COOPERATIVE

Written by

Dedih

Uspan Sayuti

COOPERATIVE

Talking

Cooperative

• We usually assumed that speakers and listeners involved in a conversation are generally cooperating with each other.

• The sense of cooperation is simply one in which people having a conversation are normally saying the truth.

TAUTOLOGIES:

• The speaker intends to communicate something, and it is more than just what the word means. An apparently meaningless expression in which one word is defined as itself. It seems it doesn’t have communicative value since it expresses something completely obvious.

• Hamburger is hamburger or business is business

Means; Hamburger is a sandwich made with a patty of ground meat usually in a roll or bun

IMPLICATURE:

• A meaning that has to be assumed in order to maintain the cooperative principle. People involve in a conversation will cooperate with each other.

• Instance – Hamburger is hamburger

The speaker thinks all hamburgers are the same.

COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLE

• It is a basic assumption in conversation that each participant will attempt to contribute appropriately, at the required time, to the current exchange of talk.

• Maxims: quantity, quality, relation, manner.

MAXIMS

A principle proposed by the philosopher Paul Grice whereby those involved in communication assume that both parties will normally seek to cooperate with each other to establish agreed meaning. It is composed of four maxims: quality, quantity, relation, and manner.

Quantity:

Make your contribution as informative as is required. One of the maxims in which the speaker has to be neither more or less informative than is necessary.

Quality:

Try to make your contribution one that is true. One of the maxims, in which the speaker has to be truthful.

Relation:

Be relevant. One of the maxims in which the speaker has to be relevant.

( relating to the thing that is being discussed).

Manner:

One of the maxims in which the speaker has to be clear, brief, and orderly.

HEDGES:

“cautious notes” Expressions that we use to indicate that what we are saying may not be totally accurate.

• Instance

• As far as I know , They’re married

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