPLEX-NON ADJACENT GLIDE, HIGH FRONT BECOMING MID BACK, TENSE, SPREAD

BECOMING ROUNDED.EXEMPLE:

SPANISH:<yu> [ju] [’sju’đaɵ]

THE DORSO SECTION OF THE TONGUE MOVES DOWNWARDS AND

BACKWARDS FROM THE HIGH FRONT POSITION

TO THE MID BACK POSITION. LIPS SHAPE

CHANGE FROM SPREAD TO ROUNDED. JAW

MOVES DOWN SLIGHTLY. CONSEQUENTLY, /yo/~ [jo] IS FEATURED AS

VOICED, COMPLEX-NON ADJACENT GLIDE, HIGH FRONT BECOMING MID BACK, TENSE, SPREAD

BECOMING ROUNDED.EXEMPLE:

SPANISH:<yo> [jo] [‘laBjo ]

THE DORSO SECTION OF THE TONGUE MOVES

DOWNWARDS FROM THE HIGH FRONT POSITION

TO THE MID FRONT POSITION. LIP SHAPE KEEP SPREAD. JAW

MOVES DOWN SLIGHTLY. AS A RESULT, /ye/~ [je] IS

VOICED, COMPLEX-ADJACENT GLIDE, HIGH FRONT BECOMING LOW FRONT, TENSE, SPREAD.

EXEMPLE:

SPANISH:<ye> [je] [´tjene]

OTHER GLIDED SOUNDS.(SPANISH RISING DIPHTHONGS).

SPANISH DIPHTHONG /wa/

SPANISH DIPHTHONG /we/

SPANISH DIPHTHONG /wo/

SPANISH DIPHTHONG /wy/

THE DORSO SECTION OF THE TONGUE MOVES

DOWNWARDS AND FORWARDS FROM THE HIGH BACK POSITION TO THE LOW

CENTRAL POSITION. LIP SHAPE CHANGE FROM

ROUNDED TO NEUTRAL. THEREFORE, /wa/~ [wa] IS

FEATURED AS VOICED, COMPLEX-NON ADJACENT

GLIDE, HIGH BACK BECOMING LOW CENTRAL,

TENSE, ROUNDED BECOMING NEUTRAL.

EXEMPLE:

SPANISH:<wa> [wa] [’aɤwa]

THE DORSO SECTION OF THE TONGUE MOVES

DOWNWARDS CONTINUALLY FROM THE HIGH BACK POSITION TO THE MID BACK POSITION.

LIP SHAPE KEEP ROUNDED. THUS, /wo/~

[wo] IS FEATURED AS VOICED, COMPLEX -

ADJACENT GLIDE, HIGH BACK BECOMING MID

BACK, TENSE, ROUNDED.

EXEMPLE:

SPANISH:<wo> [wo] [‘aɾđwo]

THE DORSO SECTION OF THE TONGUE

MOVES FORWARDS CONTINUALLY FROM

THE HIGH BACK POSITION TO THE HIGH

FRONT POSITION. LIP SHAPE CHANGE FROM ROUNDED TO SPREAD.

FOR THAT REASON, /wy/~ [wi] IS FEATURED AS VOICED, COMPLEX-NON ADJACENT GLIDE, HIGH BACK BECOMING

HIGH FRONT, TENSE, ROUNDED SPREAD

BECOMING ROUNDED.

EXEMPLE:

SPANISH:<yo> [jo] [’laBjo ]

THE DORSO SECTION OF THE TONGUE MOVES

DOWNWARDS FROM THE HIGH BACK POSITION TO

THE MID FRONT POSITION. LIP SHAPE

CHANGE FROM ROUNDED TO SPREAD. THEREFORE, /we/~ [we]

IS FEATURED AS VOICED, COMPLEX- NON

ADJACENT GLIDE, HIGH BACK BECOMING MID

FRONT, TENSE, ROUNDED BECOMING

SPREAD.

EXEMPLE:

SPANISH:<we> [we] [‘swelo]

SPANISH FALLING DIPHTHONGS.

SPANISH DIPHTHONG /ay/

SPANISH DIPHTHONG /ey/

SPANISH DIPHTHONG /ew/

THE DORSO SECTION OF THE TONGUE MOVES UPWARDS

AND FORWARDS RECURRENTLY FROM THE LOW

CENTRAL POSITION MAKING THE FRONTO SECTION OF THE

TONGUE REACH THE HIGH FRONT AREA IN THE ORAL

CAVITY. LIP SHAPE IS MODIFIED FROM NEUTRAL TO SPREAD. HENCE, /ay/~ [ai] IS FEATURED

AS VOICED, COMPLEX-NON ADJACENT GLIDE, LOW

CENTRAL, BECOMING HIGH FRONT, TENSE, NEUTRAL

BECOMING SPREAD.

EXEMPLE:

SPANISH:<ay> [ai] [’aire]

THE FRONTO SECTION OF THE TONGUE MOVES

UPWARDS AND BACKWARDS SMOOTHLY FROM THE MID FRONTPOSITION TO THE HIGH BACK AREA IN THE ORAL CAVITY. LIP SHAPE

CHANGES FROM SPREAD TO ROUNDED.

CONSEQUENTLY, /ew/~ [Ɛu] IS VOICED, COMPLEX-NON

ADJACENT GLIDE, MID FRONT BECOMING HIGH BACK,

TENSE, SPREAD BECOMING ROUNDED. THE /e/ SOUND AS

PART OF A FALLING DIPHTHONG BECOMES OPEN

[Ɛ].

EXEMPLE: SPANISH:< eu> [Ɛu] [’fƐuđo ]

THE FRONTO SECTION OF THE TONGUE MOVES

UPWARDS GENTLY FROM THE MID FRONT SECTION TO THE

HIGH FRONT AREA IN THE ORAL CAVITY. LIP SHAPE IS

KEPTAS SPREAD. THEREFORE, /ey/~ [Ɛi] IS FEATURED AS VOICED,

COMPLEX-ADJACENT GLIDE, MID FRONT BECOMING HIGH

FRONT, TENSE, SPREAD. THE /e/ SOUND AS PART OF A

FALLING DIPHTHONG BECOMES OPEN [Ɛ].

EXEMPLE:

SPANISH:< Ɛi> [Ɛi] [‘pƐine ]

THE CONSONANT INVENTORY

USED PRIMARILY FOR BREATHING AND EATING SECONDARILY FOR SPEAKING CONSTRCTING AIRFLOW IN THE MOUTH AT VARIOUS POINTS, WE MAKE THE DISTINCTIVE SOUNDS FOR

HUMAN SPEECH. THE VOCAL TRACT HAS ACTIVE AND PASSIVE ARTICULATORS. THEY ARE ALSO KNOW AS ARTICULATORS AND

POINTS ARTICULATION.

ARTICULATORY BASIS

FOUR PRINCIPAL DIMIENSIONS ARE CONSIDERED WHEN REGARDING “CONSONANT ARTICULATION” VOICING

ARTICULATOR AND POINT OF THE ARTICULATION CAVITY AND MANNER.

VOICING

VOICED CONSONANTS. VOICELESS

IT DIRECTLY DEALS WITH THE SOUND QUALITY PRODUCED BY THE

VOCAL CORDS. WHEN VOCAL CORDS VIBRATED, IT IS SAID TO BE VOICED; OTHERWISE, IT IS SIAD TO

BE VOICELESS

A SIMPLE EXPLANATION OF VOICED CONSONANTS IS THAT THEY USED

THE VOICE. THIS IS EASY TO TEST BY PUTTING YOUR FINGER ON YOUR

THROAT.

VOICELESS CONSONANTS DO NOT USED THE VOICE. THEY ARE

PERCUSSIVE AND HARD SOUNDS. YOU CAN TEST IF A CONSONANT IS

VOICELESS BY PUTTING YOUR FINGER ON YOUR THROAT

ARTICULATOR AND POINT OF ARTICULATION

THE ARTICULATOR POINT THE ARTICULATION

CAVITY MANNER OF ARTICULATION

IS THE DOER OF THE

ARTICULATION AND MOVES

FREELY ENOUGH TO BE ACTIVE IN

THE APEECH. IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS MAJOR ACTIVE ARTICULATOR

IS ANY PART OF THE MOUTH THAT CAN BE

REACHED BY THE ARTICULATOR. IT IS ALSO KNOWN

AS MAJOR PASSIVE

ARTICULATOR

IT CONCERNS THE PLACE

WHERE AIR GOES THROUGH. IT CAN BE THE MOUTH OR

NASAL CAVITY.

IT REFERS TO THE WAY HOW AIR FLOWS OUT

DURING THE PRODUCTION OF A SOUND. THE SOUND MIGHT BE STOP FRICATIVE NASAL LATERAL VIBRANT

AFFRICATEOR A CONTINUANT. THE

MANNER OF CONSONANTS DESCRIBES THE MANNER IN

WHICH AIRFLOW IS RESTRICTED.

CONTRAST OF ENGLISH AND SPANISH STOPS

PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC CONSONANT CONTRAST

STOP OR PLOSIVE.

HOMORGANIC SOUNDS

THE ACTIVE ARTICULATOR TOUCHES THE PASSIVE ARTICULATOR AND COMPLETELY CUTS OFF THE AIRFLOW THROUGH THE MOUTH. ENGLISH AND SPANISH STOPS INCLUDE: /p/, /b, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/. IF

/P/, /t/ OR /k/ ARE PRONUNCED BEGINNING OF AN ENGLISH WORDS, A

STRONG PUFF OF BREATH WILL BE FELT. IT IS CALLED ASPIRATION.

MEANWHILE, THIS ASPIRATION MAY NOT BE FELT IN SPANISH OCCLUSIVE

SOUNDS..BESIDES, ALL THE PLOSIVE EXCEPT /d/ DO NOT OCCUR IN FINAL

POSITION. THEREFORE, A MAJOR CONCENTRATION ON THEIR PROCUCTION MUST BE PLACED WHEN UTTERING THE

FINAL PLOSIVE ENGLISH SOUNDS.

IN PHONETICS, THIS REFERS TO SOUNDS MADE AT THE SAME PLACE OF ARTICULATION. LITERALLY, WITH THE SAME ORGAN, BUT WITH MOST

SOUNDS THE ORGAN IS THE TONGUE, SO IN THESE CASES IT REFERS TO

WHICH POINT IN THE ORAL CAVITY THE TONGUE IS TOUCHING,

EVENTHOUGH THE LOWER LIP ALSO PRODUCES HOMORGANIC SOUNDS.

STOP SOUNDS, BOTH IN ENGLISH AND SPANISH, MAY BE CONSIDERED

AS HOMORGANIC.

HOMORGANIC SOUNDS

IN PHONETICS THIS REFERS TO SOUNDS MADE AT THE SAME

PLACE OF ARTICULATION.

LITERALLY, WITH THE SAME ORGAN,

BUT WITH MOST SOUND THE ORGAN

IS THE TONGUE

ORALBILABIAL

VOICELESS /p/

STOP

/b/ VOICED

/p-b/ PRODUCTION PICTURE

/p/ PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC FEATURES.

/p/ PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC FEATURES.

CONTRASTIVE TRANSFER ANALYSIS.

SPANISH AND ENGLISH /p/ IS VOICELESS, BILABIAL, ORAL, STOP. HOWEVER, SPANISH HAS JUST ONE

ALLOPHONE: [p] VOICELESS, BILABIAL, ORAL, STOP, UNASPIRATED.

OPPOSEDLY, ENGLISH HAS FOUR ALLOPHONES: [Pʰ-] VOICELESS, BILABIAL, ORAL, STOP, STRONGLY ASPIRATED, [-p-] VOICELESS, BILABIAL, ORAL,

STOP, UNASPIRATED, [-p '] VOICELESS, BILABIAL, ORAL, STOP, UNRELEASED, [-p-] VOICELESS,

BILABIAL, ORAL, STOP, RELEASED.EXEMPLES:ENGLISH: <p> pick /'pɪk /SPANISH: <p> patrón /pa'tɾon/,

capa /'kapa/

IN LIGHT OF THE FACT THAT L2 PRONUNCIATION ERRORS ARE OFTEN CAUSED BY THE TRANSFER OF WELL-

ESTABLISHED L1 SOUND SYSTEMS, IT IS IMPORTANT TO EXAMINE SOME OF THE

CHARACTERISTIC PHONOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SPANISH AND

ENGLISH. TO DISCUSS SEVERAL PROBLEMATIC AREAS OF

PRONUNCIATION FOR SPANISH LEARNERS OF ENGLISH BY COMPARING

SEGMENTAL AND SUPRASEGMENTAL ASPECTS OF BOTH LANGUAGES IS QUITE

REMARKABLE IN A CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICS COURSE.

CONTEXTUALIZED PHONETIC

TRANSCRIPTION

FOR STUDENTS WHO HAVE MASTERED THE IPA (INTEERNATIONAL PHONETIC

ALPHABET) PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTIONS CAN HELP IMPROVE

THEIR UNDERSTANDING OF THE IMPORTANCE OF CONNECTED SPEECH

WHEN SPEAKING ENGLISH. DICTIONARIES GIVE SINGLE WORD

PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTIONS WHICH CAN GREATLY IMPROVE STUDENTS PRONUNCIATION SKILLS. THIS IS IN

GREAT PART DUE TO THE FACT THAT ENGLISH IS A TIME STRESSED

LANGUAGE.

CONTEXTUALIZED PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION

STRONG AND WEAK FORMS

IN CONNECTED SPEECH, MANY OF THE SMALL WORDS WE USE VERY

FREQUENTLY TEND TO TAKE ON A DIFFERENT SHAPE FROM THE ONE LISTED IN THE DICTIONARY. ALL OF

THESE WORDS BELONG TO THE CATEGORY OF FUNCTION WORDS. THESE

ARE WORDS THAT HAVE LITTLE SEMANTIC CONTENT OF THEIR OWN,

BUT TEND TO HAVE MORE GRAMMATICAL OR REFERENTIAL

FUNCTION IN RELATING CONTENT WORDS OR HIGHER SYNTACTIC UNITS TO

ONE ANOTHER. EXEMPLES:

<he> /hɪm/ /ɪm/<can> /kæn/ /kən/

/b/ PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC FEATURES.

/b/ PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC FEATURES.

THE ENGLISH /-b/ IS MISPRONOUNCED AND THE VOICELESS LABIO-DENTAL FRIVATIVE /-f/ IS WRONGLY USED.

BOTH SPANISH AND ENGLISH /b/ SOUND IS VOICED, BILABIAL, ORAL, STOP. SPANISH HAS TWO ALLOPHONES: [b] VOICED, BILABIAL, ORAL, STOP, AND

[-ß-] VOICED, BILABIAL, ORAL, FRICATIVE, WHICH OCCURS AFTER /l/ /ɾ/, BETWEEN VOWELS AS WELL ASA BETWEEN A VOWEL AND A VOICED CONSONANT SOUND. [-ƀ-] IS ARBITRARY SYMBOL THAT CAN BE FOUND IN NON-OFFICIAL IPA NOTATION.

EXEMPLES:ENGLISH: <b> crab /‘kɹæb/SPANISH: <b> baraja /ba'ɾaxa/, <v>

vaca /‘baka/

/t-d/ PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC FEATURES.

/t/ PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC FEATURES.

/d/ PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC FEATURES.

/t/, THE CONSONANT QUALITY DIFFERS DUE TO THE POINT OF ARTICULATION. THUS, SPANISH /t/ IS VOICELESS, APICO-DENTAL, ORAL, STOP. THIS PHONEME PRESENTS JUST ONE

ALLOPHONE: [t] IS VOICELESS, APICO-ALVEOLAR, ORAL, STOP AND HAS SEVEN VARIANTS: [tʰ-] VOICELESS, APICO-ALVEOLAR, ORAL, STOP, STRONGLY ASPIRATED, [-t-]

VOICELESS, APICO-ALVEOLAR, ORAL, STOP, UNASPIRATED, [- ɾ-] VOICELESS, APICO-ALVEOLAR, ORAL, FLAP. /t/ IS BETWEEN

VOWELS AND THE STRESS ISPLACED ON A PREVIOUS SYLLABLE, [- ʔ-] VOICELESS, GLOTTAL, STOP, NASAL, RELEASED

WHICH OCCURS IN FINAL-WORD POSITION BETWEEN A VOWEL AND AN <-n>, v [-t] VOICELESS, APICO-ALVEOLAR,

NASALIZED, STOP, [-t'] VOICELESS, APICO-ALVEOLAR, ORAL, STOP, UNRELEASED, AND [-t --] VOICELESS, APICO-ALVEOLAR,

ORAL, STOP, RELEASED.

EXEMPLES:SPANISH: <resta> ['resta]ENGLISH: <hoped> [‘howpt]

BOTH SPANISH AND ENGLISH USE THE SAME PHONOLOGICAL SYMBOL /d/. IT IS, IN SPANISH,

VOICED, APICO-DENTAL, ORAL, STOP AND HAS FOUR ALLOPHONES: [d] VOICED, APICO-DENTAL, ORAL, STOP; [-δ-] VOICED, APICO-INTERDENTAL, ORAL,

FRICATIVE (OTHER SYMBOL IS [đ] WHICH IS UTTERED WHEN FOUND BETWEEN VOWELS, AFTER THE FLAP

SOUND /ɾ/ AND A VOICED CONSONANT SOUND; [-θ] VOICELESS, APICO-INTERDENTAL, ORAL, FRICATIVE..

IN ENGLISH, THE /d/ SOUND IS VOICED, APICO-ALVEOLAR, ORAL, STOP AND THREE ALLOPHONES MIGHT BE FOUND: [d] VOICED, APICO-ALVEOLAR,

ORAL, STOP; [-ɾ-] VOICED, APICO-ALVEOLAR, ORAL, FLAP , (OTHER SOUND OCCURS JUST IN

INTERVOCALIC POSITIONBEFORE UN UNSTRESSED SYLLABLE; r [-ʔ-] v VOICELESS, GLOTTAL, STOP, NASAL,

RELEASED).EXEMPLE:SPANISH: <d> andar /an'daɾ/ENGLISH: <d> date /‘deyt/

/k-g/ PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC FEATURES.

/k/ PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC FEATURES.

/g/ PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC FEATURES.

THE /k/ SOUND KEEPS THE SAME FEATURES IN BOTH LANGUAGES:

VOICELESS, DORSO-VELAR, ORAL, STOP. HOWEVER, THEY DIFFER IN THEIR

PHONETIC ANALYSIS. THE SPANISH /k/ HAS ONE ALLOPHONE: [k]

VOICELESS,N DORSO-VELAR, ORAL, STOP, UNASPIRATED. THE ENGLISH /k/

HAS FOUR ALLOPHONES: [kʰ-] VOICELEES, DORSO-VELAR, ORAL, STOP, STRONGLY ASPIRATED; [-k-] VOICELESS,

DORSO-VELAR, ORAL, STOP, UNASPIRATED; [-kˉ] VOICELESS,

DORSO-VELAR, ORAL, STOP, RELEASED; [-k'] VOICELESS, DORSO-VELAR, ORAL,

STOP, UNRELEASED.

EXEMPLE:

SPANISH: <c> acosar /ako'saɾ/ENGLISH: <c> clear / ‘kliyəɹ /

SAPNISH SPEAKERS MAY PRONOUNCE THE ENGLISH [-g-]

SOUND AS [- γ -] AND THE ENGLISH [-g] SOUND AS [x].

BOTH LANGUAGES HAVE PHONETICALLY THE SAME /g/ SOUND: VOICED, DORSO-VELAR, ORAL, STOP. SPANISH HAS THREE VARIATIONS: [g] VOICED, DORSO-VELAR, ORAL, STOP, [- γ -] VOICED, DORSO-VELAR, ORAL,

FRICATIVE WHICH OCCURS BETWEEN

VOWEL SOUNDS, AFTER / ɾ/ AND /l/. ENGLISH HAS ONE ALLOPHONE: [g]

VOICED, DORSO-VELAR, ORAL, STOP.

EXEMPLE: SPANISH: <g> gato /'gato/ENGLISH: <g> great /‘gɹəyt/

CONTRATS OF ENGLISH AND SPANISH FRICATIVE

FRICATIVE SOUNDS ARE PRODUCED THE ARTICULATOR PARTIALLY TOUCHES THE POINT OF ARTICULATIONAND GETS CLOSE ENOUGH THAT AIRFLOW THROUNGH THE

OPENING BECOMES TURBULENT.

ENGLISH/f/ /v/ labio dental/s/ /z/ apico alveolar/θ/ /ð/ apico interdental/ʃ/ /Ʒ/ fronto palatal/h/ glottal

TIPSThe letter <v> is a part of the Spanish Alphabet it is pronunced [b] or fricative

[β].The /ʃ/ sound is not problem for Ecuadorian Andean speakers due to

the kychwa /ʃ/.

SPANISH has a wide dialectal variation,

consequently speakers of different

dialects our pronounciation

problem.

/f/ voiceless, labio-dental,oral, fricative./v/ voiced, labio-dental,oral, fricative

/f-v/ PRODUCTION

/f/ PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC FEATURES

/v/ PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC FEATURES

Both languages have the /f/ sound which is

voiceless, labio-dental,oral, fricative.

Spanish has two allophones:

[f] [ɸ]

The /v/ sound does not exist in Spanish.

In English /v/ is voiced, labio-

dental,oral, fricative. It has one allophone:

[v]

/

/s/ voiceless, apico-alveolar, oral, fricative./z/ voiced, apico-alveolar, oral, fricative.

/s-z/ PRODUCTION

/s/ PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC FEATURES

/z/ PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC FEATURES

Both languages have the /s/ sound which is

voiceless, apico-alveolar,oral, fricative.

English variants:[s] [-sI -]

Both languages have the /s/ sound which is voiceless,

apico-alveolar,oral, fricative.In Spanish the [z]

sound occurs before a voiced consonant sound because of its positional variation and it

is an allophone.English has one allophone:

[z]

/

/θ/ voiceless, apico-interdental, oral, fricative.

/θ/ PRODUCTION

/θ/ PRODUCTION/θ/ PHONEMIC AND

PHONETIC FEATURES

Ecuadorian Spanish speakers find particulary difficulty in

producing the /Ɵ/ in initial and midddle position of English

words. In final position, we do have this sound as an

allophone of /d/

EXAMPLES:SPANISH

Ciudad [sju’ðaθ]ENGLISH

Thank /’θæŋk/

Both languages have the /θ/ sound whichthe distinction that Spanish it is an

allophone [θ] while in English it is a phneme.

The English /θ/ sound has no phonetic variation.

Eventhough the phoneme /θ/ is not used in American Spanish it occurs in a low

register as a phoneme of /s/ in the province of Manabí in our country-

Ecuador.For example:<salir> /θa'li/

<receta> /ɾe'θeta/

/ð/ voiced, apico-interdental, oral, fricativa.

/ð/ PRODUCTION

/ð/ PRODUCTION/ð/ PHONEMIC AND

PHONETIC FEATURES

Since [ð] is a positional variant in Spanish for /d/ Spanish speakers tend to

pronounce <th> as a dental stop sound, /d/.

EXAMPLES:SPANISH:

Verdad [beɾI ’ðaθ]ENGLISH

That /’ðæt/

Both languages have the /ð/ sound in Spanish it is an

allophone which occurs in middle position betwwen vowels.

English it is a phoneme [ð] in initial, middle and final position.

ENGLISH EXAMPLES:

Although /əl'ðow/Teethe /'tiyð/

/ʃ/ voiced, fronto-palatal, oral, groove, fricative.

/ʃ/ PRODUCTION

/ʃ/ PRODUCTION /ʃ/ PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC FEATURES

In Spanish does not occurs . Speanish speakers from Ecuador use it as

part of kichwa words loaned to the language.

EXAMPLES:ENGLISH: <sh> should /'ʃʊd/<s> insurance /ɪn'ʃʊɹəns/<ss> issue /’ɪʃuw/ENGLISH: <sch> schwa /'ʃwa/<sc> crescendo /kɹə’ʃƐndow/<ce> ocean /’owʃƐn/ENGLISH: <ci> special /‘spƐʃəl/<ti> partial /’parʃəl/<xu,xi>=k luxury /‘ləkʃəɹɪy/

This /ʃ/ sound occurs exclusively in English has one allophone [ʃ]

.

Examples:English

Propulsion /pɹə‘pəlʃən/Permission /pəɹ'mɪʃən

/ʒ /PRODUCTION

/ʒ/ Sound occurs in English only middle and final position.

.

The English /ʒ / sounds features are voiced, fronto-palatal, oral, groove, fricative, and has an allophone which keeps the same features as it´s phoneme.

/ʒ/In spanish does not occurs a phoneme. EXAMPLES:

Garage /gə'ɹaʒ/<si>ocacion /ə‘keyʒən/

<s>measure /mɛʒəɹ/<g> regime /ɹeyɪ'ʒiym/

<z> azure /'æʒəɹ/

/x /SPANISH PRODUCTION

ORAL

FRICATIVE

DORSO VELAR

VOICELESS

/x /Is a sound which exists particularly in Spanish.This phoneme has three allophones which may occur in free variation regarding the position. This are[x] voiceless, dorso-velar,oral,fricative.[h] voiceless, glottal,oral,fricative.[Ø] zero allophone

EXAMPLES:<j>jarabe /xa'ɾabe/<g>girasol /xiɾa‘sol/<x>Xavier /xa'byeɾ/

/h / PRODUCTIONENGLISH-SPANISH

ORAL

FRICATIVE

GLOTTAL

VOICELESS

Spanish /h /has an allophone of [x] used by people front the coastal region. This phoneme in English has two allophones. This are[h] voiceless, glottal, oral, fricative.[-ɦ-] voiceless, glottal, oral, fricative, and happens just between voiced sounds.The /h/ sounds never occurs in final position nor has a counterpart.

EXAMPLES:<h>holiday /‘halɪdey/<wh>whole /‘howl/

CONTRAST OF ENGLISH AND SPANISH AFFRICATES

THOSE CONSONANTS HAVE THE SAME OR SIMILAR

PLACES OF ARTICULATION.

ENGLISH AFFRICATES:

/tʃ/ [tʃ] [dʒ]

SPANISH AFFRICATES:

/tʃ/ [tʃ]

/tʃ/ /dʒ/ PRODUCTIONENGLISH-SPANISH

Apico alveolar lamino fronto palatal

Africative

oral

Voiceless /tʃ/

Voiced /dʒ/ /tʃ/ there are in Spanish and English. It is voiceless, apico alveolar, lamino , fronto , palatal, oral affricate. Its phoneme [tʃ]

Examples English <cheap> /tʃɪyp/

<preacher> /pɹɪytʃəɹ/<reach> / ɹɪytʃ/

/dʒ/ PRODUCTIONENGLISH-SPANISH

Spanish spellings: /ʤ/ does not exist as a phoneme .

In english its occurs as phoneme and allophone /ʤ/voiced, apico alveolar, lamino, fronto palatal, oral affricate

EXAMPLES OF ENGLISH: <jam> /ʤæm/<larger> /laɹʤəɹ/<large> /laɹʤ/

/m/ PRODUCTIONENGLISH-SPANISH

The /m/sounds is similar in both languages:[m] voiced, bilabial, nasal, occlusive, continuant.

ENGLISH SPANISH

The /m/ phoneme has three allophones: [m] voiced, bilabial, nasal, occlusive, continuant [-ɱ-] voiced, labiodental, nasal, occlusive, continuant which occurs before the voiceless labiodental fricative. [mL ] voiced, bilabial, nasal, occlusive, continuant, occurs in a word finally syllable

The /m/ phoneme has one allophone: [m] voiced, bilabial, nasal, occlusive, continuant

/n/PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC

FEATURES

The /n/ Sound is voided, apico-aleolar, nasal ,

occlusive, continuant, in both english and spanish.

In SpanishThey are :

[n] is voiced, apico-alveolar,

nasal , occlusive,

continuant

[-nM -] is voiced,apico dental, nasal,

occusive, continuant . And happeens before

a dental stop /t,d /Sound

[nʲ] is voiced, fronto-palatal, nasal

, occlusive, continuant . And

ocurrer before the voiceless palatal

affricate sound, /tʃ/

[ŋ] is voiced, dorso-velar, nasal ,

occlusive, continuant. And ocurrer before a

dorso velar sound, /k-g-x/

[-ɱ-] is voiced, labiodental, nasal ,

occlusive, continuant. And

ocurrer before the voiceless

labiodental fricative /f/

[ŋ] is voiced, dorso-velar, nasal , occlusive, continuant.[-ņ-] is voiced, dorso-velar, nasal , occlusive, continuant. Syllabic which happens just

in contextual speech between 2 any dorso velar sound, /k-g-x/

/ŋ/ PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC FEATURES

/ŋ/ PRODUCTION

Both languages have the /ŋ/ sound. It voiced, is voiced, dorso-velar, nasal ,

occlusive, continuant

In english, /ŋ/ is a phoneme. The english /ŋ/ has to possible allophones

In Spanish, /ŋ/ is allophone of /n/.

REMINDERThe spanish [ŋ] occurs in free vatiation in final-word position

When an /l/ is formed, the tongue tip touches the alveolar ridge (or maybe the upper teeth)

CONTRAST OF ENGLISH AND SPANISH LATERALS

Sounds like this with airflow along the sides of the tongue are

called lateral

English lateral only incluides /l/. Spanish laterals includes /l/

and /ʎ/

•English and spanish have the /l/ sound which is voiced, apico-alveolar , oral, lateral

•English has more allophones than spanish

/l/ PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC

FEATURES•[l] voiced,

apico-alveolar , oral, lateral

•[˛l] voiceless, apico-alveolar , oral, lateral

•[ lS ] ] voiced, apico-dental , oral, lateral, which occurs before a dental sound /t-d/

SPANISH VARIANTS

•[l] voiced, apico-alveolar , oral, lateral

•[˛l] voiceless, apico-alveolar , oral, lateral

•[-ɫ] voiced, dorso-velar, oral, dark, lateral

•[-˛ɫ] voiced, dorso-velar, oral, dark, lateral, syllabic, which occurs in final-word position

ENGLISH ALLOPHONES

ARE:

THE /ʎ/ SOUND BELONG PARTICULARY TO SPANISH. IT IS VOICED, FRONTO-PALATAL, ORAL, LATERAL

THE PHONEMIC /ʎ/

/ʎ/ PRODUCTION /ʎ/ PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC FEATURES

The /ʎ/ does not exist in the english language, english speakers occasionally pronunce /l/ for /ʎ/ or virtually use the “yeismo”.The yeismo is a distinctive feature of many dialects of the Spanish language.Which consists of the loss of the traditional palatal lataral phoneme writen <ll>, and its merger into phoneme written /y/ usually realized as a palatal fricative The term ye{ismo comes from the Spanish name of the letter y(i griega or ye)

EXEMPLE: <llama> /ˈllama/ or/ˈyama/. The correc is /ˈʎama/

In Ecuador and some other countries of Latin America some variants many happen: [ʎ] voiced, fronto-palatal, oral, lateral [y] voiced, fronto-palatal, oral, groove, frcativeThese may happen in free variation.

/W/ VOICED, BILABIAL, DORSO-VELAR, ORAL, APPROXIMANT/y/ VOICED, FRONTO-PALATAL, ORAL, APPROXIMANT

/w-y/ PHONETIC AND PHONEMIC FEATURES

/w/ PRODUCTION

/y/ PRODUCTION

/w/ It occurs in both languagesHave both languages

SPANISH:[w-] Voiced, Bilabial dorso-velar, Oral, Semiconsonant

[-u] Voiced, Bilabial dorso-velar, Oral, Semivowel [gw] Voiced, Bilabial dorso-velar, Oral, Semiconsonant [g] coldENGLISH:[w-] Voiced, Bilabial dorso-velar, Oral, Semiconsonant[-u] Voiced , Bilabial dorso- velar, Oral, Semivowel

SPANISH:[-i] Voiced, Fronto-palatal, Oral, Semivowel.[y-] Voiced, fronto-palatal, Oral, Fricative.[dz] Voiced, Fronto-palatal, Oral,Africate[j-] Semiconsonant , Oral, Fronto palatal,Voiced ENGLISH:[j] Voiced, Fronto-palatal, Oral,Semiconsonant [y] Voiced, Fronto-palatalOral, Fricative [-i] Voiced , Fronto-palatal, Oral,Semivowel

R-PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC FEATURES

DESPITE THE FACT WE MAY REFER TO R-SOUNDS IN

BOTH LANGUAGES, SPANISH AND ENGLISH USE

DIFFERENT PHONOLOGICAL SYMBOLS WHICH IMPLIES DIFFERENT MANNERS OF

PRODUCING THEM IN SPANISH AND ENGLISH

SPAINISH /ɾ/ is voiced,apico-

alveolar,oral,flap or tap.it has the following

variants: [ɾ] voiced,apico-

alveolar,oral,flap;[ŗ] voiceless, apico-

alveolar,oral,flap; [ŗ] voiced, apico-

dental.oral.fap.

ENGLISH, it /ɹ/ is voiced, apico

postalveolar,oral,approximant,reflex and it has

the following possibilities: [ɹ] voiced,

apico-postalveolar,oral,retroflex, semiconsonant,[ɹ]

voiceless, apico-postalveolar,oral,retrofl

ex.

PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN CONNECTED SPEECH

CONNECTED SPEECH HAVE TO DO WITH THE CHANGES

IN PRONUNCIATION

THESE PROCESSES OF CONNECTED DEPEND ON THE FORMALITY OR

INFORMALITY OF THE SITUATION, THE RATE OF SPEAKING, DIALECTS

AND IDIOLECT

IT OCCURS BECAUSE LEARNERS OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES TRY TO

PRONUNCE EACH SINGLE WORD.THIS CAUSES THE LANGUAGE TO BE

CHOPPED.