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Crop Production in Indira Gandhi Canal Command with Special Reference to Water Management : A Case Study at Distributory Level 1994-95 to 2003-04
By :-
Anita Yadav
Under Supervision of
Dr. NR KaswanHead Department of Geography
Dr. BR Ambedkar Govt. PG College, Sriganganagar
Contents
Need for Study Objectives Methodology Cropping Pattern Relative Water Supply Constraints Results Suggested Interventions
Introduction
Need for Study Problem of water logging and soil salinization Water scarcity due to high water requirement crops. Need for minimizing water usage in irrigation Need to assess water supply and crop water requirement Need for interventions for crop diversification and water
application methods Lack of technical know how among farmers about water
management
Study Objectives
To study the cropping pattern and yield trends in selected distributory
To assess relative water supply through crop water demand and water availability
To identify the major production constraints with special reference to water management
To suggest appropriate interventions
Methodology
Cropping Pattern of 10 years from 1994-95 to 2003-04 Growth rate calculated for both seasons as well as
major crops Worked out Relative water supply which is the ratio
of water availability and water demand Water availability assessed by effective rainfall and
spatial release of water in distributory. Water demand worked out on the basis of water
requirements of different crops with respect to area covered.
On basis of primary data constraints were studied.
Methodology (Data Collection)
Secondary data regarding crop production collected from Tehsil records
Canal Data as well as rainfall data collected from office Asstt. Engineer, Lakhuwali
Primary data collected from 240 farmers of distributory in a set schedule prepared for the study.
Cropping Pattern and yield trends
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Area (ha)
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Year
Fig. 4.01: Area under cultivation during Kharif Season
Area (ha)
Cropping Pattern… (contd.)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Area(ha)
1994-95
1995-96
1996-97
1997-98
1998-99
1999-2000
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
Year
Fig. 4.02: Area under cultivation in Rabi Season
Area (Ha)
Cropping Pattern… (contd.)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Area (ha)
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Year
Fig. 4.03: Area (ha) under major crops during Kharif Season
American Cotton
Desi Cotton
Guar
Cropping Pattern… (contd.)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Area (ha)
1994-95
1995-96
1996-97
1997-98
1998-99
1999-2000
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
Year
Fig. 4.04: Area (ha) under Major crops during Rabi Season
Wheat
Mustard
Gram
Cropping Pattern… (contd.)
29-2.24-1.02248.785Total
98.8-0.02-1.00028.087Rabi
24.6-6.93-1.06938.153Kharif
Significance (%)Compound growth rate (percent per annum) ( r )
Regression coefficient (b)
Intercept (a)Season
Table 4.13: Compound growth rate of area under Kharif and Rabi crops in KWD
Cropping Pattern… (contd.)
7.1-19.2-1.1925.832Chickpea
88.61.361.01365.312Mustard
48.5-0.67-1.00677.896Wheat
32.211.071.11074.311Cluster bean
15.2-14.21-1.14216.2Desi Cotton
11.3-9.69-1.09697.883American Cotton
Significance (%)Compound growth rate (percent/ annum) (r)
Regression coefficient (b)
Intercept (a)Season
Table 4.14: Compound growth rate of area under major crops in KWD
Relative Water Supply
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Days
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Year
Canal water availability
December
November
October
September
August
July
June
May
April
March
February
January
Relative Water Supply
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
mm
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Year
Rain water Availability
December
November
October
September
August
July
June
May
April
March
February
January
Relative Water Supply
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
ha cm
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Year
Fig. 5.03: Avalibility of canal water (ha cm) during Kharif season
APM
KWM
KWD
Relative Water Supply
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
ha cm
94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04
Year
Fig. 5.04: Availability of canal water (ha cm) during Rabi season
APM
KWM
KWD
Relative Water Supply
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
ha cm
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Years
Fig. 5.05: Water requirement of Kharif crops over the years
Others
Sesame (Til)
Paddy
GroundNut
Fodder
Mung
Guar
Desi Cotton
Americal cotton
Relative Water Supply
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
180000
200000
ha cm
1994-95
1995-96
1996-97
1997-98
1998-99
1999-2000
2000-2001
2001-2002
2002-2003
2003-2004
Year
Fig. 5.06: Water requirement of Rabi crops over the years
Others*
Vegetable
Fodder
Taramira
Mustard
Gram
Barley
Wheat
Relative Water Supply
Fig. 5.07: Relative Water Supply in Kharif Season over the years
0.000.50
1.001.50
2.002.50
3.003.50
4.00
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Year
RW
S
KWD
KWM
ARM
Total
Relative Water Supply
Fig. 5.08: Relative Water Supply in Rabi season over the years
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
1994-95
1995-96
1996-97
1997-98
1998-99
1999-2000
2000-2001
2001-2002
2002-2003
2003-2004
Year
RW
S
KWD
KWM
ARM
Total
Constraints
III
32.535.0
7884
Marketing Constraints• Problem in selling the produce• Not getting proper selling price
IIIIII
10051.279.2
240123190
Policy Constraints• Unavailability of canal water as per need• Unavailability of subsidy• Unavailability of electricity
VIIIIVIII
20.837.135.053.381.2
508984128195
Technical Constraints• Unavailability of certified seeds• Unavailability of fertilizers• Unavailability of pesticides/weedicides• Unawareness about improved package of
practices• Unawareness about critical stages of irrigation
III
48.739.6
11795
Resource Constraints• Problematic/poor Soil• Brackish ground water
RankPer centFrequencyConstraints
Table 6.11 Constraints faced by the farmers
Results
The main crops in Kharif season were American Cotton, Desi Cotton, Cluster Bean, Paddy and Fodder
Main crops in Rabi season were Wheat, Mustard, Chick pea, Fodder and Barley
Maximum area occupied by American Cotton during Kharif, and by wheat during Rabi.
Major Share of water was utilized by American Cotton and Wheat.
Area under crops in during Kharif & Rabi seasons declined at compound rate of 6.93% and 0.02 %.
Results
The main crops in Kharif season were American Cotton, Desi Cotton, Cluster Bean, Paddy and Fodder
Main crops in Rabi season were Wheat, Mustard, Chick pea, Fodder and Barley
Maximum area occupied by American Cotton during Kharif, and by wheat during Rabi.
Major Share of water was utilized by American Cotton and Wheat.
Area under crops in during Kharif & Rabi seasons declined at compound rate of 6.93% and 0.02 %.
Results
Area under American Cotton declined at the compound rate of 9.69%, Desi Cotton at 14.21%, where as cluster bean increased at 11.07%.
In Rabi season Chickpea showed negative growth American Cotton alone required 34.84% to 82.75 %
of total water. Among Rabi crops share of wheat was highest at
71.62% to 91.87% and mustard received 1.32% to 16.83%.
On an average relative water supply during kharif season varied from 0.57 to 1.04
Results
Relative water supply during Rabi season varied from 0.35 to 0.96
Relative water supply was less in Rabi season than Kharif season
Unavailability of water as per need, unawareness about critical stages of irrigation and problematic /poor soil were major constraints from farmers point of view
Suggested Interventions
Need to replace high water requiring crops with low water requiring crops.
Brackish water should be used for raising salt tolerant crops with scientific approach.
Ground water should be used in conjunction with canal water.
Soil health management is the major task to improve productivity.
Mass awareness on water saving is necessary.
Suggested Interventions
Regulation of canal water should be done according to water requirement of crops of the area.
All concerned groups should sit to finalize the canal regulation for every season.