ASSALAMU’ALAIKUM WR.WB

Direct and Indirect Speech

Direct SpeechDirect Speech (Direct sentence) is a sentence in which the

words of the speaker as it is written directly.Sentence is not changed or added. This sentence is written using quotation marks. Therefore, this phrase is also commonly referred to as “Sentence Quotation”. Direct speech is a way to report what someone has said or written, in the form of statements, questions, or other speech, quoting this words exactly.Direct speech surrounding quotation marks (“ ”). In addition, attribution (asked, says, said, yelled, shouted, replied, ordered) often accompanies direct speech. Direct Speech (Direct Sentences) consists of two parts, namely: Reporting Verbs (Verbs are reported) and Reported Words (words or sayings are reported).  Example Direct Speech :

“I play basketball every Sunday,” said Nesa “I’ll be back soon,” he said. Cika said, ”Don’t walk on the grass please!” Wafa said, ”Are You Busy ? “ John said, “ I feel tired “

Indirect SpeechIndirect Speech is a phrase that comes from

direct sentences that tell back in another form or a sentence that reports something spoken by someone else. Therefore the sentence is also called "Reported Speech".In indirect speech, speech delivered by changing the format to make it more clear, natural, and efficient for the listener.

Example Indirect Speech : 1) Nesa said that she play basketball every Sunday 2) He said that he will back soon 3) Cika said told me not to walk on grass 4) Wafa asked me if I was busy 5) John said that he felt tired

Note: If verbs in the main clause and the shape is PRESENT PERFECT PRESENT or the existence of a common statement in the main clause, then there is no time changes in the indirect sentence.

example: -She Asks me, "Are you sleepy?" She Asks me Wether I am

sleepy -He Has told us, "I am hungry." He told us that he is hungry

-She Told Me, "the sun rises in the east“.-She Told me that the sun rises in the east

But if the sentence Verbs form apart from the PRESENT and PRESENT PERFECT time then there is a change in the indirect sentence.

CHANGES DIRECT SPEECH WITH INDIRECT SPEECH

In general, direct speech into indirect speech can be changed by removing the quotation marks and capital letters (the first letter in the word in quotation marks omitted), adding that the word / Whether / if, adjust pronoun, verb, and or time reference.>> Rule Changes Being Direct Speech and Indirect Speech

There are some rules for changing Direct Speech into Indirect Speech, among others, are: • Change tenses. To find out how the rules change tenses in Indirect Speech, please read our next post: Rules Change Tenses in Indirect Speech • Changes in the conjunction. To find out how to change the rules of the conjunction (Connecting Words) in Indirect Speech, please read our next post: Rules Changes in conjunction in Indirect Speech • Changes in Time Specification. To find out how the rules change time Specification (adverb of time) in Indirect Speech, please read our next post: Rules Change Time in Indirect Speech.

Sentences Direct Speech Indirect Speech Explanation

Statement“I like eating

out,” said Vina.Vina said that

she liked eating out.

Quotation marks are omitted, I changed to a pronoun she (third person), and converted into a verb like past tense liked Vina assuming no longer like to eat outside or just focus messenger conversation with the past. But the verb can remain confident messenger like if the statement is still valid, for example because of delivered immediately after hearing the words of the messenger.

Question

“Have you finished your

homework?” he asked.

He wanted to know whether I had finished my

homework.

Whether or if added to deliver the news in the form of yes-no question that has been heard before.

Imperative “Wake up now!”

she shouted.She told me to wake up at that

time.

Now (time) became at that time or then, while the infinitive verb into the reporting command.

Example Changes :

A.Changes In Indirect Speech Tenses In indirect speech and reported speech is preceded by the word said, for example: I said, Jack said or They said. Besides, tenses or forms of time turned into shape over the past time.

Direct Speech Indirect SpeechSimple PresentHe said, “I go to Jakarta every month.”

Simple PastHe said (that) he went to Jakarta every month.

Simple PastHe said,”I went to Jakarta every month.”

Past PerfectHe said (that) he had gone to Jakarta every month.

Present PerfectHe said, “I have gone to Jakarta every month.”

Past PerfectHe said (that) he had gone to Jakarta every month.

Present ContinuousHe said,”I am going to Jakarta every month.”

Past ContinuousHe said (that) he was going to Jakarta every month.

Past ContinuousHe said, “I was going to Jakarta every month.”

Perfect ContinuousHe said (that) he had been going to Jakarta every month.

Future (will)He said,”I will go to Jakarta every month.”

Would + verbHe said (that) he would go to Jakarta every month.

Furure (going to)He said, “I am going to Jakarta every month.”

Past ContinuousHe said (that) he was going to Jakarta every month.

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Direct Speech Indirect Speech

He said,”Go to school every day.” He said,”Wash your face!”The police ordered,”Walk on!”The teacher said,”Don’t be lazy!”

He told me to go to school every day.He told me to wash my face.The police ordered me to walk on.The teacher told me not to be lazy.

B.Indirect Speech With Commands Form of indirect or reported speech changes from the

command line using the word usually said, of toll, and ordered and then followed to the infinitive form.

Direct Speech Indirect SpeechHe told me,”You mustn’t drive a car without a driving licence.”

He told me that I musn’t drive a car without a driving licence.

C.Indirect Speech With Prohibition Form of indirect speech of the sentence changes made must not

ban usually not fixed but must be preceded and followed that + Subject to the auxiliary and verb tenses without changing the (shape of the time).

Direct Speech Indirect SpeechHe said, “Do you go to school every day?”

He asked me whether I went to school every day.

He said, “Where do you go to school?”

He asked me where I went to school.

She asked, “When will they come?”

She asked me when they would come.

D. Indirect Speech By questions Forms of Indirect Speech which is a change from interrogative sentence can be grouped into two: a.IndirectSpeechwithYes-NoQuestion:usuallyusetheword"Whether". b. Indirect Speech by WH Question: Normally use question words that exist in the immediate sentence.

Direct Speech Indirect SpeechCanHe said,”I can go to school every day.”

couldHe said (that) he could go to school every day.

MayHe said,”I may go to school every day.”

mightHe said (that) he might go to school every day.

E. Changes to adverbs, Articles, and modals The change from direct to indirect forms also result in a change in the adverbs, Articles, and certain modals, as follows:

can ---> couldwill ---> wouldhere ---> therenow ---> thennext week ---> the following weekshall ---> shouldmay ---> mightthis ---> thatyesterday ---> the day before