Design & Implementation of Dynamic

Routing In Wireless Networks

K.V.Satish Reddy

M.Tech (W.M.C)

09881D6513

Objective

Security Enhanced Dynamic Routing

methodology in Wireless Networks.

Performance Evaluation of various

Dynamic Routing methodologies.

Design of Cryptography based

System.

IP Security

SSL

System Infrastructures.

Security Enhanced Routing

Methods.

Internetwork Security

To route, a router needs to know:

Destination addresses

Sources it can learn from

Possible routes

Best route

What is Routing?

172.16.1.010.120.2.0

Source Destination

Network

Protocol

Destination

Network

Connected

Learned

10.120.2.0

172.16.1.0

172.17.1.0

Exit

Interface

E0

S0

S1

Routers must learn destination network thatare not directly connected.

172.16.1.010.120.2.0 E0

S0

What is Routing? (cont.)

Source DestinationS1

Packet

Routing Methods

Two forms of Routing in Packet Switching

Networks.

Static Routing

Dynamic Routing

Routing Table.

Routing Algorithms.

Routing Protocols.

Intra-domain routing.

Distance vector algorithms

Protocols

(RIP,DSDV)

Link state algorithms

Protocol

(OSPF)

Inter-domain routing.

Path vector algorithms

Protocol

(BGP)

Internetwork Routing

Switching Techniques for Data

Transmission

Circuit Switching

Source

Destination

172.16.1.010.120.2.0

Data

A

C

DataData

Data Data

Data

Data

Data

Store and Forward Switching

Message Switching

Packet Switching

Datagram service

Virtual Circuit Services

1.STATIC ROUTING

Manually

Configured Routing.

Used in Small

Networks.

Monitoring data

Continuously.

Secure Data transfer.

Manually

Path is selected

ACK

Static Routing Execution Model

Select file to send.

File is Encrypted.

Select path to send file.

Enter private key for security.

Enter path to receive.

Enter Private Key.

Static Routing Execution Model

Received File is Encrypted.

Decrypt to get original file sent.

2.DYNAMIC ROUTING

Use of Algorithms and Protocols for

configuring the network to route data.

Large Networks we go for Dynamic

Routing.

Secure Routing over large networks.

Routing Protocols such as

(RIP,OSPF,BGP,DSDV and AODV).

2.1 SPRA – Dynamic Routing

SPRA- Shortest Path

Routing Algorithm.

Based on Link state

Algorithm used over

OSPF protocol.

One path with Minimal

Cost is selected using

Dijkstra Algorithm.

R2

R3

R1

R4

R5

R6

9

9

2

5

11

14

15

1

10

Network for SPRA

1. Select the source

node. Ex (H7)

2. Select the

destination node.

Ex (H12)

3. Click SPRA to

route the data

from source node

H7 to destination

node H12.

Data route path when SPRA is clicked.

Data route path when SPRA is clicked.

2.2 ECMP – Dynamic Routing

ECMP- Equal Cost Multi-

Path Routing Algorithm.

Based on Distance vector

Algorithm used over RIP

protocol.

More than one path is

selected for routing the

data.

R2

R3

R1

R4

R5

R6

9

9

2

5

11

14

15

1

10

9

Network for ECMP

1. Select the source

node. Ex (H7)

2. Select the

destination node.

Ex (H14)

3. Click ECMP to

route the data

from source node

H7 to destination

node H14.

Data route path when ECMP is clicked.

Data route path when ECMP is clicked.

3. Dynamic Routing In Ad-Hoc Network

All nodes are mobile and are

connected dynamically.

Every node acts as router and

forward traffic.

AODV algorithm follows single

path routing of data.

MARA algorithm follows

multiple path routing of data.

R2

R3

R1

R4

R5

R6

Destination

Source

R2

R3

R6

R4

R1

Source

Destination

R5

AODVMARA

Network changes instantly in Mobile Ad-hoc Network.

Network changes instantly in Mobile Ad-hoc Network.

Network changes instantly in Mobile Ad-hoc Network.

Data route path when AODV is clicked.

Data route path when MARA is clicked.

4.Eavesdropping of Packets in

SPRA,ECMP,AODV and MARA

As the packets are transferred in streams in

the above existing algorithms, packets are

dropped at instances while routing to

destination.

Eavesdropping, Spoofing and Session

hijacking are some of the attacks on

internetwork.

Eavesdropping of packets over

Internetwork

Source DestinationEavesdropper

Stream of packets are eavesdropped over a specific link (R3-R2).

Eavesdropping of packets over

Internetwork

Stream of packets are eavesdropped over a specific link (R1-R2).

Source DestinationEavesdropper

Eavesdropping of packets

Execution Model

Enter the Packets to send from

source to destination.

Packets at Router end

5.Existing System’s Disadvantages

The discovery of paths in an online fashion with extra

control signals exchanging with neighboring nodes.

Having the same route for consecutive packets.

Easy to predict the data transfer path and having the

possibility of loss of data.

Route discovery latency.

Various security threats over internet like Spoofing,

Session hijacking and Eavesdropping of packets.

6. DDRA – Dynamic Routing

DDRA- Distributed Dynamic Routing

Algorithm.

Based on Distance vector algorithm

compatible with the popular routing

protocols RIP and DSDV.

Every consecutive packet routed to different

nodes to reach destination.

Network for DDRA

Node 4

Node 3

Node 9

Node 10

Node 8

Node 5

Node 7

Node 6

Node 2

Node 1

Destination

Source

12345

1

2

4

4

Network for DDRA

Node 4

Node 3

Node 9

Node 10

Node 8

Node 5

Node 7

Node 6

Node 2

Node 1

Destination

Source

Destination Node (t) Cost Next hop

N1 5 N5

N2 2 N7

N3 3 N4

.

.

.

.

.

.

Destination Node

(t)

Cost Next hop

Candidates

History record of packet

deliveries to destination node t

N1 4 {N6,N9,N4) {(N2,N6),(N7,N9),(N3,N4)….}

N2 5 {N8,N4} {(N5,N8),(N10,N8),(N6,N4)…}

N3 7 {N6} {(N4,N6),(N2,N6),(N9,N6)….}

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

Routing Table

(a)

(b)

a) Normal Routing table of adistance vector based routingalgorithm.

b) Extended Routing table of asecurity enhanced routingalgorithm.

Flowchart for DDRA

Network for DDRA (Model-1)

Node 4

Node 3

Node 9

Node 10

Node 8

Node 5

Node 7

Node 6

Node 2

Node 1

Source

Destination

1. Login to server node. Ex (node1)

2. Here server node is the source end.

3. As distributed datarouting we see onesource node andmultiple clientnodes to reachdestination node.

DDRA Execution Model(Distributed Dynamic Routing Algorithm)

Enter the Client Nodes

Enter client nodes.Ex (node2,3,5)

Here client node 2 is our destination node.

Client Nodes Connection

All client nodes used are connected to server node.

Links between Server and Client’s Nodes

Link cost of all client nodes to server node.

Network for DDRA

Node 4

Node 3

Node 9

Node 10

Node 8

Node 5

Node 7

Node 6

Node 2

Node 1

Source

Destination

Transfer of File from Source to

Destination Node

Select file to transfer from source to destination node.

Consecutive Packets routed to Different

Client Nodes

Selected File is divided in to 21 packets & consecutive Packets are distributed

between client nodes 2,3 & 5 at server node 1 and routed.

Packets Received at Node- 3,5 &2

Some Packets are routed directly to node 2 (destination node) from node 1 and other packets

via node 3 & 5.

File taken at node 1 for routing

Packets received to nodes 3 & 5 are routed to the destination node 2 .

Nodes 3 & 5 starts routing to

Destination node 2

All Packets reached to destination node 2

All Packets received at destination node 2 Via nodes 1, 3 & 5 .

File received to destination node 2

File transferred from source node 1, received at the destination node 2 .

Client-A

Client-B

Client-F Client-G

Client-C

Client-D

Client-H

Server

Source

Destination

Network for DDRA (Model-2)

Source

Destination

A

E

D

B

C

Destination

S.P.R.AE.C.M.PD.D.R.A

Source

DestinationPath Selection of Dynamic Routing Algorithms

(S.P.R.A),(E.C.M.P) & (D.D.R.A)

7. Path Similarity of Dynamic Routing

Algorithms1. DDRA based methodology greatly

outperform SPRA and ECRA for all

l (length of the minimal-cost path)

values.

2. The average path similarity for

SPRA, ECRA, and DDRA increase

as l increases. The increasing rates

for SPRA and ECRA are much

larger than those for DDRA

especially when l is large.

3. DDRA shows wide path variation as

the data is distributed.0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Length of The Minimal Cost Path (l)

Avera

ge P

ath

Sim

ilarity

SPRA

ECMP

DDRA

8. Throughput of Dynamic Routing

Algorithms

1. The throughput will be degraded

when the number of TCP flows

increases (i.e., the traffic load)

having same bandwidth & traffic

load on all paths.

2. Multiple paths increase the

throughput of data transmission.

3. The performance of DDRA on

the throughput is superior as

compared with that of ECRA

and SPRA. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

TCP Flows (Traffic Load)

Thro

ughput

SPRA

ECMP

DDRA

9. Proposed System Advantages

Consecutive packets are routed dynamically.

Less path similarity of packets transferred.

Better throughput due to path variation of packets.

The discovery of paths in an offline fashion, as

history of packet deliveries are maintained.

Probability of packet loss due various security

attack like eavesdropping of packets is less.

10. Future Scope

Our Security enhanced dynamic routing could be used with

cryptography based system designs to further improve the

security of data transmission over networks.

Satellite network capacity, adaptability, and responsiveness

are enhanced with onboard capabilities for packet

switching and dynamic bandwidth resource allocation

which facilitate uplink and downlink spectral reuse.

W. Lou and Y. Fang, “A Multipath Routing Approach for Secure Data

Delivery,” Proc. IEEE Military Comm. Conf. (MilCom).

J.Yang and S. Papavassiliou, “Improving Network Security by Multipath

Traffic Dispersion,” Proc. IEEE Military Comm. Conf. (MilCom).

S. Bohacek, J.P. Hespanha, K. Obraczka, J. Lee, and C. Lim,“Enhancing

Security via Stochastic Routing,” Proc. 11th Int’l Conf.Computer Comm. and

Networks (ICCCN).

I. Gojmerac, T. Ziegler, F. Ricciato, and P. Reichl, “Adaptive Multipath

Routing for Dynamic Traffic Engineering,” Proc. IEEE Global

Telecommunications Conf. (GLOBECOM).

W. Lou, W. Liu, and Y. Fang, “SPREAD: Improving Network Security by

Multipath Routing,” Proc. IEEE Military Comm. Conf. (MilCom).

J.F. Kurose and K.W. Ross, Computer Networking—A Top-Down Approach

Featuring the Internet. Addison Wesley.

11.References

Thank “U” All