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In this presentation are included some of the most important diseases in the digestive systedm and their explanation.
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Main Characteristics• Composed of:
GASTRITIS
Gastritis is an inflammation of the lining of the stomach, and has many possible causes. The main acute causes are excessive alcohol consumption or prolonged use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Sometimes gastritis develops after major surgery, traumatic injury or burns
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Symptoms of gastritis vary among individuals, and in many
people there are no symptoms. The most common symptoms include:
Nausea Abdominal bloating Abdominal pain Vomiting Indigestion Burning or gnawing feeling in
the stomach between meals
or at night Hiccups Loss of appetite Vomiting blood or coffee
ground-like material Black, tarry stools
PREVENTION Avoid use of aspirin or NSAIDs if you are prone to
gastritis. 1) Avoid excessive consumption of alcohol. 2) Replace two or three large meals a day with small
meals every three hours or so 3) Avoid fast foods 4) Eat slow, chew thoroughly 5) Do chewing gum. 6) Stay away from foods that upset your stomach,
especially those heavily seasoned, spicy and fried food 7) Avoid using aspirin, ibuprofen and other irritating
foods
TREATMENTTreatment for gastritis usually involves: Taking antacids and other drugs to reduce stomach acid, which causes
further irritation to inflamed areas. Avoiding hot and spicy foods. For gastritis caused by H. pylori infection, your doctor will prescribe a
regimen of several antibiotics plus an acid blocking drug (used for heartburn).
If the gastritis is caused by pernicious anemia, B12 vitamin shots will be given.
Eliminating irritating foods from your diet such as lactose from dairy or gluten from wheat.
Once the underlying problem disappears, the
gastritis usually does, too. You should talk to your doctor before stopping
any medicine or starting any gastritis treatment
on your own.
Mortality The mortality is dependent on the etiology of the gastritis.
Generally, most cases of gastritis are treatable once the etiology is determined. The exception to this is phlegmonous gastritis, which has a mortality rate of 65%, even with treatment.
Organization Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114
617-726-2000 TDD: 617-724-8800 http://www.massgeneral.org/conditions/condition.aspx?id=182
Viral Gastroenteritis• Gastroenteritis is an
inflammation of the lining of the intestines caused by a virus, bacteria or parasites.
• Results in vomiting or diarrhea.• It is often called the "stomach
flu“.• Gastroenteritis, or inflammation of the
stomach and intestines. Gastritis is the irritation and inflammation of the stomach's mucous lining.
Rotavirus infants and young children under 5.Adenoviruses and astroviruses affect young children and sometimes adults.Noroviruses infect persons of all ages, including older children and adults.
Agent & Host• Rotaviruses; Noroviruses; Adenoviruses.• Anyone can get it.
• It spreads through contaminated food or water, and contact with an infected person. The best prevention is frequent hand washing.
• Close contact with infected persons.
Environment & Stimuli
Preventions, signs & symptoms• Frequent hand washing and disinfection. Rotavirus gastroenteritis
can also be prevented by vaccines.• Watery diarrhea and vomiting.• Headache, fever, and stomach ache.• Symptoms begin 1 to 2 days following infection, and may last for
1 to 10 days, depending on the virus.
Diagnosis, Treatment & CureBy a physician on the basis of the symptoms and medical examination.Rotavirus infection can be diagnosed by laboratory testing of a stool specimen.
Prevent severe loss of fluids (dehydration) by
taking fluids. Medications should be
avoided unless recommended by a
physician.
Mortality rate & OrganizationsPeople who died from gastroenteritis has more than doubled from 1999 to 2007. The death rate from almost 7,000 to over 17,000 per year. Viral gastroenteritis is the second most common illness in the U.S. (Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention) NIDDK
National institute of diabetes and digestive and kidney diseases (also information in Spanish)http://www2.niddk.nih.gov/
Hepatitis CHepatitis C is a viral disease that leads
to swelling (inflammation) of
the liver.
Causes
Hepatitis C infection is caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV).
Signs and SymptomsHepatitis C infection usually produces no signs or symptoms during its earliest stages. When signs and symptoms do occur, they're generally mild and flu-like and may include:
Testing should be done among:
• Fatigue• Fever• Nausea or poor appetite
• Muscle and joint pains• Tenderness in the area of your
liver
• Individuals at high risk for infection.
• Children born to chronically infected mothers
• People who received blood, blood products, or transplanted organs prior to
1992• Persons with abnormal levels
of liver enzymes in the blood• Testing is recommended when
exposure to the virus is suspected.
DIAGNOSE
Patients who develop cirrhosis or liver cancer may be candidates for a liver transplant.
People with hepatitis C should also:
Be careful not to take vitamins, nutritional supplements, or new over-the-counter medications without first discussing it with their health care provider.
Avoid any substances that are toxic to the liver, including alcohol. Even moderate amounts of alcohol speed up the progression of hepatitis C, and alcohol reduces the effectiveness of treatment.
Get vaccinated against hepatitis A and B.
Mortality
In a study in the journal Annals of Internal Medicine, U.S. Centers for Disease Control researchers analyzed causes of death on more than 21.8 million U.S. death certificates filed between 1999 and 2007. Rates of death related to hepatitis C, a viral infection that causes chronic liver disease, rose at an average rate of .18 deaths per 100,000 persons per year. More than 15,000 people died from hepatitis C in 2007. HIV-related death rates declined .21 deaths per 100,000 people per year — 12,734 people died from HIV in 2007. Rates of death related to a third infection, hepatitis B, remained more or less constant over the study period, falling .02 deaths per 100,000 people per year to just more than 1,800 deaths in 2007.
Organization that figths hepatitis c
http://www.hepcassoc.org/
WILSON’S DISEASE Wilson's disease is named after Samuel Alexander Kinnier Wilson (1878–1937), the British neurologist who first described the condition in 1912
What is Wilson’s disease?
Wilson disease is a rare autosomal recessive inherited disorder of copper metabolism.
You need a small amount of copper from food to stay healthy. Too much copper is poisonous.
This can cause damage to your brain, liver, and eyes.
Symptoms
the most common one KAYSER-FLEISCHER RINGS
Symptons can appear in theages between 6-38
Hepatic Symptoms
· Fatty liver· Acute hepatitis· Resembling autoimmune hepatitis· Cirrhosis· Acute liver failure
Neurological and PsychiatricSymptoms
Movement disorders (tremor, involuntary movements
Dysautonomia Migraine headaches Insomnia Seizures Depresion Psychosis Personality changes Neurotic behaviours
Diagnosis
24 hour urine test for copper Liver Biopsy Kayser Fleischer rings
TREATMENT
Wilson disease is a very treatable condition. With proper therapy, disease progress can be halted and oftentimes symptoms can be improved. Treatment is aimed at removing excess accumulated copper and preventing its accumulation. Treatment for Wilson disease is a lifelong process. Patients may become progressively sicker from day to day, so immediate treatment can be critical. Treatment delays may cause irreversible damage.
Help
http://www.wilsonsdisease.org/
References• Ghany MG, Strader DB, Thomas DL, Seeff LB. American Association
for the Study of Liver Diseases. Diagnosis, management, and treatment of hepatitis C: an update. Hepatology. 2009;49:1335-1374.
• Jou JH, Muir AJ. In the clinic. Hepatitis C. Ann Intern Med. 2008;148:ITC6-1-ITC6-16.
• O'Leary JG, Davis GL. Hepatitis C. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, eds. Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. 9th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2010:chap 79.
• Rosen HR. Clinical practice. Chronic hepatitis C infection.N Engl J Med. 2011 Jun 23;364(25):2429-38.
• http://articles.latimes.com/2012/feb/21/news/la-heb-hepatitis-c-hiv-deaths-20120221
• http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/revb/gastro/faq.htm• http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/243036.php• http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/gastroenteritis.html