DR. S & S.S GHANDHYGEC,SURAT

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

DESIGN ENGINEERING(2130005)

SUBJECT:- Design of Transformation for certain application

Group Members

Name• LETHWALA PAVAN

• MALKIYA ASHISH

• MARATHE POOJA

• MEHTA KARNAV

• GANDHI MITESH

Enrolment No.• 130230109024

• 130230109025

• 130230109026

• 130230109027

• 130230109028

Types of Energy required for Transformation into Electrical energy

• Thermal Energy

• Hydro Energy

• Solar Energy

• Tidal Energy

• Wind Energy

Thermal Power Plant

Introduction to Thermal Power Plant

• A Thermal Power Plant converts the heat energy of coal into electrical energy. Coal is burnt in a boiler which converts water into steam. The expansion of steam in turbine produces mechanical power which drives the alternator coupled to the turbine.Thermal Power Plants contribute maximum to the generation of Power for any country

• Thermal Power Plants constitute 75.43% of the total installed captive and non-captive power generation in India

• In thermal generating stations coal, oil, natural gas etc. are employed as primary sources of energy.

General Power Plant Layout

Operation Mechanism

• The coal is brought and crushed to powder. This is feed to Boiler for producing heat

• In Boiler the water is converted to steam.

• In Super heater the moisture content is removed from the steam and that steam is called super heated steam

• The superheated steam rotates the shaft of the High pressure turbine

• The Exhausted steam is sent to preheater and the steam then rotates the Intermediate pressure(IP) Turbine

• The steam from the IP turbine is then feed to low pressure turbine.

• The turbine shaft is connected to the Generator, which produces Electric Power.

• The power generated is then Transmitted.

Hydro Power Plant

Hydro power energy is ultimately derived from the sun, which drives

the water cycle. In the water cycle, rivers are recharged in a

continuous cycle. Because of the force of gravity, water flows from

high points to low points. There is kinetic energy embodied in the

flow of water.

General Power Plant Layout

How a Hydroelectric Power System Works - Part 1

Flowing water is directed at a

turbine (remember turbines

are just advanced

waterwheels). The flowing

water causes the turbine to

rotate, converting the water’s

kinetic energy into

mechanical energy.

The mechanical energy produced by the turbine is converted into

electric energy using a turbine generator. Inside the generator, the

shaft of the turbine spins a magnet inside coils of copper wire. It is

a fact of nature that moving a magnet near a conductor causes an

electric current.

How a Hydroelectric Power System Works – Part 2

Solar Power Plant

Electricity From Solar Energy

• Photovoltaic Electricity – This method uses photovoltaic cells that absorb the direct sunlight just like the solar cells you see on some calculators.

• Solar-Thermal Electricity –• This also uses a solar collector: it has a mirrored

surface that reflects the sunlight onto a receiver that heats up a liquid. This heated liquid is used to make steam that produces electricity.

Photovoltaic Cell

• Photo voltaic effect (PV) effect is defined asthe generation of an electromotive force as aresult of the absorption of ionising radiation

• Solar cell are usually made of a single crystalsilicon, gallium arsenide is another solar cellsmaterial.

Working of Photovoltaic Solar Plants

• As light hits the solar panels, the solar radiation is converted into direct current electricity (DC).

• The direct current flows from the panels and is converted into alternating current (AC) used by local electric utilities.

• Finally, the electricity travels through transformers, and the voltage is boosted for delivery onto the transmission lines so local electric utilities can distribute the electricity to homes and businesses.

Working of Solar Thermal Power Plant

Working of Solar Thermal Power Plant

• Solar collectors capture and concentrate sunlight to heat a synthetic oil called therminol, which then heats water to create steam.

• The steam is piped to an onsite turbine-generator to produce electricity, which is then transmitted over power lines.

• On cloudy days, the plant has a supplementary natural gas boiler. The plant can burn natural gas to heat the water, creating steam to generate electricity.

Tidal Energy

THE TIDAL BARRAGE

• It’s a huge dam built across a river estuary. When the tide goes in and out, the water flows through tunnels in the dam.

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion

• OTEC utilizes the world’s largest solar radiation collector - the ocean. The ocean contains enough energy power all of the world’s electrical needs.

• Electricity using the temperature difference of sea water at different

• OTEC utilizes the ocean’s 20ºC natural thermalgradient between the warm surface water andthe cold deep sea water(around 1 Km.) todrive a Rankin Cycle

2. Fluid pump pressurizes and pushes working fluid to evaporator

1. Power input to pumps to start process

3. Heat addition from the hot-water source used to evaporate the working fluid within the heat exchanger (Evaporator)

EVAPORATOR

CONDENSER

WARM SURFACE WATER 28 C

4. Expanding vapor drive the turbine, and electricity is created by a generator

5. Heat extraction from cold-water sink to

condense the working fluid in the condenser.

TURBINE

GENERATOR

COLD DEEP WATER5 C

WORKING FLUID(LIKE AMMONIA)

OTEC Process

OPEN CYCLE SYSTEM SYSTEM

Open-cycle OTEC uses the tropical oceans' warm surface water to make electricity. When warm

seawater is placed in a low-pressure container, it boils. The expanding steam drives

a low-pressure turbine attached to an electrical

generator. The steam, which has left its salt behind in the

low-pressure container, is almost pure fresh water. It is condensed back into a liquid

by exposure to cold temperatures from deep-

ocean water.

Open Cycle System

CLOSED CYCLE SYSTEM SYSTEM

Closed-cycle systems( Rankin ) use fluid with a low-boiling point, such as

ammonia, to rotate a turbine to generate electricity. Here's how it works. Warm surface seawater is

pumped through a heat exchanger where the low-boiling-point fluid is

vaporized. The expanding vapor turns the turbo-generator. Then, cold, deep seawater—pumped through a second heat exchanger—condenses the vapor

back into a liquid, which is then

recycled through the system.

Closed Cycle System

Wind Farms

How do you convert wind into Electricity???

• Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the wind into mechanical power.

• This mechanical power can be used for specific tasks (such as grinding grain or pumping water) or a generator can convert this mechanical power into electricity.

• A wind turbine works the opposite of a fan.

• Instead of using electricity to make wind, like a fan, wind turbines use wind to make electricity. The wind turns the blades, which spin a shaft, which connects to a generator and makes electricity.

• The energy in the wind turns two or three propeller-like blades around a rotor. The rotor is connected to the main shaft, which spins a generator to create electricity.

• Wind turbines are mounted on a tower to capture the most energy. At 100 feet (30 meters) or more above ground, they can take advantage of faster and less turbulent wind.

A Wind Turbine

Thank You