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Draft Structural Floor and Roof Framing Plans
Compression Test
determines behavior of materials under crushing loads
Concrete Slump Test
is an empirical test that measures the workability of fresh concrete
it measures the consistency of the concrete in that specific batch. The test is popular due to the simplicity of apparatus used and sample procedure
Dead Load
refers to all the weight in a structure made up of immovable materials
Framing
is the wood skeleton of a building constructed one level on top of another
Girder
Is the horizontal beam which supports the floor joints
Heel Plate
Is the plate at the end of a truss
Hip Roof
Is a roof with four sloping sides
Jack Rafter
Is a short rafter, usually used on hip roofs
Joist
Is a horizontal structural member that supports the floor system or ceiling system
Lally Column
Is a steel column used to support girders and beams
Pier
Is a block of concrete supporting the floor of a building
Pilaster
Is a decorative column attached to a wall
Piles
Are long posts driven into the soil in swampy locations upon which the foundation footing is laid
Pillar
Is a column used for supporting parts of a structure
Purlins
Are horizontal structure members which hold rafters together
Ridge
Is the top edge of the roof where rafters meet
Slab
Is a foundation reinforced concrete and foundation floor
Span
Is a distance between structural supports
Valley
Is the internal angle formed by two slopes of a roof
Valley Jacks
Is a rafter that run from a ridge board to a valley rafter
Valley Rafters
Is a diagonal rafter forming the intersection of two sloping roofs
Concrete
The structural members of a building are constructed using concrete, which is an artificial stone. It is a result of mixing cement, fine and coarse aggregates and water. This is known as plain concrete. If there is a reinforcement embedded in order that they act together in resisting forces, it is called a reinforced concrete.
Concrete
Concrete is the bonding agent that reacts with water to form a stone-hard substance. It is of two types; hydraulic cement and the Portland cement
Concrete
Joseph Aydin introduced Portland cement in 1824. Portland cement is categorized as to its type, whether for general construction or where high early strength or resistance is required.
Concrete
Pozzolana cement is amorphous silica that that hardens as silica gel by reacting chemically with alkali in water. The name is derived from Pozzolana, Itally where this was found.
Concrete
Water suitable for drinking is satisfactory for concrete mixing. Admixture, on the other hand is a material other than cement that is used as ingredient in concrete, before or during mixing. The ability of concrete to flow freely and fill all voids is known as workability of the concrete mixture. Workability is sometimes described as consistency, plasticity and mobility.
Concrete
Consistency is the degree or wetness or slump while plasticity refers to the ease with which fresh concrete is molded and mobility refers to the flow or movement of the mixture. Concrete should be proportioned correctly to obtain a good mixture required for a particular work. The strength of concrete is measured in its ability to resist stresses such as compressive, tensile flexural and shearing stress.
Concrete Proportion
The right proportioning of the ingredients in concrete provides a balance for economy, workability, strength, durability and appearance.
Class of Mixture
Cement40 kg
Sand Gravel
Cu.Ft. Cu. M. Cu.Ft. Cu. M.
AA 1 1 ½ .043 3 .085A 1 2.0 .057 4 .113B 1 2 ½ .071 5 .142C 1 3.0 .085 6 .170
Concrete
Concrete for building construction is mixed in two different ways:
1)On the job site – hand mixing
Concrete
Concrete for building construction is mixed in two different ways:
2) Ready mixed concrete – by mobile or stationary mixers
Concrete
Concrete hardens or settles at about two or three hours after the concrete has been mixed. The hardening of concrete depends upon the chemical reaction between the cement and water. The building code provides that concrete shall be maintained above 10 degrees Celsius temperature for at least 7 days after placing and three days for high early strength concrete.
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