Drafting technology y3

Unit of Competency: Draft Architectural Layout and Details

Module No.: 1 Module Title: Drafting Architectural Layout and

Details

Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education

PUBLIC TECHNICAL-VOCATIONAL

HIGH SCHOOLS

PUBLIC TECHNICAL-VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOLS

i

AKNOWLEDGEMENT

We, the teachers assigned to work on the Competency Based Curriculum (CBC) and Contextual Learning Material (CLM) and Competency – Based Learning Modules (CBLM) particularly in

TECHNICAL DRAFTING, wish to express our gratitude and appreciation for having been given the chance to take part in this educational breakthrough.

With high hopes we look forward to the improvement of the Technical-Vocational Education of the country through the development of functional materials such of these kinds.

Marikina Hotel Marikina City

May 25-30, 2009

June 5-7, 2009

Technology Writers

Mario S. Gregorio Tagum National Trade School Tagum City, Davao Del Norte

Region XI

Alexander M. Latoga Manuel S. Enverga Memorial School of Arts and Trades Mauban, Quezon

Mirasol F. Dasig San Pedro Relocation Center National High School

San Pedro, Laguna Region IV-A, Calabarzon

Ariel F. Maglalang Assemblywoman Felecita G. Bernardino Memorial Trade School

Lias, Marilao, Bulacan

Conrado C. Casulla

Pangasinan School of Arts and Trades Lingayen, Pangasinan

Region I

Rolando V. Inay

E. Rodriguez Vocational High School Nagtahan,Sampaloc,Manila

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Percival Magaway Cabarroguis Natural School of Arts and Trades

Region II, Quirino

English Teacher

Mercy F. Divina

E. Rodriguez Vocational High School Nagtahan, Sampaloc, Manila

Math Teacher

Emmanuel V. Dionisio Assemblywoman Felecita G. Bernardino Memorial Trade School Lias, Marilao, Bulacan

Science Teacher

Ma. Lenalyn Q. Manzano E. Rodriguez Vocational High School

Nagtahan, Sampaloc, Manila Editorial Specialist

Estrelita Y. Evangelista Ed.D. (Ret.)

CESO VI DepED-Director, BSE

Beatriz A. Adriano Principal III E. Rodriguez Vocational High School

Nagtahan, Sampaloc, Manila

Carolina F. Chavez Principal II Muntinlupa Business High School

Facilitator

Orlando E. Manuel Ph.D. Principal I

Cabarroquis National School of Arts and Trades Gundaway, Cabarroquis, Quirino

Region II

iii

Math Specialist

Jesus L. Huenda Senior Education Program Specialist

DepED-NCR

Encoders Eduardo B. Dicion Jr.

Integrative School of Quezon City U.P. Village, Diliman, Quezon City

Jomel Gail O. Ponce One World Connection

31/F Wynsun Corporate Plaza Ortigas Center, Pasig City

Table of Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT............................................................................. i-iii

DRAFTING TECHNOLOGY ....................................................................... 1

TECHNICAL TERMS .................................................................................... 2

LEARNING OUTCOME 1 ...................................................................... 3-4

INFORMATION SHEET # 1.1 ................................................................. 5-6

ACTIVITY SHEET # 1.1 ............................................................................ 7

SELF CHECK 1.1 ..................................................................................... 8

INFORMATION SHEET # 1.2 ............................................................... 9-27

SELF-CHECK 1.2 ................................................................................... 28

OPERATION SHEET 1.1 ......................................................................... 29

SELF-CHECK # 1.3 ........................................................................... 30-31

LEARNING OUTCOME 2 .................................................................. 32-33

INFORMATION SHEET # 2.1 ............................................................. 34-35

ACTIVITY SHEET # 1.1 .......................................................................... 36

SELF CHECK 2.1 ................................................................................... 37

INFORMATION SHEET 2.2 ................................................................ 38-40

SELF CHECK 2.2 ................................................................................... 41



ACTIVITY SHEET # 3.1 .......................................................................... 49

SELF CHECK 3.1 ................................................................................... 50


ACTIVITY SHEET # 3.2 .......................................................................... 54

SELF CHECK 3.2 ................................................................................... 55

OPERATION SHEET 3.2 .................................................................... 56-62



SELF CHECK 4.1 ................................................................................... 72


SELF CHECK 4.2 ................................................................................... 76


SELF CHECK 4.3 ................................................................................... 82

OPERATION SHEET 4.1 .................................................................... 83-89

SELF CHECK 4.4 .............................................................................. 90-91



INFORMATION SHEET 5.2 .............................................................. 99-104

OPERATION SHEET 5.1 ................................................................ 105-109

SELF CHECK 5.1 ................................................................................. 110

SELF CHECK 5.2 .......................................................................... 111-113

LEARNING OUTCOME 6 .............................................................. 114-115

INFORMATION SHEET 6.1 ............................................................ 116-118

OPERATION SHEET 6.1 ................................................................ 119-121

SELF CHECK 6.1 .......................................................................... 122-124

LEARNING OUTCOME 7 ..................................................................... 125


SELF CHECK 7.1 ................................................................................. 135

OPERATION SHEET 1 ................................................................... 136-138


SELF CHECK 7.2 ................................................................................. 146

OPERATION SHEET 7.2 ................................................................ 147-150

LEARNING OUTCOME 8 .............................................................. 151-152


OPERATION SHEET 8.1 ....................................................................... 157

ANSWER KEY .............................................................................. 158-174

HOW TO USE THIS MODULE

Activities are properly arranged in this module to help you work at your own pace. This module also covers the knowledge, skills, and proper

attitude you need in Technical Drafting. A pre-assessment precedes the learning activities in each module to

determine your level and need.

The learning activity page gives the sequence of the learning task. This page serves as the road map in achieving the desired objectives.

After you accomplished all the tasks required, a post assessment is given to check if you are already competent with the specified learning outcome/s

and be ready for the next task. Definitions of terms are provided in this module for your better

understanding.

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Program/ Course : DRAFTING TECHNOLOGY

Unit of Competency : DRAFT ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT

AND DETAILS

Module Title : Drafting Architectural Layout and Details

INTRODUCTION

Architectural layout and detail drawings are designed to develop the technical skills and technical know-how of the students in architectural

drafting works. Students will learn to interpret and fully understand the standard procedure in layouting and detailing of architectural working plans and drawings.

This module covers how to prepare students learn to draw a

complete set of architectural working drawings.

SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES

Upon completion of this module, you should be able to:

LO1 Plan and prepare for work

LO2 Prepare and set up tools and materials for drawing

LO3 Draft Site Development Plans

LO4 Draft Floor Plans

LO5 Draft Roof Plans

LO6 Draft Ceiling Plans

LO7 Draft Elevations and Sections

LO8 Prepare Presentation Drawings

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TECHNICAL TERMS

Blueprint is a reproduced drawing of architectural plans and layout.

Ceiling is the overhead surface of a room or the material used to line the

surface.

Code is a system of accepted laws and regulations that govern procedure or

behavior in particular circumstances or within a particular profession

Elevation drawing is the exterior and interior works of a building. It is a

perpendicular or upright projection from the floor plan to show

vertical architectural or design details

Floor Plan is an orthographic projection of the floor of a building or a house.

Perspective is a drawing angle from which an object or structure is viewed.

Plan is a drawing or diagram on a horizontal plane of the layout or

arrangement of something.

Revision is an act of changing or revising.

Roof Plan is a roofing plan presenting roof types used.

Scaling refers to enlarging or reducing the drawing using architect’s scale.

Sections are drawings of an object as though they were cut in order to

expose the interior construction.

Site is an area of land available for construction or the lot on which a

building is constructed. A building sites maybe a single lot, a series of lots,

or a subdivision. A lot is a piece of ground of specific size. A subdivision is a

large tract of land that is being developed.

SITE DEVELOPMENT PLAN or Lot Plan refers to the position and the

location of the building with property line, setbacks, approaches,

grade contours, landscape and other pertinent data in relation to

the site.

Working drawing is a finished plan drawing containing complete

information for the workmen.

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Unit of Competency : DRAFT ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT AND

DETAILS


Learning Outcome 1 Plan and prepare for work

Assessment Criteria:

1. Drawing tools, materials, and equipment are identified based on

job requirements.

2. Elements of architectural working drawings are identified and

explained.

3. Work instruction is secured following standard operating

procedures.

4. Blueprint is interpreted according to architectural layout, drawing

or job requirements.

References:

Earnest R. Weidhaas. Architectural Drafting and Design 4th Edition

Paul I. Wallach. Basic Architectural Drafting, 1982

French and Vierck. Engineering Drawing; MacGraw, Hill Book Company,10th

Edition: 1960

Emmanuel P. Cuntapay. Implementing Rules and Regulation of the National

Building Code of the Philippines (PD 1096), 2005

German M. Manaois. Drafting 1 and 2; Phoenix Publishing:1983

Norman Stirling. Introduction to Technical Drawing,Delmar Publishing,

1977

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LEARNING EXPERIENCES/ ACTIVITIES

Learning Outcome 1: Plan and Prepare for Work

Learning Activities Special Instruction

1. Read information sheet no.

1.1 about drawing tools,

materials and equipment.

2. Answer Self-Check no 1.1


1.2 about architectural

working drawings

4. Answer Self-Check 1.2

5. Read Operation Sheet no.

1.2-1.

6. Answer Self-Check 1.2-1


1.2-2 to 1.2-12 about

architectural working

drawings

8. Answer Self-Check 1.2-2 to

12


1.3. about company rules

and regulations and

Standard Operating

Procedures (SOP)

10. Answer Self-Check no. 1.3

Remember important tools, materials and equipment

Try to answer the self-check

Take note of the details of the drawings

Remember architectural abbreviations and symbols

Interpret blueprint reading

Determine tools and

materials used in working drawings

Try to answer the self-check 1.2

Determine tools and



1.2-1

Remember architectural

abbreviations and symbols

Interpret blueprint reading

Determine tools and


Try to answer the self-check 1.2-2 to 12


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INFORMATION SHEET 1.1

LO1 Plan and prepare for work

Review on drafting tools, materials and equipment, their uses and care

Most architectural drafting works generally consist of freehand and

mechanical drawings. As such, the learner must know how to plan and

prepare carefully all drafting tools, materials, and equipment needed for the

required work or job.

It is presumed that all students are already aware on the tools and

materials needed in drafting works considering their prior learning in the

previous year level. However, it is necessary to review their previous learning

to prepare them for higher drafting activity.

Architectural drafting tools, materials and equipment

A. Tools:

1. Drawing pencil

2. Mechanical Pencil

3. Erasing shield

4. Protractor

5. Triangular Scale

6. French curve

7. Penknife or Pencil Sharpener

8. Compass

9. Dusting brush

10. Technical Pen

11. Templates

12. Leroy lettering pen

13. Tape rule/Pull-push rule

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B. Materials:

1. T-square Parallel rule

3. Triangle Drawing paper

4. Tracing paper

5. Masking tape

6. Eraser

7. Sandpaper Block

C. Equipment:

1. Drawing board/table

2. Drawing stool

The importance, uses and maintenance procedure of these

tools, materials and equipment has been discussed in the previous

modules. It is presumed therefore that you are now ready for a series

of drafting activities.

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ACTIVITY SHEET # 1.1

LO1. Plan and prepare for work

Situation:

Group the students into four and allow each group to assign its

leader and reporter. Each group must be provided with one (1) sheet

manila paper and a piece of pentel pen. Gather all the drafting tools

and materials and display them on the table.

Activity:

1. Give 10 minutes to each group to list down on the manila paper all

the displayed tools and materials according to its classifications.

Allow them to discuss its importance and uses in drafting and

drawing activity considering their prior learning in the previous

modules.

2. Another 5 minutes is allotted to each group to report its respective

outputs.

3. Each group is required to evaluate and give comments on the

output of the assigned reporter according to the following criteria:

a. Identification of tools according to each classification………40%

b. Presentation………………………………………………………30%

c. Delivery……………………………………………………………30%

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SELF CHECK 1.1


Directions: Identify what is referred to in each number. Write your answer

on a separate sheet of paper. ______1. An instrument used for drawing vertical and oblique lines.

______2. An instrument used for dividing lines or distance into equal parts.

______3. Used for marking out distances, as well as, measuring purposes.

______4. A flat piece of plastic with standard symbols and used as guide for

drawing images on plans.

______5. Used to hold and fasten drawing paper on the drawing board.

______6. Most common grade of pencil used in architectural drawing.

______7. Used to draw arcs and circles.

______8. Used to draw horizontal lines and serves as guide for triangles.

______9. A thin transparent paper used for reproduction in blueprint.

______10. Instrument used to reduce or enlarge measurement and distances

and for transferring measurement to the drawing paper.

______11. Used in place of the standard drawing board and T-square.

______12. A high technology machine for drawing purposes.

______13. Used to remove smears of pencil and ink lines.

______14. A pen used for inking mechanical lines.

______15. Instrument used for measuring degree angle.

______16. Used to sharpen pencils into desired lead point.

______17. A thin sheet of metal used when erasing pencil and inked lines to

protect other drawing lines.

______18. It helps pencil lead into a conical shape points.

______19. It is used in setting a line degree angle.

______20. Serves as substitute instrument in sharpening a pencil into

desired points.

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ARCHITECTURAL WORKING DRAWINGS

The architectural working drawings together with the specifications

are the most important parts of the documents constituting the contract.

Information on the designs, locations, and dimensions of the elements of a

building is found on the architectural working drawings while information

on the quality of materials and workmanship is found in the specifications.

A good architectural working drawing gives the contractor the exact

information he needs. It should be clear, simple, and orderly arranged, and

accurately drawn so that scaled measurements will match with dimensions.

The finished drawings made by the architect, or draftsman and used

by the contractor are called architectural working drawings. The

architectural working drawings, together with the specifications and the

general conditions, form the legal contract between the owner and the

contractor. Since the working drawings are a major portion of the contract

documents, they should be very carefully drawn.

Students will be able to interpret, identify tools and materials used in

working drawings and fully understand the standard procedure in layouting

and detailing architectural working plans and drawings.

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Elements of Architectural working drawing

A complete architectural working drawing of a house generally includes

the following:

1. Architectural sheets

a. Sheet # 1 - Title page and index (Exterior perspective, site

development plan or plot plan, and vicinity map or location

plan is often included in the plan).

PERSPECTIVE is the view as seen by the eyes or it shows the

appearance of the finished building. This drawing represents the

actual form of the proposed building. (See perspective on the

next page).

SITE DEVELOPMENT PLAN is the outline and measurements

ofthe proposed building and its placement on the property. it

shows the position and the location of the building

withproperty line, setbacks, approaches, grade contours,

landscape and other pertinent data in relation to the site. A site

development plan is drawn using a scale not smaller than

1:200meters. (seesite development plan on the next page.)

LOCATION PLAN is the top view of the site or lot where the

proposed house will be built. It shows the position of the house

inside the lot, the number of the adjacent lots, streets or lanes

before or beside the lot, and the North sign. The location plan is

usually located near the title block. The main line symbol of the

North sign is generally parallel to the side border line of the

drawing paper and points upward.

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Sheet # 1

SAMPLE BLUEPRINT OF A ONE-STOREY HOUSE

12

Title Page and Index generally includes title block, table of

contents, labels, and the name of the duly licensed and

registered Geodetic Engineer who approves the lot survey plans.

Title Block in House Plan

The title block in house plans includes the following

information:

1. Owner’s name

2. Location or address of the proposed house

3. Lot and block numbers

4. Signature of architect or civil engineer who approves the

plan

5. Draftsman’s name or initials

6. Date when plan was drawn or completed

7. Scale as shown

(See title block in sheet #1)

b. Sheet # 2 – Floor plan, of a 2 Storey House. It includes the Ground

Floor Plan and Second Floor Plan) with complete Elevation.

FLOOR PLAN is the top view of the floor area of a house. The

cutting plane line for this top view passes between the upper

and lower window sills. It represents the arrangement of rooms,

doors, windows and other features located in the floor plan.

13

ELEVATION is the front or side view of a building. It shows the

design of the house, height dimension, materials finish and

complete information on specification.

14

Sheet # 3 - Sections, Roof Plan, and Reflected Ceiling Light

15

SECTION is the view showing the inside part of the building

either in cross- section or longitudinal section.

ROOF PLAN is one showing the outline of the roof and the major

object lines indicating ridges, valleys, hips, and openings.

REFLECTED CEILING PLAN is the complete plan design of house

ceiling.

BALUSTER DETAIL is the detail of the vertical railing along a

staircase or balcony railing.

d. Sheet # 4 - Doors and Windows Schedule, Detail of kitchen, and

Detail of Toilet and Bath

DOORS and WINDOWS SCHEDULE is a complete specification

of doors and windows in terms of width, height, types,

materials and quantity.

KITCHEN DETAIL is a drawing of kitchen floor plan with

complete specifications.

TOILET and BATH DETAIL is a drawing of toilet and the floor

plan that shows complete features of toilet and bath.

16

d. Sheet # 4 - Doors and Windows Schedule, Detail of kitchen,

17

ARCHITECTURAL ABBREVIATIONS:

BALCONY – BALC

BATHROOM – B

BEDROOM – BR

MASTER BEDROOM - MBR

LIVING ROOM – LR

DINING ROOM – DR

KITCHEN – K

LAVATORY – LAV

TOILET & BATH – T & B

BUILDING – BLDG

BUILT-IN – BLT-IN

CABINET – CAB

CEILING LINE – CL

ELEVATION – ELEV.

SECTION – SEC.

FLOOR – FLR

CONCRETEHOLLOW

BLOCKS – CHB

CORRUGATED – CORR

CEMENT – CEM

BOTH WAYS – B.W.

ON CENTER - OC

DOWN – DN

METER – M

MILIMETER – MM

AT - @

DOWN SPOUT –DS

VERTICAL – VERT.

NOT TO SCALE – NTS

FLOOR LINE – FL

GROUND LINE – GL

FINISH FLOOR LINE –

FFL

FINISH GROUND LINE-

FGL

Architectural Symbols

Familiarizing all the architectural symbols is a prerequisite for all

students in architecture and drafting technology programs considering that

their future works will be on the architectural activity. It would be difficult

for them to interpret drawing or blueprint unless they have familiarized all

the architectural symbols.

The following illustrations are the architectural symbols:

a. Doors and windows symbols that are shown in the floor plan.

18

b. Doors and windows symbols that used to represent doors on floor

plans and elevation drawings

19

c. Door, window and staircase symbols that are shown in the

elevation plans.

20

2. Structural Sheet

a. Sheet # 5 - Foundation plan, Roof Framing Plan, Truss Detail, and

Column/Footing/Beam Schedules

21

FOUNDATION PLAN a structural excavation plan of footings and walls of a

building.

ROOF FRAMING PLAN a structural framing plan of the roof plan with

complete specification.

TRUSS DETAIL a complete structural detail of a common or typical truss of

a building.

COLUMN/FOOTING/BEAM SCHEDULE a complete specification of column,

footings, and beam in terms of sizes, materials and quantity.

b. Sheet # 6 - Detail of Footings, Construction Notes and General

Notes

FOOTINGS a part of foundation directly supporting the column or post of a

house. A detail drawing of building footings with specific

requirements.

CONSTRUCTION NOTES a sub-complete detail of wall footings, lintels,

beams, and other required structural features to present in the plan.

GENERAL NOTES a complete specification and legend of structural features

presented in the plan.

22

Sheet # 6 - Detail of Footings, Construction Notes and General Notes

23

3. Plumbing Plan/Layout

a. Sheet # 7 - Water and Sewage System Plan

24

Plumbing Plan is the complete drawing detail of water and sewage

distribution.

Water System Plan is the drawing of flow of water in the house from main

water source.

Sewage System Plan is the drawing flow of sewage from the house

to main canal and septic tank.

Sheet # 8 - Storm Drainage System, and Septic Tank Detail

25

Storm Drainage System shows the flow of water waste from the

lavatory, floor drain, and downspout from roof to storm drainage.

Septic Tank it is the depository of human excreta and a drainage

reservoir for all washing done in the kitchen and bathroom. The

main section of septic tank is the digestive chamber and the

leaching well.

4. Electrical Plan

Sheet # 9 - Lighting layout, Power and Auxiliary layout, Location

plan, Panel board Detail, Load Schedules and Specifications

Electrical Plan a plan consists of lighting plan, power layout and

specification details of the house.

Lighting layout an electrical plan that shows the flow of house lightings

Power & auxiliary layout an electrical plan that shows the flow of

convenience outlet and other auxiliary outlet in the floor plan.

26

Sheet # 9 - Lighting layout, Power and Auxiliary layout, Location

plan, Panel board Detail, Load Schedules and Specifications

27

ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS USED:

ACU – AIR CONDITIONING UNIT

WHEATHER PROOF OUTLET – OWP

M –METER -

CB – CIRCUIT BREAKER/ PANEL BOARD – PB -

28

SELF-CHECK 1.2


A. Identification.

Directions. Identify what is referred to in each number and write your

answer on a separate sheet of paper.

______1. A drawing sheet that contains perspective, site development title,

page and sheet index.

______2. A drawing of the lot showing the setback and development of the

house in relation to the lot.

______3. The top view of the site or lot where the proposed house will be

built.

______4. Generally includes title block, table of contents, and labels for

signs and sealed of the duly licensed and registered professionals

in the plans.

______5. He signs in the lot survey plans.

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OPERATION SHEET 1.1


ARCHITECTURAL WORKING DRAWINGS

After all the drawings are performed, it is also necessary to expose the

student in tracing activity. This activity is commonly applied in industry

especially in the reproduction of the architectural plans. All drafting works

must be done first in the preliminary process using sketching sheet. The

final outputs are those drawings which are done through tracing activity.

Below is a activity on tracing the drawing.

Steps in tracing architectural working drawing sheet no. # 1:

1. Prepare all tools and materials needed.

2. Fasten sheet #1 and tracing paper on drawing board. Be sure it is aligned

horizontally by the T-square and aligned vertically with the triangle.

3. Trace border lines using T-square, 300 x 600 triangle, and technical pen

point 0.8-1.0.

3. Trace all the labels in title block and index using technical pen point 0.3 –

0.6.

4. Trace first all vertical lines using big triangle 300 x 600. Follow all

horizontal lines using T-square before tracing all the curved and irregular

curved lines using French curved instrument or templates.

5. Trace all the labels and dimensions using technical pen point 0.1-0.4.

6. Finalize the drawing by checking and erasing all unnecessary lines.

30

SELF CHECK 1.3

A. Identification

Direction: Identify the following architectural abbreviations:

1. Elev.____________ 6. FLR. ____________

2. FFL. ____________ 7. GL. ____________ 3. DN ____________ 8. NTS ____________ 4. O.C ____________ 9. FL ____________

5. CHB ____________ 10. @ ____________

B. Enumeration

1. Give at least 2 specification features found in the roof plan, 6

features in sections, and 2 features from reflected ceiling plan.

Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

2. Give at least 3 specification features in drawing doors and

windows schedule, 3 main features in kitchen detail, and 4

features from toilet and bath details. Write your answer on a

separate sheet of paper.

3. Give at least 5 specification features in foundation plan, 5

features in roof framing plan, and 5 features from truss

detailing, and 5 features in column/footings/beam schedules.


C. Direction: Identify the following architectural symbols:

1. 2. 3. ____________________ ___________________ ________________

4. 5. 6.

_____________________ ___________________ _________________

7. 8. 9.

_____________________ ___________________ __________________

10.

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Performance Assessment

Scoring Rubrics

Criteria Score (Tick the corresponding pts.)

Accuracy 50 45 40

Speed 10 6 8

Neatness 25 20 15

Lettering/Labeling 15 12 10 8

Total Performance Criteria: Accuracy

50 pts - the output is accurately done. 45 pts - two to five errors are observed on the output. 40 pts. - six to ten errors are observed on the output.

Speed

10 pts - the output is done 2 hours before the time. 8 pts - the output is done on time. 6 pts. - the output is done after the allotted time.

Neatness

25 pts. - has no error. 20 pts - has two to three erasures. 15 pts - has four or more erasures

Lettering/Labeling

15 pts. - all pieces of information are completely indicated and legibly printed in gothic letters or mechanical lettering.

12 pts. - all pieces of information are legibly printed but some are missing.

10 pts. - all pieces of information are legibly printed but some are missing and misspelled.

8 pts. - pieces of information are not legibly printed and words are missing misspelled.

32

Program/ Course : TECHNICAL DRAFTING


DETAILS


Learning Outcome 2. Prepare and set up tools and materials for

drawing

Assessment Criteria

1. Drawing tools, materials, and equipment are selected and prepared

according to job requirements

2. Working drawing tools, materials and equipment are properly set

up according to standard procedure.

3. Company rule, regulations and SOP are properly discussed.

References:

Earnest R. Weidhaas. Architectural Drafting and Design 4th edition

Paul I. Wallach. Basic Architectural Drafting, 1982

French and Vierck. Engineering Drawing; MacGraw, Hill Book Company,10th

editon: 1960

Emmanuel P. Cuntapay. Implementing Rules and Regulations of the

Philippines (PD 1096), 2005


Norman Stirling. Introduction to Technical Drawing; Delmar Publishing:

1977

33


Learning Outcome 2: Prepare and set-up tools and materials for drawing


1. Read information sheet no. 2.1

about drawing tools, materials and

equipment

2. Answer Self-Check 2.1

3. Read information sheet no. 2.2

about procedure for setting-up

drawing equipment

4. Answer Self Check 2.2

Take note of the details

Remember important tools,

materials and equipment

Try to answer the self check

Answer the self check

34


LO2.1 Drawing tools, materials and equipment

This lesson is only a review of your prior learning in technical drawing

particularly on the proper use and care of drawing tools, materials and

equipment. The purpose of this discussion is to allow the students review

and recall its importance in the Drafting Technology works.

The Importance of Drawing tools, materials and equipment

a. Drawing/Drafting tools

These refer to the sets of tools that are used in all drafting works or

activities especially if the activity requires mechanical presentation. Prior to

the start of drafting activity, it is expected therefore that all drawing tools

needed must be available in the work station to ensure that the assigned

task can be accomplished according to customers or client’s standard.

The following are the common drafting tools

1. Drafting Table/Drawing Board (24” x 36” /0.61cm x 0.91cm)

2. T-Square (36” /0.915 cm. length)

3. Triangles -300 x 600 and 400 x 450 ((@ least 0.30 each length)

4. Triangular Scale – 1:100, 1:75 in range

5. Technical Pens/G-Tech pen/Pilot pen – (From point: 0.0, 0.1,

0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0)

6. Pencil Sharpener or Pen knife

7. Drawing Templates – Circular templates, Furniture template,

Ellipse template,

8. Protractor (medium size)

9. Dusting Brush

10. Sand paper pad (fabricated fine coarse sand paper

attached to wood or board pad)

35

11. Erasing shield

12. Pull-push rule

13. Drafting Light

b. Drawing/Drafting Materials

These are sets of consumable items that are specifically used in

drafting works or activities. The draftsman cannot perform his drafting task

without these items.

The following are the required materials needed in drafting works:

1. Bond Paper (short and Long)

2. Tracing paper

3. A4 drawing paper

4. Drawing pencil – HB, F, 2H

5. Mechanical pencil – point 0.3, 0.5

6. Pen and Ink Eraser

7. Masking Tape

8. Ink (Staedler/Rotring)

9. Cartolina Paper

c. Equipment

These items are also essential in producing quality drafting

output especially if the assigned task requires mechanical

manipulation. Although, these items are so expensive, however, these

are important in making the drawing output presentable and

convincing to the clients.

The following are some of the equipment needed in drafting task:

1. Drafting machine

2. Leroy Lettering Pen

3. Computer

36



Situation:

Randomly select fifteen (15) students from the class for a

required activity relative to tools, materials and equipment

identification. Group them into three (3) groups and allow them to

choose their respective group leader. Put a long table that could

conveniently accommodate several sets of drawings tools and

materials in drafting.

Activity:

1. In line formation, let the three groups to fall in line at least 2

meters distance from the table where sets of tools and materials

are displayed.

2. Give 10 minutes for each group to perform the activity by requiring

each member of the three group to come forward as fast as he can

and immediately pick any tools from the table.

3. Demonstrate a non-verbal description that best explains the use of

such tools or materials. (See to it that all members are given the

opportunity to do the same as what had been done by the first

member).

4. The students who were not included in the activity shall evaluate

the performance of each group.

Note: The group that will be declared champion shall be given 25

points credit per member. While the second and third placers

shall be given 20 and 15 points respectively.

37

SELF CHECK 2.1

Direction. Enumerate the following. Write the answer on a separate sheet of

paper.

A. Five most common tools in drafting architectural layout and details

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

B. Four most needed materials in architectural layout and details.

1.

2.

3.

4.

C. List three important equipment needed in layouting Architectural

details

1.

2.

3.

38



Procedure in Setting up Drawing tools, Materials and Equipment and

standard procedure

In preparation for a required task in drawing architectural layout and

details, a draftsman should plan, prepare, and select tools and materials for

a particular planning layout. This is to ensure the correct setting of

standard procedure and accuracy of drawing plans. Some of the key tools

used in drafting architectural plans are described and illustrated in this

learning Outcome.

The drawing tools, materials and equipment are very expensive items,

however these are important in all drafting tasks. Considering its cost and

value in drafting activity, it is also important to take care and maintain its

usability.

With this, the following considerations are strictly emphasized as

Standard Operating Procedure during and after the utilization of the drafting

tools, materials and equipment:

a. Before the start of drafting activity:

1. Select the tools, materials and equipment which are needed in

the assigned task.

2. Properly set up the required tools and materials in a place

which is convenient for you to move and execute your work.

3. Clean the table and tools, see to it that these are free from the

dust and other elements that would cause damage to your work.

4. Wash your hand with clean water.

39

b. Activity proper:

1. Perform the activity by following the standard operating

procedure per job requirement.

2. Properly manipulate all the tools and equipment that are

used in the activity.

3. In case of meeting an errors or mistakes along the way of

activity ( for instance misprinting of lines, letters, and other

forms of mistakes) use appropriate eraser for a particular

mistakes.

c. After the activity:

1. Submit your output to your teacher for checking

2. Check all the tools and materials to ensure that nothing has

lost.

3. Return the tools and materials to the assigned tool keeper for

safekeeping.

4. Withdraw your borrower’s card from the tool keeper to as

document that you have returned the borrowed tools and

materials.

5. Clean your work station before leaving.

Other important Practices that must be observed in the work station or

work place

There are important practices that must be observed in the work

setting. The following are:

1. Observe safety precautions:

a. Never smoke inside the work station

b. Never use any tools and equipment without having it clean first.

c. Avoid talking with your co-students during working period.

d. Always turn off the lights, air condition, ceiling fan, computer

units, and other equipment before leaving the work station.

40

e. Maintain cleanliness in the work station.

f. Use tools and equipment properly.

2. Observe punctuality of attendance.

3. Avoid making quarrel with your co-students.

4. Observe and practice the value of respect.

5. Return the borrowed tools and equipment on time.

6. Observe and practice proper disposal of waste.

41

SELF CHECK 2.2

Directions: Enumerate the following. Write the answers on a separate sheet

of paper

A. Identify five drafting tools and materials to be prepared before

drawing.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

B. Give at least five steps for fastening the drawing paper.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

C. Cite at least five steps in setting-up drafting tools, materials and

equipment.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

42



DETAILS


Learning Outcome 3 : Draft Site Development Plan

Nominal Duration : 10 hours


1. Technical description of lot is drawn according to approved lot

survey.

2. Building blueprint is drawn according to architectural drafting

standards

3. National Building Code and Architectural Standards are properly

observed according to job specification

4. Dimension lines, dimensions and drawing titles are indicated

according to architectural drafting standards.

5. Drafting tools and equipment are used according to architectural

drafting standards.

References:

Earnest R. Weidhaas. Architectural Drafting and Design, 4th edition, 1987

Paul I. Wallach. Basic Architectural Drafting,1982

French and Vierck. Engineering Drawing, 10th edition; MacGraw, Hill Book

Company,10th editon: 1960


National Building Code of the Philippines (PD 1096), 2005


Norman Stirling. Introduction to Technical Drawing; Delmar Publishing;

1977

43


Learning Outcome 3. Draft Site Development


1. Read Information Sheet no.

3.1 about site development

plan

2. Answer Self Check no 1


3.2 about lot mensuration

and plotting

4. Answer Self Check no 3.2.

5. Read Operation 3.2





Perform operation 3.1

44


LO3 DRAFT SITE DEVELOPMENT PLAN

SITE DEVELOPMENT PLAN is the outline and measurements of the

proposed building and its placement on the property.

This shows the position and the location of the building with

property line, setbacks, approaches, grade contours, landscape

and other pertinent data in relation to the site. A site development

plan is drawn using a scale not smaller than 1:200meters.

SITE DEVELOPMENT PLAN

45

SITE is an area of land available for construction or the lot on which a

building is constructed. Building site maybe a single lot, a series of

lots, or a subdivision. A lot is a piece of ground of specific size. A

subdivision is a large tract of land that is being developed.

PLANNING CONSIDERATION IN DEVELOPING THE SITE

Location of a proposed house on the lot. The location of the house

must be considered in order to determine the locations of the rooms and

the house itself on the lot. Some lots are located on swampy grounds

and others on hilly or rugged terrain. Still others are sited near rivers,

highways, streets and squatter areas. The front part of the house

generally faces the street or away from ugly views like the back parts of

neighboring houses, a swampy area, and thick bushes.

Many want their bedrooms to face the sunrise – which is, on the

eastern side of the lot. Others, especially those who work at night, prefer

their bedrooms located on the west side. The breeze at the site may

determine the location of the living room and toilet or bathrooms. The

height of the flood waters in the locality should also be considered in

determining the distance of the first floor from the ground. This is

especially true in low areas. In high locations the floor may be 20 cm.

only from the ground level.

As earlier mentioned the house may be located at the center of the lot.

Or one of its sides may be exactly on a lot line or fence. In this case, a

firewall which is made of concrete, adobe, and concrete hollow blocks

should be constructed on this side of the house.

Like and dislikes of the family member. This factor is usually

considered when the family is rich and can afford to pay for the services

of an architect or draftsman. Before he designs the house, the architect

or draftsman has to first interview the members of the family to get

information about their interests, hobbies, and the like. From such

interviews, he will get to know whether the family wants a library or

study room, a social hall, a playroom, a music room, a swimming pool, a

46

carport or garage, servant’s quarters, a driver’s room, a landscaped

garden, a balcony, and a roof garden.

Property Lines are those lines working outside of the lot area.

Setback refers to the distance at how far a building can be built within the

property lines.

Zoning refers to the legal restrictions on size, location, and type of

structures to be built on a designated area.

47

Zoning Laws

One major area covered by building code is the zoning laws. Zoning

laws are designed to keep different areas of a community from interfering

with each other. In some cities or towns, separate areas are set aside for

specific uses. Examples are residential, commercial, and industrial. These

are established and protected by zoning laws.

In addition, zoning laws establish standards for construction in different sizes and uses.

One of the first things an architect must do before designing a

building is to read the building codes. The intended use of the building

has to be within the limits of zoning laws. Also, the size of the lot must be

large enough to meet the requirements.

Building Code are local laws that set standard for structural design within the community.

This is a collection of local laws that regulate the building of homes and other structures. These legal requirements are intended to protect the safety and health of the people who live and work in the

buildings. They regulate restrictions concerning the construction of buildings to provide safety to the occupants.

All constructions in an area must meet the requirements of

building codes. Some of the designs and construction features covered

by building codes include:

Qualifications of persons who can design building within the area. Structural design that can be used Lot sizes for certain types of buildings

Types and sizes of materials that can be used.

48

National Building Code Rules:

1. For one-storey wooden or frame house, the height of the floor plan from the ground should not be less than 1.50 m.

2. Walls with window opening should not be less than 2.00 m. from the

lot line of fence. In other words, adjacent houses should not be at

least 4.00 m. from each other.

3. The front part of a house should not be less than 3.00 m. from the lot

line along the street.

4. No windows should be constructed along a wall of a house if this wall is flush with or exactly on the lot line.

49


LO3. DRAFT SITE DEVELOPMENT PLAN

Situation:

Group the students into four. Assign leader to each group. Each

group must be provided with ½ sheets of manila paper, T-square,

triangle, pencil and a piece of pentel pen. Leader of the group will

draw lots for different shapes;

Activity:

1. Each group will draw the assigned shape in a ½ sheet of manila

paper using the provided tools. Imagine that it is a big drawing of a

residential lot. All the side lines will be label as property lines.

2. As a residential lot, it needs to put the following inside and outside

of the lot:

a. A setback space from all the sides of the lot to produce lot

occupancy.

b. One or two streets along the sides of the lot.

c. Pick an appropriate roofing’s for the lot occupancy.

d. Draw the gate entrance assuming the front of the lot adjacent to

the street constructed.

3. Each group is required to evaluate and give comments on the

output of the assigned leader according to the following criteria:

a. Functionality………40% b. Presentation……....30% c. Reporting…………...30%

Total 100%

50

SELF CHECK 3.1

Directions: Identify what is referred to in each number. Write your answer

on a separate sheet of paper. ______1. The outline and measurements of the proposed building and its

placement on the property.

______2. It refers to the legal restrictions on size, location, and type of

structures to be built on a designated area.

______3. A piece of ground of specific size.

______4. These local laws that set standard for structural design within the

community.

______5. These are designed to keep different areas of a community from interfering with each other.

______6. It is a space requirement from the lot line along the street.

______7. It refers to the distance at how far a building can be built within the

property lines.

______8. It is a space requirement of walls with window opening from the lot line of fence.

______9. It is a space requirement to each other of adjacent houses according to NBC.

______10. Lines which are working the outside of the lot area.

51


LO3 DRAFT SITE DEVELOPMENT PLAN

LOT MENSURATION AND PLOTTING

Types of Lot

1. Inside lot Is a lot surrounded on each side by other lots 2. Through lot is a lot having frontage on two public streets or highways

3. Corner lot is a lot with at least two adjacent sides meeting on a corner of two streets.

4. Open lot is a lot bounded on all sides by streets or pathways Percentage of Lot Occupancy

1. Every building, except those especially mentioned in the building

ordinance, shall be limited in its occupancy. Limitation of Lot Occupancy

a. To secure natural light and ventilation b. For better fire protection

2. Limits of Lot Occupancy

Domestic building on inside lot - 70% Domestic building on corner lot - 90% Non-Domestic building on inside lot - 90%

Non-domestic building on corner lot - 95%

Measurement of Lot Occupancy 1. Measurement of lot occupancy shall be taken at ground level 2. Items not included in measurements:

a. Court b. Yard c. Light well

(Light Well - same as close court only, it has no passages it is used only for illumination and ventilation. Doors are used only

for maintenance.)

Open Court Close Court

52

Lot Plotting

Protractor is an instrument graduated in angular degrees for measuring and laying out angles.

Types of Protractor

Half Circle Type (3600)

Note: It is suggested that diameter of protractor is not less than 4”. Bigger protractors are naturally accurate.

Units of Protractor

Full Circle contains 4 quadrants

One quadrant - 900 (degrees) One degree – 60’ (minutes)

One minute – 60” (seconds)

How to use Protractor

1. ZERO CENTER the protractor on given point of desired angle. 2. ALIGN 0-AXIS (base of protractor) against one side of desired

angle.

3. MARK OFF desired angle at the edge of protractor (start reading from 0-degree)

O - Origin

O - Origin 900

00 Half Circle Type (1800) 900

00 1800

2700

900

53

900

00

Mark off 0- Degree

Desired angle

H-axis

O-axis of protractor

V-axis

1800

O - Origin

Setting the Protractor

Procedure in Lot Plotting

1. NORTH is always to be pointed vertical up with respect to the paper.

2. Bearing is read, plotted and marked off directly as, DUE NORTH, DUE

SOUTH, DUE WEST, or DUE EAST

3. PLOTTING starts with point 1 and ends with point 1

4. Compass axes North-South and West-East are zeroed in each point and

bearing marked off.

5. DRAFTING PRACTICES IN LOT PLOTTING

a. All drawings and labels are inked.

b. Use only standard plotting paper if submitted as part of Contract

Document

c. Lot points are represented by small circle and point no. indicated

near it within the lot whenever possible

d. Bearing and Magnitude are centered to lot line and within the lot

whenever possible

NOTE: Bearing and Magnitude must be written and readable from

South West quadrant.

e. Lot No. and Block No. are written at the center of lot.

f. Subdivision streets are indicated as Street Lot No. ____. It is

directly centered and parallel to respective streets

g. Scale is indicated under the NORTH symbol for non-documentary

work and proper position for documentary Plotting Paper

54


LO3. Lot mensuration and Plotting

Direction: A. Given the following diagram. Mark-off bearings using

protractors by applying the procedures in lot plotting and measure the lot

line using ruler.

Scale: 1cm : 1m

°

Direction:B. Draw the following bearing magnitude with corresponding

distance using ruler and protractor. Scale: 1cm.=1m.

a. N 15°30’ E, 7m

b. E 48°40’ S, 11m

c. W 25°20’ N, 7m

d. S 49°50’ W, 9m

e. Start at point 1, N150 30’ E, 7m., point 2, E 150 25’S, 9m, point

3, S 450 36’ W, 8m., point 4 connect to point 1. Get the

measurement and bearing magnitude of pt. 1-4.

S

Position of a Protractor

North


South

N

East W


N

W

S

N

E


S

N

NW NE

SE SW

W E

S

55

SELF CHECK 3.2

Directions: Enumerate the following. Write the answer on a separate sheet of

paper.

A. Different types of lot.

1.

2.

3.

B. Three (3) steps in using protractor in plotting the lot.

4.

5.

6.

C. Units of protractor in drawing a Lot Plan.

10.

11.

12.

D. Three (3) drafting practices in lot plotting

13.

14.

15.

56

OPERATION SHEET 3.2

LO3. Procedure in drawing a Site Development Plan:

1. Draw the given property lines of the lot using T-square, triangles,

triangular scale and protractor. Given: 12.25 m. x 16.75 m.

Scale: 1: 100m.

2. Indicate dimensions of lot including bearing magnitude.

3. Lot points are represented by small circle and point no. indicated

within the lot whenever possible.

4. Locate lot center. Analyze the lot shapes, streets, adjacent lots and

consider the lot plan guides when designing areas of occupancy.

N 350 40’ E., 12.25 m.

W 6

00 2

5’ S

., 1

6.7

5

m.

SMALL CIRCLE

57

5. Plan and measure the setbacks of all corners of the lot plan

N 350 40’ E., 12.25 m.

W 6

00 2

5’ S

., 1

6.7

5

m.

Setback sample

2.00 m. 2.00 m.

setback

setb

ack

setb

ack

setb

ack

Setb

ack s

am

ple

58

6. Draw and finalized design of occupancy plan.

setback

2.0 m. 2.50 m.

setback

setb

ack

setb

ack

setb

ack setb

ack

W 6

00 2

5’ S

., 1

6.7

5 m

.

N 350 40’ E., 12.25 m.

LOT OF OCCUPANCY

59

7. Draw the desired roof type on the occupancy plan.

setback

2.0 m. 2.50 m.

setback

setb

ack

setb

ack

setb

ack

setb

ack

W 6

00 2

5’ S

., 1

6.7

5 m

.

N 350 40’ E., 12.25 m.

60

10. Indicate all symbols required in the plot plan.

11. Indicate the perimeter dimensions including compass direction.

12. Indicate the necessary utility line to be shown in the plot plan.

13. Letter all the labels required.

14. Indicate the scale used.

15. Finalize the drawing.

SITE DEVELOPMENT PLAN

SCALE: 1:100 M.

N

61

A. Drawing Problem

Directions: Draw the site of a given survey lot below. Use appropriate tools

and materials.

Given:

Use scale 1:100 meter.

Start from point no. 1, N 440 33’E’, 197.38M., from point 1., S790 00’W;

6.55 M. point 2, from 2, N 100 21’ W; 17.04M. point 3, from point 3, N780

25’ E; 6.51 M. point 4, point 4, S 100 30’ E; 17.11 M. point 5.


Scoring Rubrics


Accuracy

50

45

40

Speed

10

6

8

Neatness

25

20

15

Lettering/Labeling

15

12

10

8

Total

Performance Criteria:

62

Accuracy

50 pts - the output is accurately done.

45 pts - two to five errors are observed on the output.

40 pts. - six to ten errors are observed on the output.

Speed

10 pts - the output is done 2 hours before the time.

8 pts - the output is done on time.

6 pts. - the output is done after the allotted time.

Neatness

25 pts. - has no error.

20 pts - has two to three erasures.

15 pts - has four or more erasures

Lettering/Labeling

15 pts. - all pieces of information are completely indicated and legibly printed

in gothic letters or mechanical lettering.

12 pts. - all pieces of information are legibly printed but some are

missing.


missing and misspelled.

8 pts. - pieces of information are not legibly printed and words are


Program/ Course : TECHNICAL DRAFTING

63

Unit of Competency : DRAFT ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT

AND DETAILS


LO4 Draft Floor Plan

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA

1. Drafting tools are used according to architectural practices

2. Walls, windows and doors, fixtures and fittings are drawn according to

architectural design standards

3. Grid and dimension lines are drawn according to architectural design

standards

4. Metric scale is used according to the magnitude of plans to be drafted.

5. Letterings and labels are indicated according to drafting standards.

References:

Giesecke, Mitchell, and Spencer. Technical Drawing, Macmillan Company,

1999.

Donald Hepler, Paul I. Wallach, Architecture Drafting and Design, fifth

edition, 1986

Donald Hepler, Paul I. Wallach, Architecture Drafting and Design, fourth

edition, 1988

French and Vierck. Engineering Drawing, 10th edition, MacGraw, Hill Book

Company, 1988

German M. Manaois. Drafting 1 and 2, Phoenix Publishing, 1983

Max B. Fajardo Jr., Planning and Designers Handbook, Second Edition

The National Building Code of the Philippines and its Implementing Rules

and Regulations.


64

Learning Outcome 4: Draft Floor Plan



4.1 about floor plan features.

2. Answer self-check no. 4.1 to

test your knowledge about floor

plan features.


4.2 about use of appropriate

scale.


test your knowledge about

the use of appropriate scale.

5. Read information no. 4.3 to


architectural drafting

standards



architectural drafting

standards.

7. Read operation sheet no. 4.1

about the steps in drawing a

floor plan.

8. Answer self check no. 4.4.

Try to answer the self check.



Try to perform the self check.


65

L.4. FLOOR PLAN FEATURES

Floor Plan

Floor plan is the top cross-sectional view of the floor area of a house.

The horizontal cutting plane line for this top view passes between the upper

and lower window sills or one meter above the floor line. It shows the size

and arrangement of the rooms. It also presents the sizes and locations of the

stairs, door and windows openings, and partitions and walls. Sometimes it

includes the kind of furnishings in each room. However, the materials

required for constructing permanent or integral parts of each room such as

bedroom closets, kitchen cabinets, etc., should also be accounted for in the

bill of materials.

In multi-storey buildings, a separate floor plan is drawn for each floor

level when the layout of the room is not in each floor. However, when two or

A A

B

B

FLOOR PLAN

SCALE: 1:100 M.

EAVE LN..

66

more floor levels have the same arrangement and features, one typical floor

plan representing all the identical floors will suffice to be drawn.

Room Requirements and pointers in planning a floor plan

1. Living Room is the center of the living area in most homes. It should

be centrally located and should be adjacent to the outside entrance

and to the dining area, but the entrance should not lead directly into

the living room. Recommended sizes should be at least 2.00m x 3.00

small, 3.7m. x 5.5m. average or optimum size would be 6.1 x 7.9 m. in

rectangular shape.

2. Bedroom is a room for sleeping and taking rest of the family. Ideal

number of rooms for low cost housing should be two bedrooms,

master’s bedroom and bedroom. Preferably, there should be a toilet

and bath in master’ bedroom and a built-in cabinets or closets.

3. Dining Area is the area where greatly depend on eating habits of the

occupants. This should be located between the living room and

kitchen.

Its size and shape are determined by the size of the family.

4. Kitchen is the place for preparation of food and connecting the work

triangle area for storage and mixing center, preparation and cleaning

center and cooking center. There should be a storage hanging kitchen

cabinet with a minimal width of 0.60 meter.

Types of Kitchen

67

1. U-shaped kitchen

68

2. . L-shaped type

3. Corridor type

69

5. Bathroom is where the toilet and tub or shower are separated to save

economically in plumbing. As much as possible keep the toilet near

70

the kitchen. The bath and toilet must be near the bedrooms,

accessible to the living room even without passing through other

rooms. The toilet and bath are generally located between bedrooms. In

a two-storey residential house, the bedrooms, toilet, and bath are

often located on the second floor. In this case, the stair must go up

from the living room or hall if there is any. The stair is generally L or

U-shaped and has a landing.

Bathroom Doors and Windows Bathroom door could be small as 55-

60 cm. except for utility bathroom which requires not less than 70.cm.

wide to allow passage of equipment as required. In general, bathroom

wall contain only one door.

6. Entrances Entrance is divided into several different types; the main

entrance, the service entrance, and the special- purpose entrance. The

entrance is composed of an outside waiting area like the porch,

marquee or lanai and an inside waiting area like foyer or entrance

hall. It provides for and controls the flow of traffic into and out of a

building.

The main entrance provides access to the house. It is the one through which

guests are welcomed and from which all major traffic patterns radiate. The

main entrance should be readily identifiable. It should provide shelter to

anyone awaiting entrance.

The service entrance provides access to the house through which supplies

can be delivered to the service areas going through other parts of the house.

It should also provide access to parts of the service area like the garage,

laundry or workshop.

The special-purpose entrances and exits do not provide for outside traffic.

Instead they provide for movement from the inside living area of the house

to the outside living areas. A sliding door from the living area to the patio is

71

a special-purpose entrance. It is not an entrance through which street,

drive, or sidewalk traffic would have an access.

7. Garage and Carports.

A garage is an enclosed structure designed primarily to shelter an

automobile. It maybe used for many secondary purposes – as a

workshop, as a laundry, or for storage space. It is usually attached to

the house in some manner to provide a sheltered entry.

A carport is a garage with one or more of the exterior walls removed. It

may consist of a free-standing roof completely separate from the

house, or it may be built against the existing walls of the house.

SELF CHECK 4.1

72

LO4.1 Floor Plan features

Direction: A. Multiple Choice: Read each item carefully. Choose the letter of

the answer and write it on a separate sheet of paper.

1. A part of the house where sometimes used for eating and relaxing.

a. porch b. living area c. bedroom d. dining area

2. It provides for and controls the flow of traffic into and out of a

building.

a. special purpose exit b. door c. entrance d. exit door

3. This room is generally located between the bedrooms.

a. Bathroom b. dining area c. kitchen d. foyer

4. This has an access to kitchen and living room.

a. Bathroom b. dirty kitchen c. dining hall d. dining area

B. Enumeration: Identify the following.

a. Types of kitchen

5.

6.

7.

b. Fixtures in kitchen “work triangle”.

8.

9.

10.


73

LO4. Use of appropriate scale in drawing a Floor Plan

Scales

The architectural draftsman normally uses an architect’s scale for reducing

and enlarging the scale size measurement. There are two system of

measurement, Metric system and English system.

Metric System

74

Always remember that the smallest the number used in metric scale,

the bigger the size in the triangular scale whereas, the largest the number

used the smallest size of actual measurement.

1:05 m. 1: 100 m.

1:10 m. 1: 200 m.

1:20 m. 1: 300 m.

1: 30 m. 1: 400 m.

1: 40 m. 1: 500 m.

1: 50 m. 1: 600 m.

1:75 m. 1:1000m.

Note: The scale of 1:1000 m. or more is being used in Lot Plan and other

topographical drawings.

Full size scale

The 1:1 is a full size scale and each division measures 1 mm. in width

with the numbering of the calibrations at 10mm intervals. This same scale

is convenient for ratios of 1:10, 1:100, and 1:1000

Half size Scale

The 1:2 is one-half size scale and each division is equals to 2 mm.

with the calibration numbering at 20-unit intervals. In addition, this scale is

convenient for ratios of 1:20, 1:200, and 1:2000.

ARCHITECTURAL USE OF METRIC SCALE

75

USE RATIO COMPARISON TO 1 METER

CITY MAP 1:2500

1:1250

0.4 mm. equals to 1 M.


PLAT PLANS 1:500

1:200

12 mm. equals to 1 M.


PLOT PLANS 1:100

1: 80


12.5 mm. equals to 1M.

FLOOR PLANS

1:75

1:50

1:40



25 mm. equals to 1M.

DETAILS

1:20

1:10

1:5

50 mm. equals to 1M.



SELF CHECK 4.2

76

LO4. Use of appropriate scale

Directions: A. Multiple Choice: Choose the letter of the best answer and

write it on a separate sheet of paper.

1. It is the appropriate scale for plot plan.

a. 1:2500 and 1:1250 b. 1:75,1:50,1:40 c. 1: 5, 1:10, 1:20

d. 1 :100, 1:80

2. Its equivalent is ten millimeters in metric figures.

a. O.0010 b. 0.010 c. 0.100 d. 0.10

3. It is equal to one hundred centimeters.

a. 0.100 b. 0.0100 c. 1.00 d. 10.0

4. It is also equivalent to one half kilometer.

a. 1,000 meters b. 50 meters c. 500 meters d. 500 decimeters

5. It is a kind of scale equivalent to 1:1.

a. half scale b. full scale c. metric scale d. none of the above

B. Metric figures.

Directions: Convert the following into metric figures.

1. One meter and five centimeters. __________

2. Ten meters and two decimeters. __________

3. Ninety centimeters. ________________

4. Seventy five centimeters. _____________

5. One kilometer. _________________


77

LO4. Architectural drafting design standards

Legal Provisions:

Section 806 of the National Building Code (NBC). Size and

Dimension of Rooms:

a. Room for human habitations should be 6.00 square meters with at

least a dimension of 2.00 meters.

b. Kitchens should be 3.00 square meters with at least a dimension of

1.50 meters.

c. Bath & Toilet – 1.20 square meters with at least dimension of 0.90

meters.

Section 1207. Stairs, Exit, and Occupant Loads.

Width and Height. Every required exit doorway shall have a size to

permit the installation of a door not less than 900 millimeters in width

and not less than 2.00 meters in height.

Stairways width. Stairway serving an occupant load of more than 50

shall not be less than 1.10 meters. While stairway serving an

occupant load of 50 or less shall be 900 millimeters wide.

Rise and run. The rise of every step in a stairway shall not exceed 200

millimeters and the run shall not be less than 250 millimeters.

Other guidelines must be observed in the arrangement of rooms

in drawing floor plan:

1. Built-in cabinets or closets are usually found in the bedrooms,

kitchen, and dining room. Open shelves may be constructed in the

kitchen and dining room.

2. In some one-storey houses, the bedrooms toilet, and bath are

elevated from the other rooms. In this case, the stairs leading to

these rooms must be indicated on the floor plan. Two or three

steps, each has 18 or 19 cm high from each other and 25 cm wide,

78

may be shown in the plan. All these measurements must be drawn

to scale.

3. Since most of the time is spent by the members of a family in the

bedrooms at home, these rooms must be located far from noise,

dust, and polluted air coming from garbage pits or from the

kitchens and toilets of the neighboring houses.

4. If furnitures and house appliances are to be shown in each room,

these furnishings should be drawn on the same scale in the floor

plan.

5. If the floor plan will be traced on tracing paper in order to indicate

the electrical or water connections, these furnishings should not be

shown on the tracing.

6. In presentation drawings, the landscaping around the floor plan

may be added.

7. It is on the floor plan where the cutting plane lines for at least two

full-sectional elevations (cross and longitudinal) are indicated.

These sectional elevations are usually labeled as Section A-A and

Section B-B, depending on the capital letter used at the extremities

of the cutting plane lines. These cutting plane lines need not be

continuous or straight. They are often drawn in colored ink. ( see

illustration)

8. Windows and Doors symbols should be indicated in the outer walls

of the floor plan opposite to door and windows openings to

determine the total number and specification.

Entrance and Exit. There shall be at least one entrance and another

one for exit. Windows opening should be 10% of the total floor

square area according to the National Building Code.

Example:

Bedroom size of 3.00m x 40.00 = 12 square meters x 10% = 1.20m

window width opening.

79

Concrete Hollow Blocks (CHB) for walling and partitions

Sizes:

CHB - 0.10 T x 0.40 W. x 0.20 H. (4” T x 16”W x 8”H) is used for

interior walls or sometimes exterior wall with no heavy loads.

CHB - 0.15 x 0.20 x 0.40 (6” x 8” x 16”) is used for exterior wall

sometimes for interior wall.

Plastering of CHB wall should not be less than 0.015 mm. or not more

than to 0.05 cm in thickness.

Note:

In lay outing floor plan walls, it should be scaled with same sizes of all

actual materials to be used. If the occupancy wants to use 0.10 x 0.20 x

0.40 CHB plus plastering of 0.015 mm thickness on both side walls, the

total thickness of the wall is 0.13 cm. On the other hand, likes to use 0.15 x

0.20 x 0.40 CHB plus plastering of 0.015 mm thickness on both sides a

total average is 0.018 cm. since it is very hard to layout the accurate scale of

0.18 wall thickness, so most draftsman prefer to use 0.20 cm. wall in lay

outing floor plan.

Wall Openings

Entrance door is preferably with 0.90 cm. to 1.00 m. width.

Bedroom door has a minimum width of 0.80 cm.

Toilet and Bath door have a minimum width of 0.70 cm. to 0.80 cm.

Minimal width of windows is preferably 0.60 cm.

Other appliances and fixtures are required to be drawn in the floor plan

for space requirements

Eave lines are hidden roof lines which also indicated in the floor plan.

Trees, Plants symbols are required to be drawn in the development of site

plan if needed.

80

Architectural Symbols used in drawing floor plan

81

82

SELF CHECK 4.3

LO4. Architectural drafting design standards

Directions: A. Multiple Choice: Choose the letter of the best answer and write it on

a separate sheet of paper.

1. It is the standard thickness of wall in meter using 4” x 16” x 8” CHB .

a. 0. 20 m. b. 0.10 m. c. 0.18 m. d. 0.13 m.

2. Standard thickness of wall in meter using 6” x 16” x 8” CHB.

a. 0. 20 m. b. 0.10 m. c. 0.20 m. d. 0.18 m.

3. It is the standard size of an entrance door opening.

a. 0.90 m. b. 0.80 m. c. 0.75 m. d. 1.00 m.

4. They are overhang roof lines in hidden lines form of floor plan. a.

dormer b. canopy c. eave line d. shed line

5. It is a minimum area of Kitchen.

a. 4.00 sq.m. b. 3.00 sq.m. c. 5.00 sq.m. d. 7.00 sq.m.

B. Draw the symbols of the following:

6. Interior door –

7. Swinging door –

8. Double door –

9. Accordion door –

10. Bay window -

83

OPERATION SHEET 4.1

LO4. Steps in drawing a Floor Plan

1. Prepare the needed tools and materials.

2. Use the correct scale.

84

3. Construct the wall thickness. Use 0.15cm. CHB for the major walls.

Start from the center of the wall.

85

4. Divide the floor area to other areas of the house. Use a 10 cm

interior wall partitions. Compute each area of the house, then check

the total floor area

86

5. Lay out the position of doors and windows by center line and by

their widths with a 4H pencil. The standard width of doors is 90-95

centimeters like the main entrance door. While 80 centimeters for

bedrooms and service doors and 0 .75 centimeters for toilet and bath

doors.

87

6. Label each part of the floor plan. Draw the kitchen and apply the

work triangle principle in designing the kitchen. Draft the toilet and

bath draw the fixtures properly.

88

7. Lay-out extension lines. Use any dimension limits and lay out

dimensions legibly and never repeat dimensions.

89

8. Draw the schedule of doors and windows. Name doors and windows

by sizes. Finally, draw the roof line of the floor plan.

90

SELF CHECK 4.4

LO4.6. Procedure in drafting floor plan

Directions: Using the same operation. Draw the floor plan area

Given: A floor plan of 6.00 x 9.00 m. with two bedrooms. Use a scale of

1:100. Use correct tools for the right job.


Scoring Rubrics


Accuracy 50 45 40

Speed 10 6 8

Neatness 25 20 15


Total

91


Accuracy

50 pts - the output is accurately done.

45 pts - two to five errors are observed on the output.

40 pts. - six to ten errors are observed on the output.

Speed

10 pts - the output is done 5 minutes before the time.

8 pts - the output is done on time.

6 pts. - the output is done after the allotted time.

Neatness

25 pts. - no errors made on the output.

20 pts - has two to three erasures.


Lettering/Labeling

15 pts. - all pieces of information are completely indicated and legibly

printed in gothic letters or mechanical lettering.


missing.



8 pts. - pieces of information are not legibly printed and words are

misspelled.

92

Program/Course : DRAFTING TECHNOLOGY

Unit of Competency : DRAFT ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUTS AND DETAILS

Module Title : DRAFTING ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUTS AND DETAILS

LO5. - Draft Roof Plans

Assessment Criteria

1. Different types of roofs are correctly identified.

2. Elements of roofs are properly discussed. 3. Dimensions of roof plan are indicated and should match floor plan

dimensions.

4. Lines are drawn according to drafting standards 5. Architectural standard symbols are used.

6. Drawings are laid out according to sheet contents 7. Roof plan and framing details are drawn according to

architectural drawing standards.

References:

Giesecke, Mitchell and Spencer. Technical Drawing Macmillan

Company,1982

Donald Hepler, Paul I. Wallach, Architecture Drafting and Design,

fifth edition 1999

Donald Hepler, Paul I. Wallach, Architecture Drafting and Design, fourth

edition 1999

French and Vierck. Engineering Drawing 10th edition MacGraw Hill Book

Company 1987

German M. Manaois. Drafting 1 and 2 Phoenix Publishing 1983.

Max B. Fajardo Jr., Planning and Designers Handbook, Second Edition,

1980

The National Building Code of the Philippines and Its Implementing Rules

and Regulations 2005

93


Learning Outcome 5: Draft Roof Plans


1. Read Information Sheet no. 5.1.

about terms and definitions

related to roof plan.

2. Answer Self check no.5.1

3. Read information sheet no. 5.2 on

types of roofs

4. Perform task on Self check no. 5.2

5. Read operation sheet no. 5.3

about the elements or features

of roof and framing plans.

6. Answer self check no. 5.3


8. Read about information or

sheet no. 5.4 on the

procedure in drafting roof

plan.

Remember the terminologies

Try to answer self-check no. 5.1.

Try to answer self-check no. 5.2

Try to answer self-check no. 5.3

Try to perform the said activity

94


LO5. Draft Roof Plans

Definition of technical terms

Angle iron is a structural piece of rolled steel shaped to form a 900 angle.

Butterfly roof is a roof with two sides sloping down toward the interior of

the house.

Dome is a hemispherical roof form.

Dormer is a structure projecting from a sloping roof to accommodate a

window.

Eave is a part of a roof that projects over a wall.

Fascia is a surface finish material used to cover another surface.

Flashing is the material used for covering exposed places outside the

building like firewalls.

Flat roof is a roof with a minimum pitch for drainage.

Gable is the triangular end of an exterior wall above the eaves.

Gable roof is a roof that slopes from two sides only.

Galvanize is a lead and zinc bath treatment to prevent rusting.

Gambrel roof is a symmetrical roof with two different pitches or slopes on

each side.

Hip rafter is the diagonal rafter that extends from the plate to the ridge to

form the hip.

Hip roof is a roof with four sloping sides.

Mansard roof is a roof with two slopes on each sides with the lower slope

much steeper than the upper.

Overhang is the horizontal distance that a roof projects beyond a wall.

Pitch is the angle between the top plate and the ridge board. It is also

referred to as the rise over the run.

Purlin is a horizontal structure member which hold rafters together.

Rafters are structural members used to frame a roof.

95

Ridge is the top edge of the roof where rafters meet.

Ridge cap is a wood or metal cap used for roofing at the ridge.

Rise is the vertical height of a roof.

Roll roofing is a material of fiber and asphalt manufactured in rolls.

Shed roof is a flat roof slanting in one direction.

Shingles are thin pieces of wood or other materials that ovelap each other in

covering a roof.

Truss is a prefabricated triangular shaped unit used for supporting roof

loads over long spans.

Valley is the internal angle formed by two slopes of a roof.

Valley rafter is the diagonal rafter forming the intersection of two sloping

roofs.

Roof

It is the external upper covering of a house or building. It shows the

size, shape and the type of materials that should be used in the roofing

system.

Types of Roofs

There are different types of roofing system that are commonly used in

the building construction. The following are:

1. Gable Roof has a pitch on two sides but no pitch on the gable ends. This

type of roof is used extensively on Philippines bahay kubo and raw

houses in subdivision. The pitch or angle of a gable roof varies from the

high pitch roofs found on chalet A-frame style buildings to the low pitch

roofs found on most ranch homes.

96

2. Hip roofs are used when eave-line protection is desired around the entire

perimeter of the building. Hip roofs are very popular in warm climates.

they are commonly used on Regency and French Provincial homes.

HIP ROOF

GABLE ROOF

97

3. Flat roofs are used to create a low silhouette on modern homes. Slightly

heavier rafters are needed for flat roofs. Built-up asphalt construction is

often used on flat roofs.

FLAT ROOF

4. Shed roofs are higher at one end than the other. They may be used

effectively when two levels exist where additional light is needed.

SHED ROOF

98

5. Overhang is a roof type where the pitch is low and extends on the side of

the building perpendicular to the rafters direction. It should provide

additional protection from the sun and rain.

OVERHANG ROOF

These five roofing system are commonly used in the construction sector.

However, there are other types of roofs that are rarely used in the

construction.

99



Roof Plan

A roof plan is one showing the outline of the roof and the major object

lines indicating ridges, valleys, hips and openings. The roof plan is not a

framing plan, but a plan view of the roof. To develop a roof framing plan, a

roof must be stripped of its covering to expose the position of each

structural member and each header. The roof plan can be used as the basic

outline for the roof framing plan. Below are samples of blueprint drawings

of roof plans, roof framing plan and other informative drawings.

SAMPLE ROOF PLAN

100

Elements or features of roof and framing plans

1. Roof Plan

The roof plan indicates the following:

a. Roofing sheets are materials laid to cover the total area of roofing

space of the building.

b. Ridge roll is a plain G.I. sheet is usually laid at the center top of

ridge of the building.

c. Ridge cap is the material used when the roofing system is in the

form of hip roof.

d. Eaves line or gutter line is shown in the form of imaginary line to

indicate the gutter line.

ROOF PLAN

101

Different types of roofing sheets:

1. Corrogated G.I sheet

2. 4-V corrugated sheet

3. Ardex corrugated sheet

4. Kanalelas corrugated sheet.

5. Steel bricks

6. Colorbond custom orb

MILANO LONGSPAN STEEL BRICKS

102

103

1. Roof framing plan

There are important elements that must be shown in the roof framing

plan. They are shown in the form of line symbols, such as:

a. Trusses

b. Purlins

c. Ridge roll line

d. Ridge cap line

e. Eaves or gutter line

f. Dimension

Each of these elements can be better understood as you recall

your knowledge in the previous discussion particularly in the

presentation of technical terms in the preceding modules.

ROOF FRAMING PLAN

104

ROOF FRAMING SHOWING THE THICKNESS OF EACH MEMBER

105

OPERATION SHEET 5.1

LO5. Draft a roof plan

Roof plan is the upper part of the building. This can be drawn through

the following steps (see the operating steps):

1. Given: a scaled floor plan.

106

2. Draw or trace the given scale floor plan into a form of hidden lines

without doors and windows.

3. From end line of the floor plan, lay out a standard 1.00 m. eave lines

around the floor plan.

1.00 m. Eave line

107

4. From eave lines, extend a 0.20 m. lines for gutter width, and analyze

how many and where to indicate a 0.10 m. circular holes for

downspout.

5. Select roof types required. From rectangular form of floor plan, get the

center and project a line along the eave lines.

0.20 m.

0.20 m.

center

108

6. If hip roof types will be used, project a 450 angle in all corners of eave

lines intersecting the center line to create a hip roof. From drawn hip

roof layout, draw two lines at 0.10 m. width on both sides

representing the ridge roll width.

7. Project a symbol (thin lines) for roof covering materials to be used,

indicate from the center of roof slopes a perpendicular arrowheads

with word label of slopes.

109

8. Complete the drawings with proper dimensioning and labels, then

finalize the drawing.

110

SELF CHECK 5.1


Directions: Multiple Choice: Read each item carefully. Choose the letter of

the best answer and write it on a separate sheet of paper.

1. A horizontal structural member which hold rafters together

a. Rafter b. Purl in c. Rise d. Run

2. A prefabricated triangular shaped unit for supporting roof loads over

long spans

a. Truss b. Shingles c. Rise d. Ridge

3. The top edge of the roof where rafters meet

a. Ridge b. Rafter c. Overhang d. Purlins

4. The internal angle formed by two slopes of a roof

a. Ridge b. Rise c. Purlin d. Overhang

5. The angle between the top plate and the ridge board

referred to as the rise over the run.

a. Pitch b. Slope c. Valley d. Truss

9. A roof with four sloping sides

a. Shed b. Hip c. Gable d. Mansard

10. The part of a roof that projects over a wall

a. Overhang b. Eave c. Fascia d. Gutter

11. A surface finish material used to cover another surface

a. Flashing b. Fascia c. Overhang d. Dormer

12. A flat roof slanting in one direction

a. Gable b. Hip c. Dormer d. Shed

13. A diagonal rafter that extends from the plate to the ridge to form a

hip roof type

a. Purlins b. Hip Rafters c. Truss d. Flashing

14. The triangular end of an exterior wall above the eaves

a. Gable b. Hip c. Overhang d. Mansard

15. The vertical height of a roof

a. Rise b. Run c. Ridge d. Eave

111

SELF CHECK 5.2


Problem Solving

Directions: Given a floor plan as shown below, to draft a roof plan

appropriate to the given sizes and shapes.

Note: All sides must have an overhang of 1.50m.

112


Scoring Rubrics


Accuracy 50 45 40

Speed 10 6 8

Neatness 25 20 15


Total Performance Criteria: Accuracy

50 pts - the output is accurately done

45 pts - two to five errors are observed on the output

40 pts. - six to ten errors are observed on the output

Speed

10 pts - the output is done 5 minutes before the time

8 pts - the output is done on time

6 pts. - the output is done after the allotted time

Neatness

25 pts. - has no error

20 pts - has two to three erasures


113

Lettering/Labeling

15 pts. - all pieces of information are completely indicated and

legibly printed.


missing.



8 pts. - pieces of information are not legibly printed and words are missing

and misspelled.

114



DETAILS


Learning Outcome 6 : Draft Ceiling Plan


1. Elements or important features of ceiling plan are properly

identified.

2. Ceiling plan is drawn according to architectural drafting standards.

3. Lighting fixtures and fire protection devices are located according

to architectural drafting standards.

References:

Earnest R. Weidhaas. Architectural Drafting and Design, 4th edition

Paul I. Wallach. Basic Architectural Drafting,1982

French and Vierck. Engineering Drawing; McGraw, Hill Book Company,10th

Edition; 1960


National Building Code of the Philippines (PD 1096), 2005

German M. Manaois. Drafting 1 and 2; Phoenix Publishing; 1983

Norman Stirling. Introduction to Technical Drawing; Delmar Publishing,

1977

115


Learning Outcome 3. Draft Site Development



6.1 about the definition of

terms in planning house

ceiling

2. Answer Self Check no 6.1


6.2 about ceiling plan

fixtures

4. Answer Self Check no 6.2

5. Read Operation 6.1





Perform operation 3.1

116


LO6. DRAFT CEILING PLAN

Definition of Terms

Acoustic is the science of sounds in housing, materials used to keep

down noise within a room or to prevent it from an over head

lining inside of a room

Ceiling Joist is the structural member in building construction that

holds the ceiling board

Ceiling board is a ceiling covering materials

Cornice is a wood or any material project beyond the wall of the ceiling

Fixtures is a piece of electric or plumbing equipment which is a part

of the structure

Gypsum board is a board made of plaster with covering of paper

Hanger is an iron or wood strap used to support a joist.

Insulation is a material obstructing the passage of sound, heat, or cold

from one surface to another

Lighting fixtures is the position or placement of lighting fixtures of the

house.

Reflected ceiling plan is a drawing of a room or building, looking down

at the interior ceiling

Smoke detectors is a fire protection device that is used to detect

smoke or gasses produced by smoldering fires particles of

combustion

Soffit is the undersurface of a cornice, molding, or beam

Specification is the written description accompanying the working

drawing

Sprinkler systems is a fire protection device that discharges water

when the effects of a fire have been detected, such as when a

predetermined temperature has been reached.

Ventilation is the process of supplying and removing air by natural or

mechanical means to or from any space

117

The Importance and Purpose of Ceiling in the building

Ceiling plan is an outline of the ceiling that shows the overhead

interior surface of a room.

Ceiling is designed with the following purpose:

i.It prevents the penetration of the heat of the sun inside

the building.

ii.It adds beauty inside the building especially when it is

well-designed.

iii.It serves as thermal insulator that adds to the aesthetic

beauty of a house.

iv.Various lighting fixtures can be hanged or placed to

highlight the interior design of the structure.

Important features that are shown in the ceiling plan

Ceiling plan can be shown into two presentations:

a. Ordinary presentation of ceiling plan. This shows the following:

1. Ceiling board

2. Partitions

3. Ventilation

4. Label which indicates the type of ceiling materials

5. Dimensions

b. Reflected ceiling plan. It is a drawing, which shows the items that

are located on the ceiling of a room or space. It is referred to as a

reflected ceiling plan since it is drawn to display a view of the

ceiling as if it was reflected onto a mirror on the floor. This way the

reflected ceiling plan has the same orientation as the floor plan

associated with it. It is as if the ceiling was see-through and you

could see right through it from the floor below. Interior designers

draw reflected ceiling plans when designing spaces.

118

The following features that are shown in the reflected ceiling plan:

1. Lighting fixtures

2. Ventilation

3. Smoke detector

4. Wood moulding

5. Ceiling board

Important considerations in ceiling plan

There are many design elements to consider in designing the

ceiling plan

1. Consider the distance from floor line to ceiling line

level.

2. Study the 3-D aspects of volumes and space.

3. Consider using unexpected materials or finishes.

4. Consider the light reflection and sound absorption.

In accordance with the National Building Code of the

Philippines (PD 1096) Section 805: Ceiling Heights

v. Habitable rooms provided with artificial ventilation have ceiling

heights not less than 2.40meters. which is measured from the floor

to the ceiling; provided that for buildings of more than one-storey,

the minimum ceiling height of the first storey shall be 2.70meters.

And that for the second storey 2.40 meters and succeeding storey

shall have an unobstructed typical head-room clearance of not less

than 2.10m above the finished floor.

vi. Mezzanine floors shall have a clear ceiling height of not less than

1.80meters above and below it.

119

OPERATION SHEET 6.1

LO6 DRAFT CEILING PLAN

Ceiling Plan is shown in outline form. It is made with the

floor plan as its reference outline.

Procedure in drafting ceiling plans

Ceiling plan is drawn with the following steps:

1. Prepare and set a ready-made floor plan and analyze its

size and shape.

120

2. Sketch the ceiling area based on the general

measurement of the floor plan.

3. Provide space for overhang for the four sides at your desired

size.

121

4. Sketch the partitions based on the measurements in the floor

plan

5. Darken all the visible edges, indicate the dimensions and

label the necessary information.

REFLECTED CEILING PLAN

122

SELF CHECK 6.1

TEST I. Direction: Identify what is referred to in each number. Write your

answer on a separate sheet of paper.

_______________1. is the undersurface of a cornice, molding, or beam.

_______________2. is a drawing of a room or building, looking down at

the interior ceiling.

_______________3. is the process of supplying and removing air by natural

or mechanical means to or from any space.

_______________4. is the written description accompanying the working

drawing

_______________5. is a material obstructing the passage of sound, heat, or

cold from one surface to another.

_______________6. is a ceiling covering materials.

_______________7. is the structural member in building construction that

holds the ceiling board.

_______________8. is a wood or any materials project beyond the wall of the

ceiling.

_______________9. is the science of sounds in housing, materials used to

keep down noise within a room or to prevent it from an

over head lining inside of a room.

_______________10. is a piece of electric or plumbing equipment which

is a part of the structure

_______________ 11. is the over head inside lining of a room

________________12. is a piece of electric or plumbing equipment that

is part of the structure.

________________13. is the process of supplying and removing air by

natural or mechanical means is called _____________

________________14. is the science of sounds in housing

________________15. is the drawing of a room or a building looking

down at the interior ceiling

123

TEST II. Enumeration Type:

1. Enumerate the Ceiling Plan features

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

124

SELF CHECK 1.2

Direction: Given a floor plan, draw a ceiling plan

125

Program/Course : Drafting Technology

Unit of Competency : Draft Architectural Layout and Details

Module Title : Drafting Sanitary and Plumbing Layout and Details

Learning Outcome 7 : Draft Elevations and Sections


1. Vertical heights gradeline establish according to architectural drafting

standards.

2. Offsets from right side, left and rear side of floor plan are projected


3. Roof eaves and pitch on all elevations and sections established


4. Doors and windows projected in all elevations and sections.

5. Cross and longitudinal sectional views projected from the floor plans

and elevations.

6. Various material symbols and specifications indicated in all elevations

and sections.

Giesecke, Mitchell,Spencer,Hill,Dygdon. Technical Drawing; Prentice Hall Simon Schuster, 1998

French, Vierck, Foster. Engineering Drawing and Graphic Technology, Macgraw Hill Co., 1986

Fajardo, Max B. Jr., Plumbing Design and Estimate, 5138 Merchandizing,

1984. Hepler, Donald E and WALLACH, Paul I, Architecture: Drafting and Design,

IMC Dress Incorporated, 1987 Fajardo, Max B. Jr., Building Construction, 5138 Merchandizing, 1984

126


Learning Outcome No. 7: Draft Elevations and Sections


1. Read Information Sheet #1.1

2. Answer Self Check # 1.1

3. Compare your Answer to the

Answer Key

4. Proceed to Activity #. 1.1

Take note of the details and

remember the terminologies

Try your best to perform the

activity

127

INFORMATION SHEET # 7.1

LO7. Draft Elevation and Section An architectural elevation is a view of a building showing its height

dimension. When elevations show the exterior of a residential unit, they are simply called elevations. Interior elevations show the inside of a building.

Elevations are the exterior views of a building. They are necessary in as much as they show the height of the building and its appearance on each side. Normally, the four elevations are sufficient to describe the appearance

of the residential building.

Elevation drawings are orthographic drawings. They show the exterior of a building. The elevation s that part of the building that people see and observe, hence, it is the part they use to judge the structure.

Normally, the design of the floor plan precedes the designs of the elevation, because both have a continual relationship in the entire design

process. Flexibility is possible in the design of elevations, even those designed from the same floor plan.

The designer should keep in mind that only horizontal distances can be established on the floor plan, while that of the vertical distances such as

height of doors, windows and roofs must be shown on the elevation.

As these heights are established, the appearance of the outside and functioning of heights as well as the internal functioning of the building must be considered.

Preliminary Sketches

The location and proportion of features are very important in the drawing of elevation. Main attention is given to the proportion of walls and

openings. Some of the things to consider in the drawing of elevations are;

1. Proportion – which deals with the size and shape of areas and their

relation to one another. 2. Fenestration – deals with the arrangements of windows and doors in a

wall.

3. Harmony refers to all features that should harmonize to present a uniform elevation.

128

4. Shadows refer to a simple elevation, which can become interesting when designed to take advantage of shadows.

Finished Sketches

The finished sketch may be carefully drawn with the use of drawing instruments. Since these are fairly large scale drawings the exact size of all

features together with their correct representation must be considered. In the drafting of elevations, these are some of the things to consider:

1. Window and Door Size – must be chosen from a manufactures catalog

which offers great variety of sizes. The sizes must be standard that it

conforms to the provisions of the building code.

2. Window and Door Representation –in elevation may be drawn simply.

3. Material Representation – may be shown by drawing only a few lines,

like bricks.

4. Footings and Walls are hidden lines used to indicate location of

footings.

5. Labeling views can be done in two methods by labeling it with views

as in front, rear, left and right side elevations, or by using compass

orientation as in north, south, east, and west directions.

6. Dimensioning on elevations are limited to vertical dimensions are

shown on the plan.

7. Changes are additions necessary after all the other drawings have

been completed.

129

Elevations are the exterior views of the building. The front view of the building is always referred to as the front. The other elevations are named

according to their position in relation to the front, i.e. right elevation, rear or back elevation, left elevation.

Eave is the lower portion of a roof which extends beyond the wall.

Pitch is the term applied to the amount of roof slope, It is found by dividing the heights of the span

Elevation Projection

Elevation drawings are projected from the floor plan of an architectural drawing just as the views are projected the front view of an

orthographic drawing. All six views are rarely used to depict architectural structures, instead only four are used. These four elevations are normally

projected on the floor plan.

130

FLOOR PLAN

131

FRONT ELEVATION

REAR ELEVATION

132

LEFT SIDE ELEVATION

RIGHT SIDE ELEVATION

133

Elevation Dimensioning

Dimensions on elevation show the vertical distance from a datum line, which is a reference line that remains constant. Dimensions on elevation

show the height above the datum or the ground line. Dimensioning elevations must comform with basic standards to ensure consistency of interpretation.

Here are some of the rules in dimensioning:

1. Vertical elevation dimensions should be read from the right of the

drawing. 2. Levels to be dimensioned should labeled with a note, term or

abbreviation.

3. Room heights are shown by dimensioning from the floor line to the ceiling line.

4. The depth of footings (“footer”) is dimensioned from the ground line. 5. Heights of windows and doors are dimensioned from the floor plan to

the top of windows or doors.

6. Elevation dimensions show only vertical distances (height). Horizontal distances (length and width) are shown on the floor plan.

7. Windows and doors may be indexed to a door or window schedule, or

the style of the windows and doors may be shown on the elevation drawing.

8. The roof pitch is shown by indicating the rise over the run. 9. Dimensions for small, complex or obscure areas should be indexed to

a separate detail.

10. Ground-line elevations are expressed as heights above a datum point. 11.Heights of chimneys above the ridge line are dimensioned. 12.Floor and ceiling lines are shown with hidden lines.

13.Heights of planters and walls are dimensioned from the ground line. 14.Thickness of slabs are dimensioned.

15.Overall height dimensions are placed on the outside of subdimensions.

16.Thickness of footings are dimensioned.

17.Where space is limited, the alternative method in Fig.38-2 can be used to show feet and inches.

134

135

SELF CHECK #7.1

Directions: Fill in the blanks with the correct answer and write it on a separate sheet of paper

1. The____________ views of the buildings are called elevation. 2. The front view of the building is always referred to as the

______________. 3. The other elevations are named according to their ___________ in

relation to the front. 4. The lower portion of a roof which extends beyond the wall is called

___________.

5. ______________is the term applied to the amount of roof slope. 6. Sections are types of drawings which show the ___________ of a

building or structures.

7. A ____________ heavy line which shows the exact location where the object is cut.

8. A _____________ is a type of section where the cutting plane is drawn horizontally.

9. A ______________ is a type of section where the cutting plane is drawn

vertically. 10. The ___________ is the plan where the cutting plane line is drawn.

136

OPERATION SHEET NO. 1

Draft Elevations and Section

Procedure in drafting elevations:

1. Lay-out the elevation very lightly using a sharp, hard pencil. Using a divider or a scale, transfer horizontal dimensions from

the floor plan. A scale of 1: 100 or 1:50 meter is used and indicated in the title block or near the drawing. If the plan and section are drawn to the same scale as the required elevation,

the floor plan may be taped in position and dimension projected directly using triangle and T-square.

Windows and door are located horizontally by projecting from the plan, They are located vertically by projecting from the window and door details or simply by aligning the top of the

window with the top of the door.

2. Locate the vertical distance of ceiling from floor line, ridge to

ceiling line and natural ground to finished ground line. indicate also the height of doors and windows.

137

3. Indicate the thickness of walls, fascia board and other materials seen on elevation and darken the lines to highlight them.

4. Draw the elevation details and other architectural materials.

The elevation details to be included will vary depending upon the style of the house, in the case of a residence, the following details are added:

1. roof fascia 2. roof beams

3. window representation 4. gradelines 5. material representation

6. darkened building outline

138

5. Indicate the dimension of the vertical distance from the natural ground line to the floor line and the floor line

ceiling, and ceiling line to ridge line. Added elevation dimensions and notes are.

1. height of roof 2. height of other features such as masonry wall 3. heights of wall

4. roof slope indication 5. window schedule 6. title and notes indicating materials

139


LO7. Draft Elevations and Sections

Sections

The designer shows the internal construction of a building by means of a section.

Section drawings are prepared for interior details needed to guide construction. Interior elevation drawing shows builders how to construct

and install special features of a home. These features include closets, cabinets, bathtubs and other special details.

Techniques for preparing interior elevation drawings are the same as for exterior elevations. Use a floor plan to locate key vertical lines after

horizontal dimensions have been indicated. Section is a type of drawing which shows the interior or inside of a

building or structure. Cross section is a type of section where the cutting-plane line is drawn horizontally.

Longitudinal section is a type of section where the cutting-plane is drawn vertically.

Cutting plane line a heavy line which shows the exact location where the plan is cut.

The following are the types of sections used in architectural drafting.

1. Structural section shows the entire building construction. This is

useful in planning for structural strength and rigidity, determining the length of members and specifying sizes.

2. Wall section shows the construction of a typical wall. This section is

useful in determining sizes and material specification for all rough

members.

3. Detail section shows any deviation from a typical section. It is drawn to a larger scale.

140

141

142

143

Full Sections

Architects prepare drawings that show the building cut in to half to show the internal structure. This is known as longitudinal section, meaning

lengthwise. When it is cut across, it is called transverse section. It is imagined that a plane is passed through the building cutting it in half by a cutting plane line.

There are different ways of drawing the cutting plane line, most especially if it interferes with dimensions as shown in these figures.

144

145

146

SELF CHECK #. 7.2 Directions: Based on the given floor plan, draw the front and rear

elevations. Use a separate sheet of paper

147

OPERATION SHEET # 1.2

LO7. Draft elevations and Sections Drafting Section

Procedure:

The student will draw the activity individually and they will be provided a copy of the floor plan. The student will draw the sections; the

cross section and longitudinal section. The activity will be for 2 meetings or four hours.

148

1. From the given plan, indicate the path of the imaginary cutting plane along the floor plan. Indicate the position of the line of sight or viewing by means of arrow heads.

2. Transfer horizontal dimension from the floor plan to the

section using a metric scale with appropriate scale ratio.

149

3. Indicate the vertical dimensions from the ground line to the

floor line, the ceiling line and the ridge line using the standard vertical dimension as provided in the low cost housing

regulations. The standard dimension are 2.80m from the floor line to ceiling line and 1.20m to 1.80m from ceiling line to the top of the ridge.

4. Draw the outline of the building using the measurements

as marked on the paper.

150

5. Darken the outline and draw section lines on portions of the building that come in contact with the cutting plane.

6. Finalize the drawing by labeling it. 7. Repeat the same procedure for the cross section drawing.

151

Program/Course : DRAFTING TECHNOLOGY

Unit of Competency : DRAFT ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUTS AND DETAILS

Module Title : DRAFTING ARCHITECTURAL LAY

OUTS AND DETAILS

Learning Outcome 8 : Perform Presentation Drawings

Assessment Criteria :

1. Importance and purpose of presentation drawings are

fully discussed.

2. Types of presentation drawings are correctly identified.

3. Prepare presentation drawing according to the customer’s or

client’s standard.

Reference:

Brown, Walter C., Drafting for Technology, The Goodheart-Willcox

Company, Inc., 1990

152

LEARNING EXPERIENCES/ACTIVITIES

Learning Outcome8: Perform Presentation Drawings


1. Read Information Sheet no. 8.1

2. Answer self check no. 8.1 to test

your knowledge about

presentation drawings.

3. Review the information sheet if

some items were not properly

carried out.

Answer the self check.

153


LO8. Perform Presentation Drawings

Presentation drawings

The purpose of the presentation drawings is to show the proposed

building in an attractive setting surrounding at the proposed site. It must be

shown in an attractive presentation to easily arouse the client’s interest.

Presentation drawings consist of the preliminary designs:

1. Floor plan

2. Elevations plan

3. Perspective

4. Sections

5. Sample details

The floor plan must be presented to the client to give him a clear

picture of interior portion of the proposed building particularly the location

of bedrooms, living room, dining, kitchen, comfort rooms and other elements

inside the building.

154

The elevation plan is purposely to show the height of the building

particularly the distance from floor line to ceiling line and the distance from

bottom line and top of a ridge.

S

ection

drawi

ngs

are

shown

to give

additi

onal

inform

ation

on the

type of

materi

als

that

must be used inside the building. It can be shown in terms of cross section

and longitudinal section.(refer to module )

CONC. MOULDING

GA # 26 3’X10’ PLAIN G.I SHT.

.GUTTER

FIXED CLEAR GLASS WINDOW GA. # 26 RIDGE CAP

GA. # 26 RIDGE ROLL 4” X 8”X 16” CONC. HOL. BLOCKS GA. # 26 CORR. G.I SHT. ROOFING CONC. MOULDING FIXED CLEAR GLASS WINDOW 4”X8”X16” CONC. HOLLOW

BLOCKS

A B C D

PANEL DOOR

CONC. BALLUSTRAIDS

155

LONGITUDINAL SECTION

Commonly, presentation drawings are usually presented in the form of

perspective views with colors and shading and floor plan. This is purposely done

because presentation drawings are actually used to sell an idea or concept. The

elevation plan, section and sample details are only used for further communication

between the clients and the architect or draftsman to arrive at a final plan or

design of the house. These are usually shown in the form of illustration.

PERSPECTIVE DRAWING

GA.#26 3’X10’ CORR. G.I SHT.

GA.# 26 PLAIN G.I. SHT. RIDGE CAP

NARRA PANELING

GA.# 26 PLAIN G.I. SHT. GUTTER

156

Perspective Drawing

The following are important principles to be considered in the

preparation of presentation drawings particularly perspective views, the

following are:

1. Selection of appropriate view of the proposed building

In the presentation, the frontal portion must be given more

emphasis by the designer because this is the very part of the building

that is always exposed to the viewers’ eyes.

2. Proportion of the perspective view

This means that proper location of the vanishing point must be

considered in making the perspective view.

3. Inclusion of landscaping

Landscaping must be included in the preparation of perspective

view because it adds attraction to the viewer.

4. Other elements like car, human figure and etc. must also be included

in the presentation of perspective view because these would serve as

additional attraction of the drawing.

157


LO8. Perform Presentation Drawings

Presentation drawing is commonly accomplished in the form of

perspective view especially when the draftsman or architect is negotiating a

drafting service to a certain client. However, floor plan, elevations plan and

section drawings are also prepared to be shown to the client.

The following are the procedures in the preparation of presentation

drawing:

1. Draft the floor plan according to the desired size and shape.

2. Draft the elevation plan based on the floor plan.

3. Draft section drawing based on the elevations and floor plan.

4. Draft the perspective view.

158

ANSWER KEY


Self Check 1.1

1. Triangle

2. Divider

3. Tape rule/Pull-push rule

4. Templates

5. Masking tape

6. Medium

7. Compass

8. T-square

9. Tracing paper

10. Triangular scale

11. Parallel rule

12. AutoCAD computer

13. Eraser

14. Technical Pen

15. Protractor

16. Penknife or Pencil Sharpener

17. Erasing shield

18. Sand paper block

19. French curved

20. Leroy lettering pen

Self Check 1.2

1. Sheet # 1

2. Site development plan

3. Location Plan

4. Title Page and Index

5. Geodetic Engineer

6. Civil Engineer

7. Master Plumber

8. Title Block

9. Mechanical Engineer

10. Electronics Engineer

159

Self Check 1.3

Teacher’s Check

Self Check 1.4

1. Elevation

2. Floor

3. Finished Floor Line

4. Ground Line

5. Down

6. Not to Scale

7. On Center

8. Floor Line

9. Concrete Hollow Blocks

10. At

Self Check 1.5

Teacher’s Check

Self Check 1.6

A. Identification

Specification features of roof plan

1. Types of roof

2. Roof slopes

3. Eave measurement

Specification feature of Section

1. Interior parts of the house

2. Heights inside the house

3. Features inside the house

4. Cross section of the house

5. Longitudinal section

6. Materials finished inside the house

7. Ceiling heights

8. Flooring heights

Specification features of reflected ceiling height

1. Ceiling design

2. Lightings design

3. Finished ceiling materials

4. Sizes of ceiling design

B. Performance test

Teacher’s Check

160

Self Check 1.7

A. Identification

Specification features of door schedule

1. Height of doors

2. Width of doors

3. Doors Finished Materials

4. Door type/style

5. Door Quantity

Specification features of window schedule

1. Height of window

2. Width of window

3. Window finished Materials

4. Window type/style

5. Window quantity

Specification features of toilet and bath details

1. Types of bathroom

2. Height of bathroom

3. Section of bathroom

4. Materials finished inside the bathroom

5. Floor slopes in the bathroom

6. Fixtures in the bathroom

B. Performance Test

Teacher’s Check

Self Check 1.8

A. Identification

Specification features of foundation plan

1. Location of column and footing

2. Lines excavation of CHB wall

3. To be on fill or unfill floor area

4. Identify main and member footings and columns

5. Identify wall needs of tie beam

6. Identify floor area needs of floor matting bars

Specification features of roof framing plan

1. Types of roof used

2. Valley trusses

3. Ridge

4. Purlins

5. Trusses

6. Spacing of trusses and purlins

7. Materials used for roof framings

161

8. Eaves distances

Specification features of truss detail

1. Types of truss

2. Height of truss

3. Structural framing of truss

4. Materials finished finished of trusses

5. Spacing of King Post, queen posts

6. Diagonal braces

7. Purlins and roof sheet covering

8. Ridge roll type

9. Roofing materials

10. Gutter sizes and materials used

11. Ceiling of eave roof

Specification features of column/footings and beam schedule

1. Sizes of Footings, column and beams

2. Materials used for footings, columns and beam

3. Types of footing and column

4. Types of beam

5. Quantity of column, footings and beams

B. Performance Test

Teacher’s Check

Self Check 1.9

A. Identification

Specification features of footing detail

1. Height of footing from slab to finish ground line

2. Sizes of Footings, column and beams

3. Materials used for footings, columns and beam

4. Lenght of Beams

5. Total of vertical bars and spacing of lateral ties bars from footings

to ground line

6. Total of continous bar and spacing of stirrups

7. Types of footing

8. Schedule of footings and column

9. Schedule of Beams

Specification features in construction notes

1. Detail of Wall footings

2. Detail of Lintel Beams

3. Typical CHB wall detail

4. Intersection of wall to footing

5. Detail of door opening

Specification features in notes

162

1. Detail legend

2. Specification used

3. Materials used

4. Schedule of Construction notes

5. Schedule of Footings

B. Performance Test

Teacher’s Check

Self Check 1.10

A. Identification

Specification features in drawing plumbing plan

1. Sequence plan of water system

2. Sequence plan of sewage system

3. Features symbols of fittings in water system

4. Features symbols of fittings in sewage system

5. Septic Tank plan

B. Performance Test

Teacher’s Check

Self Check 1.11

A. Identification

Specification features in Storm and Drainage system

1. Sequence plan of sewage system

2. Plan of Catch Basin

3. Detail of Catch Basin

4. Sizes of Catch Basin

Materials used for Sewage system

Specification features Septic Tank

1. Plan of Septic Tank according to occupancy

2. Section drawing of septic tank

3. Features flow of sewage disposal to septic Tank

4. Materials used for Septic Tank

5. Flow of Inlet and Output of Septic Tank

B. Performance Test

Teacher’s Check

163

Self Check 1.12

A. Identification

1. M

2. S

3. S2

4. ________________

5. --------------------

6. CB/PB

7. Lighting outlet

8. Door bell

9. Service Entrance

10. Push button switch

B. Performance Test

Teacher’s Check

Self Check 1.13

A. Give at least three (3) qualifications of a draftsman

1. Must be a holder of DRAFTING TECHNOLOGY

2. Must have undergone training on Training Methodology II (TM

II)

3. Must be physically and mentally fit

4. Must have at least 5 years job/industry experience

5. Must be a civil service eligible

B. Give at least 3 job descriptions of a draftsman

1 Can Design for residential, commercial and office building

2. Can operate AutoCAD.

3. Perform working and shop drawing

4. Can prepare engineering files to ISO standards

5. Make bill of quantities

C. Cite at least 4 SOP rules in drafting works.

Drawing tools, materials and equipment are identified based on job

requirements.

Demonstrates ability to interpret architectural job requirements

Punctuality

No Eating while Working.

Maintain the cleanliness of the drawing room or workplace.

Turn off lights after use.

Throw garbage in the waste can.

Conduct regular inspection or inventory of tools and equipment.

Wash your hands before working.

Wipe all drafting tools and instruments before using.

Keep all tools and instruments in a safe place.

164

Return books and borrowed architectural references inside the

cabinet.

Put all things in the proper place to avoid disturbance and accident.

Work as a Team

165

ANSWER KEY

LO2. Prepare and set up tools and materials for drawing

Self Check 2.1

D. Five most common tools in drafting architectural layout and details

1. T-Square

2. Drafting table/board

3. Technical Pen

4. Triangle 300 x 600

5. Triangular Scale

E. Four most needed materials in architectural layout and details.

6. Tracing paper

7. Eraser

8. Masking tape

9. Mechanical Pencil

F. From list of equipment, site the most important in lay outing

architectural and details

10. Drafting machine

Self Check 2.2

D. Identify five drafting tools and materials to be prepared before

drawing.

1. T-Square

2. Drawing board/Table

3. Tracing paper

4. Triangles

5. Technical Pen

6. Masking tape

E. Give at least five steps for fastening the drawing paper.

7. Prepare a masking tape

8. Cut 4 pcs. of at least 1” long

9. Press the head of the T-square with the left hand while the paper is

adjusted with the right hand. Do this until the top edge coincides

with the upper edge of the T-square.

10. Fasten the upper left corner and then the lower right corner and

finally the remaining corners with the use of masking tape.of the

Paper should

F. Cite at least four steps on setting-up drafting tools, materials and

equipment.

12. Prepare all the needs tools and materials

13. Wipe with clean rags all the tools and equipment

14. Check the functionality of all tools needed

15. Sharpen all the pencil

166

ANSWER KEY

LO3. Draft Site Development Plan


Teacher’s Check

Self Check 3.1

1. Site development plan

2. Zoning

3. Lot

4. Building Code

5. Zoning laws

6. 3.00 meters

7. Setback

8. 2.00 meters

9. 4.00 meters

10. Property lines


Teacher’s Check

Self Check 3.2

D. Cite the different types of lot.

1. Inside

2. Through lot

3. Corner lot

E. Give at least three steps in using protractor in plotting the lot.

4. ZERO CENTER the protractor on given point of desired angle.

5. ALIGN 0-AXIS (base of protractor) against one side of desired angle.

6. MARK OFF desired angle at the edge of protractor (start reading

from 0-degree)

F. Identify units of protractor in drawing a Lot Plan.

7. Full Circle contains 4 quadrants

8. One quadrant - 900 (degrees)

9. One degree – 60’ (minutes)

10. One minute – 60” (seconds)

G. Identify at least 3 drafting practices in lot plotting

All drawings and labels are inked.

Use only standard plotting paper if submitted as part of

Contract Document

Lot points are represented by small circle and point no.

indicated near it within the lot whenever possible

167

Bearing and Magnitude are placed centered to lot line being

described and within the lot whenever possible

NOTE: Bearing and Magnitude must be written and readable

from South West quadrant.

h. Lot No. and Block No. are written at center of lot. Subdivision

streets are indicated as Street Lot No. ____it is directly placed

centered and parallel to respective streets

i. Scale is indicated under the NORTH symbol for non-

documental work and proper position for documental

Plotting Paper

Self Check 3.3

A. Performance Test

Teacher’s Check

168

ANSWER KEY

LO4. Draft Floor Plan

Self Check 4.1

A.

1. Bedroom

2. Entrances

3. Bathroom

4. Dining

A. Enumeration

Types of kitchen

5. U-shaped kitchen

6. Corridor kitchen

7. L-shaped kitchen

a. Fixtures in kitchen “work triangle”.

8. Storage and mixing center

9. Preparation and cleaning center

10. cooking center

Self Check 4.2

A.

1. d. 1 :100, 1:80

2. b. 0.010

3. c. 1.00

4. a. 1,000 meters

5. b. full scale

B.

6. 1.05

7. 10.2

8. 0.90

9. 0.75

10. 1,000.00

169

Self Check 4.3

A.

1. d. 0.13 m

2. d. 0.18 m.

3. a. 0.90 m

4. c. eave line

5. b. 3.00 sq.m.

B.

6. Interior door –

7. Swinging door –

8. Double door –

9. Accordion door –

10. Bay window-

Self Check 4.4

Teacher’s Check

170

ANSWER KEY

LO5. Draft Roof Plan

Self Check 5.1

a. b. Purlin

b. a. Truss

c. a. ridge

d. c. Valley

e. a. Pitch

f. b. Hip

g. b. Eave

h. b. Fascia

i. d. Shed

j. d. hip rafter

k.

Self Check 5.2

Teacher’s Check

Self Check 5.3

Roof Plan:

1. A roof plan is one showing the outline of the roof and the major

object lines indicating ridges, valleys, hips, and openings.

2. The roof plan is not a framing plan, but a plan view of the roof.

3. To develop a roof framing plan, a roof must be stripped of its

covering to expose the position of each structural member and

each header.

4. The roof plan can be used as the basic outline for the roof framing

plan.

5. The roof plan indicate types of roofing

Roof Framing Plan:

1. The structural framing of a roof plan

2. It shows the sizes of materials framing.

3. It shows spacing of structural framing

4. It shows specification of structural framing

5. It shows the details of gutter

Self Check 5.4

Teacher’s Check

Self Check 5.5

Teacher’s Check

171

ANSWER KEY

LO6. Draft Ceiling Plan

SELF CHECK 6.1

TEST I.

1. Soffit 2. Reflected ceiling plan 3. Ventilation

4. Specification 5. insulation

6. Hanger 7. Acoustic 8. Fixtures

9. Ceiling board 10. Ceiling joist 11. ceiling

12. fixtures 13. ventilation

14. acoustic 15. reflected ceiling plan

TEST II. Enumeration

1. Lightning features

2. Ventilation

3. Smoke detector

4. Wood mouldings

5. Ceiling board

172

ANSWER KEY

LO7. Draft Elevation Section

SELF CHECK 1.2

ANSWER KEY: 1.1

Self check 1.1

1. exteriors

2. front elevation

3. position

4. eave

5. pitch

6. interiors

7. cutting-plane line

8. cross-section

9. longitudinal section

10. Floor plan

173

ANSWER KEY: 1.2

174

ANSWER KEY

LO8. Perform presentation Drawing

SELF CHECK 8.1

TEST I. 1. Floor plan 2. Elevation plan

3. Perspective view 4. Presentation drawing

5. Perspective drawing TEST. II

1. True

2. True 3. True 4. True

5. True

1

Unit of Competency: Draft Structural Layout and Details

Module No.: 2 Module Title: Drafting Structural Layout and Details




HIGH SCHOOLS


HIGH SCHOOLS

i

2

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page

How to Use this Module……………………………………………………... i

Introduction……………………………………………………………………. 1

Definition of Terms…………………………………………………………… 2

Learning Outcome 1: Draft Foundation Plans…………………………. 4

Learning Experiences / Activities………………………………….. 5

Information Sheet # 1.1……………………………………………………. 6

Self Check # 1.1……………………………………………………….. 10

Activity Sheet # 1.1……………………………………………………. 11

Information Sheet # 1.2…………………………………………………….. 12

Self Check # 1.2………………………………………………………… 18

Operation Sheet # 1.2………………………………………………………. 19

Operation Sheet # 1.2.1……………………………………………………. 22

Learning Outcome 2: Draft Structural Floor and Roof Framing Plans…………………………….. 27

Learning Experiences / Activities…………………………………… 28

Information Sheet # 2.1…………………………………………………….. 29

Self Check # 2.1……………………………………………………………. 37

Operation Sheet # 2.1………………………………………………………. 38


Self Check # 2.2……………………………………………………………. 50

Operation Sheet # 2.2………………………………………………………. 51


Self Check # 2.3……………………………………………………………. 59

Operation Sheet # 2.3……………………………………………………… 60


Self Check # 2.4……………………………………………………………. 68

Operation Sheet # 2.4………………………………………………………. 69

Operation Sheet # 2.4.1…………………………………………………….. 72


Self Check # 2.5……………………………………………………………. 87

Operation Sheet # 2.5………………………………………………………. 88

Assessment Resources……………………………………………………… 90

Answer Key………………………………………………………………… 92

Acknowledgement ………………………………………………………… 99

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Activities are properly arranged in this module to help you work at your own pace, this module also covers the knowledge, skills, and proper

attitude you need in Drafting Technology.

A pre-assessment precedes the learning activities in each module to determine your level and need.

The learning activity page gives the sequence of the learning tasks. This page serves as the road map in achieving the desired objectives.

After you accomplished all the tasks required, a post assessment is given to check if you are already competent with the specified learning

outcome/s and are ready for the next task. Definitions of terms are provided in this module for your better

understanding.

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1


Unit of Competency : Draft Structural Layout and Details

Module title : Drafting Structural Layout and Details

Nominal Hours : 60 Hours

INTRODUCTION:

Every structure needs a foundation. The function of a foundation is to provide a level and uniformly distribute support for the structure. The foundation must be strong enough to support and distribute the load of the

structure. The foundation helps prevent cold air and dampness from entering the house. It waterproofs the basement and forms the supporting

walls of the basement. It helps prevent the walls from cracking and the doors and windows from sticking.

The basic principles of constructing building foundation are the same, regardless of the situation. The methods and materials used in constructing foundation vary greatly in different parts of the country and are continually

changing.

The structural members of the foundation vary according to the design and size of the foundation. The knowledge brought about by the science of soil mechanics confirms that rock beds are the most stable

medium for foundations. Practically, the soil where the building stands, serves as the foundation, although it is weaker than any other construction

material. To be able to carry satisfactorily the load of the building, the steel and other materials used, a foundation is needed to transmit these loads to the soil.


Upon completion of the module, you should be able to:

LO1. Draft Foundation Plans LO2. Draft Structural Floor and Roof Framing Plans

2

TECHNICAL TERMS Foundation is the part of the building below the surface of the ground

which is sometimes called the substructure. Dead Load refers to all the weight in a structure made up of immovable

materials.

Footing is an enlargement at the lower end of a wall, pier or column to distribute the load into the ground.

Framing is the wood skeleton of a building constructed one level on top of another.

Girder is the horizontal beam which supports the floor joints.

Heel Plate is the plate at the end of a truss. Hip Roof is a roof with four sloping sides.

Jack Rafter is a short rafter, usually used on hip roofs.

Joist is a horizontal structural member that supports the floor system or ceiling system.

Lally Column is a steel column used to support girders and beams.

Pier is a block of concrete supporting the floor of a building.

Pilaster is a decorative column attached to a wall. Piles are long posts driven into the soil in swampy locations upon which the

foundation footing is laid.

Pillar is a column used for supporting parts of a structure. Purlins are horizontal structural members which hold rafters together.

Reinforced Concrete is a concrete in which steel bars or webbing has been embedded for strength.

Ridge is a the top edge of the roof where rafters meet.

Slab is a foundation reinforced concrete and foundation floor.

Span is the distance between structural supports.

Valley is the internal angle formed by two slopes of a roof.

3

Valley Jacks is a rafter that run from a ridge board to a valley rafter.

Valley Rafters. is the diagonal rafter forming the intersection of two sloping

roofs.

4



Module Title : Drafting Structural Layout and Details

Learning Outcome 1: Draft Foundation Plans


1. Locations of wall footings, footings and columns are indicated as

shown in the floor plan

2. Details of wall footings, footings and columns are drawn in larger

scale

References:

Donald Hepler, Paul Wallach. Architecture Drafting and Design, Mcgraw Hill

Book Co.

G.M. Manaois, Simplified Technical Drawing, PCAT Fajardo, Max B. Jr., Building Construction, 5138 Merchandizing, 1984

Werdhass, Ernest, Architecture Drafting and Design, Allyn and Bacon, 1984

Fajardo, Max B. Jr., Simplified Construction Estimate, 5138 Merchandizing, 1984

Harold Sleeper, Building Planning and Design Standards, John Wiley and Sons, New york

5


Learning Outcome No. 1: Draft Foundation Plans


1. Read Information Sheet #1.1

on the kinds of foundation

and types of footings



Answer Key

4. Proceed to Activity # 1.1

5. Review the procedure from

the given activity sheet

Try to answer Self check no.

1.1 the best you can

Try to perform the activity

6


LO1. Draft Foundation Plans

Design of Foundation

The design of a foundation is solely based on site investigation. It is the result of determining the soil surface condition of the soil. The topography of the surface has to be considered prior to construction, as this

might affect the construction investigation. A site with a uniform condition is less likely to require extensive investigation as a site for big projects. Drilling is the most suitable way of

determining soil condition. Sample of soil extracted from the site is examined as to its consistency and relative density. The area bored or

drilled is called test pits. There are varied kinds of boring methods and equipment as there are varied methods of soil testing. The National Building Code requires a sole bearing capacity of the soil at 2ft2 per ton or less than

twice the maximum bearing capacity desired for use. To transmit the building load to the soil is the purpose of a

foundation, without overloading or over stressing the soil. A structural foundation performs properly if the soil also behaves properly. For the building to last, its foundation should be designed for the worst times.

Laying out and Staking

The process of establishing the point of building outline or perimeter on the ground is known to be laying and staking. Prior to construction this

process is done which includes demolition, clearing and establishing building measurement on the ground. Before a foundation for a construction is begun, the perimeter of the

house or building should be laid out on the ground.

7

The materials and tools used in laying out are the following:

1. Stake – are wooden sticks or post driven to the ground 2. Batter Boards – are wood stick nailed horizontally to the stake.

3. Level transit is for establishing reference point. 4. Plastic water hose which is transparent and ¼”Ø filled with water to

establish level of horizontal lines

5. String or chord for connecting established point

Excavation and Backfilling

Excavation work in construction of residences is of two categories:

1. Shallow excavation which includes wall footing, and column footings, whether they are independent, or combined wherein digging of the soil extends to 1.50 meters.

2. Deep excavation is for large building projects as this requires almost total extraction of the soil at the site. This requires sheeting and

shoring of the ground to project adjoining properties. The process is defined as providing temporary support to the structure or ground during excavation.

ESTABLISHING THE SQUARE PRIOR TO EXCAVATION

8

Backfilling on the one hand is the filling in of the excavated portion after the foundation has been laid out.

LAYING OUT THE STAKE AND BATTERBOARD

BRACING THE SIDE OF AN EXCAVATION

9

The design of a foundation always includes the following;

1. The dead load plus the live load 2. Load effects of wind, head, water, earthquakes

3. Explosive blasts

As in excavation, a foundation is also categorized as shallow foundation

which includes matt and spread footing, and deep foundation which also includes piles, piers and caissons.

The earth provides ultimate support of the structure against all elements of nature. Automatically, the soil where the building stands is a material of

construction. But physically, the soil is weaker than any other material of construction like steel, concrete and wood. Loads carried by steel, concrete, and wood is transmitted to the ground, hence there is a foundation to

transmit that collective load to the soil in such a manner as the soil will not be over stressed to cause serious deformation. The performance of a

structural foundation is dependent on soil behavior. Where soil foundation provides lifetime support for a building all forces that act over time shall be considered and that foundation is designed for worst conditions that may

develop. There are instances wherein foundation may settle or move. The

movement of the foundation may be due to the following causes:

1. Soil bearing capacity failure 2. Failure or deflection of the foundation structure 3. Sheer distortion of the soil

4. Compression of the soil

There are other factors that contribute to the settlement of the

foundation but these are indirectly related to the superstructure load imposed on the soil.

10

SELF CHECK # 1.1 LO1. Draft Foundation Plans

A. Directions: Read each item carefully. Identify the correct answer and write it on a separate sheet of paper.

__________ 1.The process of establishing the perimeters of a house. __________ 2. They are wooden sticks driven to the ground.

__________ 3. They are wood stick nailed horizontally to the stake.

__________ 4.It provides ultimate support of the structure.

__________ 5.It is the most suitable way of determining the soil condition.

B. Directions: Enumerate the following and write the answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Give the Five (5) materials and tools used in laying out? 2. Give the Four (4) causes of foundation movement?

11



Directions:

1. Let the students group themselves into 3-5 depending upon the

number of students in the class. 2. Let them discuss among themselves the importance of having a solid

foundation for a building or a residential unit. 3. Let the group leaders report their reasons and answers to the class.

Questions:

1. Why is soil testing an important aspect to consider in the design and

construction of a building? 2. How does having a good and suitable foundation affect the building

design and its strength? 3. Why is having out the corners and squaring it important prior to

construction?

12



Foundations are important components in the construction of a building. It is the foundation that carries the load of the building.

Types of Foundations

1. Spread Foundation includes all those types where the load is distributed into the soil by slender vertical members of timber, concrete or steel called piles.

2. Pier foundation is one where the load is distributed into the soil

by slender vertical members of timber, concrete, or steel called

piles.

3. Pier Foundation is the foundation where concrete piers are carried down through the soil of inadequate bearing power until a satisfactory foundation bed is reached.

4. Slab Foundation is a solid slab of concrete poured directly on the

ground with footings placed where extra support is needed. 5. T- Foundation consists of a footing upon which is placed a

concrete wall or a concrete block wall forming an inverted T and foundation is popular in structures with basement.

6. Matt Foundation assembles a mat in that the foundation is spread over the entire area of the building floor

Foundation Members

The structural members of the foundation vary according to the design and size of the foundation

1. Footing distributes the weight of a building over large area.

Concrete is commonly used for footings because it can be poured

to maintain a firm contact with the supporting soil 2. Foundation walls - the function of the foundation wall is to

support the load of the building above the ground line and to transmit the weight of the house to the footing.

3. Piers and Columns Piers and columns are vertical members usually

made of concrete, brick, steel or wood. They are used to support

the floor systems and can be used as sole support of the structure

13

Footings and columns carry the load of the building resting on the foundation.

Kinds of Footings

1. Wall Footing is a footing which supports a wall by extending along

the entire length of the wall. 2. Isolated Footing is one which supports a single column, post, pier

or other concentrated load.

3. Combined Footing is one which supports two column loads or sometimes three column loads not in a row.

4. Cantilever footing is one which supports two column loads and consists of two footings connected together by a beam often called a strap

5. Continuous Footing is one which supports a row of three or more columns.

6. Raft or mat footing is one which extends under the entire building area and supports all the wall and column loads from the building.

1. Isolated Column Footing

2. Combined Column Footing

3. Cantilever Footing

14

4. Trapezoidal Footing

5. Continuous Footing

6. Raft or Mat Footing

7. Wall Footing

15

DETAIL OF WALL FOOTING

16

17

DETAIL OF COLUMN FOOTING

18

SELF CHECK # 1.2 LO1. Draft Foundation Plans

A. Directions: Read each item carefully. Identify the correct answer and write it on a separate sheet of paper.

__________ 1. A footing which supports a wall. __________ 2. The part of the building below the surface of the ground.

__________ 3. A footing which supports a single column.

__________ 4. A kind of foundation wherein concrete is poured directly to the ground with footings placed where extra support is

needed. __________ 5. A wall that supports or carries a load.

B. Directions: Enumerate the following and write the answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. What are the two (2) types of walls? 2. Give the three (3) kinds of loads? 3. Enumerate the seven (7) classes of footings according to load.

4. What are the six (6) types of foundations?

19

0.2

0

0.8

0

COLUMN & FOOTING 1

CF1 COLUMN & FOOTING 2

CF2



Drafting a Foundation Plans

Procedure:

1. Locate position of wall footings, columns and column footings on the plan

2. Indicate sizes of columns and footings to be used based on accepted

architectural and structural requirements ( in this case we may simply assume)

0.80

0.8

0

0.20

0.2

0

0.20

0.80

20

WALL FOOTING 1

WALL FOOTING 2

3. Indicate width of wall footings and thickness of wall (4” THK CHB and 0.40) width of footing

4. Draw outlines of footings and columns based on accepted

architectural drawing practices.

0.15

0.40 0.15

0.40

21

5. Finalize the drawing by completing the specifications for the detail drawing of footings and columns.

Elevation +

0.20

Elevation + 0.20

Compacted

Gravel Fill

Elevation + 0.10

Elevation + 0.20

Elevation +

0.10

Elevation +

0.20

22

OPERATION SHEET # 1.2.1


Drafting Detail of Columns and Footings Procedure:

1. From the foundation plan drawn in the preceding operation,

determine the types of columns used. (for every type, a detail drawing must be drawn)

DETAIL SECTIONS OF WALL FOOTING

23

2. Determine the sizes of footings and columns used in the foundation plan

PLAN PLAN

CF -1 CF -2

SECTION SECTION

24

3. Layout the plan of the foundation with the corresponding sizes used

PLAN PLAN

CF -1 CF -2

SECTION SECTION

25

4. Layout the column section following the measurement used

PLAN

CF - 1

PLAN

CF - 2

SECTION SECTION

26

5. Draw the reinforcing bars and label.

PLAN

CF - 1

PLAN

CF - 2

COLUMN AND WALL FOOTING

27



Module Title : Drafting Structural Layout and Details

Learning Outcome 2: Draft Structural Floor and Roof Framing Plans


1. Structural floor and roof framing plans are properly discussed

2. Structural floor and roof framing plans are drafted based on floor and foundation plans using timber, concrete or steel construction

3. Structural floor and roof beams are drafted showing the sizes and

shapes and detailed connections.

References:

Donald Hepler, Paul Wallach. Architecture Drafting and Design, Mcgraw hill

Book Co.

G.M. Manaois, Simplified Technical Drawing, PCAT Donald Hepler, Paul Wallach. Architecture Drafting and Design, Mcgraw hill

Book Co.

G.M. Manaois, Simplified Technical Drawing, PCAT Fajardo, Max B. Jr., Building Construction, 5138 Merchandizing, 1984

Werdhass, Ernest, Architecture Drafting and Design, Allyn and Bacon, 1984

Fajardo, Max B. Jr., Simplified Construction Estimate, 5138 Merchandizing, 1984

Harold Sleeper, Building Planning and Design Standards, John Wiley and Sons, New york

28


Learning Outcome No. 2: Draft Structural Floor and Roof Framing Plans


1. Read Information Sheet # 2.1

on the kinds of foundation

and types of footings



Answer Key

4. Proceed to Activity # 2.2

5. Review the procedure from

the given activity sheet

Try to answer Self check no.

1.1 the best you can

Try to perform the activity

29

INFORMATION SHEET # 2.1 LO2. Draft Structural Floor and Roof Framing Plans (Concrete)

CONTRETE;

The structural members of a building are constructed using concrete,

which is an artificial stone as a result of mixing cement, fine and coarse aggregates and water. This is known as plain concrete. If there is a reinforcement embedded in order that they act together in resisting forces it

is called a reinforced concrete.

Cement is the bonding agent that reacts with water to form a stone-hard substance. It is of two types; the hydraulic cement and the Portland cement. Joseph Aydin introduced Portland cement in 1824. Portland cement

is categorized as to its type, whether for general construction or where high early strength or resistance is required. Pozzolana cement is amorphous silica that hardens as silica gel by reacting chemically with alkali in water.

The name is derived from Pozzolona, Italy where this was found.

Water suitable for drinking is satisfactory for concrete mixing. Admixture, on the other hand is a material other than cement that is used as ingredient in concrete, before or during mixing. The ability of concrete to

flow freely and fill all voids is known as workability of the concrete mixture. Workability is sometimes described as consistency, plasticity and mobility.

Consistency is the degree or wetness or slump while plasticity refers to the ease with which fresh concrete is molded and mobility refers to the flow or movement of the mixture. Concrete should be proportioned correctly to

obtain a good mixture required for a particular work. The strength of concrete is measured in its ability to resist stresses such as compressive, tensile flexural and shearing stress.

Concrete Proportion

The right proportioning of the ingredients in concrete provides a balance for economy, workability, strength, durability and appearance.

Concrete Proportion

Class of

Mixture

Cement

40kg

Sand Gravel

Cu.Ft. Cu.M. Cu.Ft. Cu.M.

AA 1 1 ½ .043 3 .085

A 1 2.0 .057 4 .113

B 1 2 ½ .071 5 .142

C 1 3.0 .085 6 .170

30

Concrete used for construction is tested as to their strength by the following methods;

1. Slump Test

2. Compression Test

SLUMP TEST

COMPRESSION TEST

31

Concrete for building construction is mixed in two different ways:

1. On the job site – hand mixing 2. Ready mixed concrete – by mobile or stationary mixers

Concrete hardens or settles at about two to three hours after the

concrete has been mixed. The hardening of concrete depends upon the

chemical reaction between the cement and water. The building code provides that concrete shall be maintained above 10˚c temperature for at least 7 days after placing and three days for high early strength concrete.

Reinforced Concrete

It is a concrete with reinforcement bars embedded. The columns and the footings are the most common examples of a reinforced concrete. The

main purpose of a column is to support a beam or ginder, floor or roof. Reinforced concrete columns are of two kinds.

1. Short column – unsupported height is not greater than 10 times the

shortest lateral dimension of the cross section

2. Long column – unsupported height is more than 10 times Columns are classified according to the types of reinforcement:

1. Tied column

2. Spiral 3. Composite 4. Combined

5. Lally column

32

A tied column has reinforcement called lateral ties, of which the ACI code provides a specific size of ties as follows:

1. A 10mm ties for column reinforcement of 10mm or smaller bar

2. A 12mm tie if column reinforcement is no.11, 14 or 18 steel bars Also, spacing of tied columns is as follows:

1. That the distance should not be more than 16 times the diameter of

the main reinforcing bar.

2. That the spacing should not be more than 48 times the diameter of the lateral ties.

3. That the spacing should not be more than the shortest dimension of the cross section of the column.

The Reinforced Concrete Floor

The floor system of a building refers to the girders, beams and the floor slab. The floor slab carries both the live and dead load, that is the

human occupants and all unmovable objects. These are transmitted to the beams then to the columns.

A beam supports the transverse load with each end resting on a support while girder is a beam that supports one or more smaller beams.

Beams are classified as simple, continuous and semi-continuous beam while cantilever beams are supported on one end and the other projecting beyond the support.

A concrete beam even if forced from carrying live or concentrated load has to carry its own weight. This is the distributed load and its gravitational

effect of its own weight will cause the structure to sag or bend. On the other hand, a bending moment is the tendency of a force to cause rotation at an

axis. It is classified as positive and negative bending. The Reinforced Concrete Slab

Reinforced concrete slab is classified as

1. One way solid slab 2. Two way solid slab

3. Ribbed floor 4. Flatslab or girderless floor.

The type of floor system has its advantages depending on these considerations:

1. Spacing of column 2. The magnitude of the loads to be supported

33

3. The length of the span 4. Cost of construction

A one way slab is the most common type of reinforced concrete floor

system. This is supported by two parallel beams. Unlike beams and girders, floor slab needs no web reinforcements.

The bending moment of a slab at the center is equal hence the same quantity of reinforcement should be at the center and at support.

34

The ACI code provides that the thickness of the slab shall not be less than 10cm nor less than the perimeter of the slab divided by 180. The

reinforcement shall not be more than 3 times the slab thickness and the ratio of reinforcement shall be at least 0.0025.

The other most common type of slab used in building residential dwelling is the two way slab where all four sides are supported, either by

beams or girders, the reinforcement bars at placed in two directions at right angle to each other. The reinforcement transmits the load of the floor to the side support.

TWO WAY SLAB

35

Reinforced Concrete Stairways

The inclined slab supported at the end by beams is the simplest form of a concrete stairway. Reinforcement is placed at only one direction and a

transverse one bar per tread. The unsupported span of the stairway shall be short and no break in flight between floors. If the stair is divided into two or more flights, intermediate beams should be used to support the landing.

The building code provides that all stairs shall be so designed to give safety and convenience to climbing.

Here are some dimensions as provided for by the code;

1. The minimum width of any stair slab and the minimum dimensions of any landing shall be 110 cm.

2. The maximum rise of the step as about 18 cm. and the tread exclusive

of the nosing is 25 cm 3. The minimum height of straight flight between landing is 360cm.

Reinforced Concrete Stairways

36

Stairway constructions are usually built after the completion of the main structural framework of the dwelling unit.

LAYING OUT THE STAIRWAY

37

SELF CHECK # 2.1

LO2. Draft Structural Floor and Roof Framing Plans (Concrete)

Directions: I. Fill the blank with the correct answer. Write your answer on a a separate sheet of paper.

__________ 1. It is a material other than cement that is used as ingredient in concrete.

__________ 2. It is the bonding agent that reacts with water to form a stone hard substance.

__________ 3. It is an artificial stone as a result of mixing cement, fine and

coarse aggregates and water. __________ 4. Supports the transverse load with each end resting on a

support.

__________ 5. It refers to the girders, beams, and the floor slab. __________ 6. It is the most common type of reinforced concrete floor

system. __________ 7. It is a concrete with reinforcement embedded. __________ 8. It is a column with unsupported height of not greater than 10

times the lateral dimension __________ 9. Introduced Portland cement in 1824.

__________ 10. It is the simplest form of a concrete stairway.

II. Enumerate the following: 1. Five (5) methods of testing strength of concrete.

2. Five (5) classifications of columns as to type of reinforcement. 3. Four(4) classification of Concrete floor slab.

38


LO2. Draft Structural Floor and Roof Framing Plans

Drafting a One-Way Concrete Floor Slab Procedure:

1. Draw a floor plan of the residential unit you wish to have. Indicate the

detail of a concrete slab with the corresponding dimensions.

Note: The students are provided with a copy of the plan

39

2. Indicate elevations of floor and finish ground line to know the thickness of gravel bedding.

40

3. Indicate size and distances of reinforcing bars as per standard specification on the national building code.

4. Draw a portion of the floor plan indicating bar distances and bar sizes.

41

5. Draw a sectional detail of the plan and label the drawing.

42

INFORMATION SHEET # 2.2 LO2. Draft Structural Floor and Roof Framing Plans (Concrete)

The most common reinforcement for most construction is the steel bar. It is designed to act together with concrete in carrying the building

load even in simultaneous deformation; otherwise it might skip out from the concrete if there is no sufficient bond.

Steel can be structurally used in two ways; as reinforcement wherein it is pre-assembled before concrete pouring; and as stressed steel, where

heavy tension forces are applied before pouring.

Originally, steel bars were in English measure and that their diameters were standardized from ¼”, 3/8”, ½”,3/4” . etc. for convenience, a number is assigned for each size such as no. 2 for ¼ and so on.

Bar Spacing

The spacing of bars shall be in accordance with the provisions of the ACI

1. The minimum clear distances between adjacent steel bars shall not

be less than 25mm

2. When beam reinforcement are placed in two layers the clear distance shall be 25mm.

3. Lateral ties shall be no.3 bars spaced 16 times the longitudinal bar diameter.

4. The clear spacing between spirals shall not exceed 7.5 or less than

2.5 cm. 10mm minimum diameter. Bar Splicing, Cutting and Bend

In building construction, tension bars may be spliced by:

1. Welding 2. Tying

3. Sleeves 4. Mechanical devices w/c provides full positive connection between

bars.

Compression bars used are also spliced by:

1. Lapping 2. Direct and bearing

3. Welding 4. Mechanical device w/c provides full positive connection.

43

Minimum diameters of bend for Standards Hook

Bar size Minimum Diameter

No. 3 to 8 6 Bars Diameter

No. 9 to 11 8 Bar Diameter

No. 14 to 18 10 Bar Diameter

MINIMUM DIAMETERS OF BENDS

FOR BARS

44

For simple concrete beams and girders, the steel reinforcement consists of 4 longitudinal bars and stirrups, either of the closed type or

the U-type stirrups and is secured by wires. The stirrups take care of the diagonal tension and also keep the steel reinforcement in their proper

position

FOUR REBARS CONCRETE BEAM

45

Concrete Floor Slabs

They are common as flooring and usually reinforced with deformed reinforcing bars. Most codes require the top of the slab to be at least 6”

to 8”(0.15 to 0.20) above grade for the ground floor specifications that are to be included with slabs plan include the thickness of the slab, size and spacing of reinforcing bars and concrete pounds per square inch(PSI)\

Steel Reinforcing Bars

Steel reinforcing bars or rebars are incorporated in concrete and other masonry constructions. They are used to prevent cracking when tension,

compression and other forces are applied. Round rebars are most common in reinforced concrete construction.

They may be plain or deformed. Deformed bars have lugs on their surface for increased bond between concrete and steel. The end of the bars is

bent to determine the hooks. Deformed and plain rebars are commercially sold in length of 6.0

meters. Other lengths may also be made available by manufacturers to meet specific needs of consumers.

46

Sizes of Bars.

Rebars are bought or sold specifically by their diameter. The most common sizes of rebars for residential units are 0.9mm and 0.10mm for

stirrups and 0.12mm and 0.16mm for vertical members.

47

18

8

23

0

TABLE D-1

Steel bar designations and their English equivalent and metric sizes (diameters)

BAR ENGLISH METRIC

Designation Size (Diameter) Size (Diameter)

No. 2 ¼” 8mm

3 3/8” 10

4 ½” 12

5 5/8” 16

6 ¾” 20

8 1” 25

10 1 ¼” 32

12 1 ½” 40

16 2 50

Figure 1 Guide for bending and cutting of rebars based on its diameter

12mm

16mm

167

215

D = 72

64

202

265

D = 96+

64

48

Figure 2.

Detail of one span RCB (Reinforced Concrete Beam) with four rebars

49

Figure 3.

Sample arrangement of steel reinforcing bars in concrete footings

SQUARE RECTANGULAR

ISOMETRY ISOMETRY

Kinds of Loads

1. Live load refers to the load (combined total weight) of people. 2. Dead load is the load of wood, steel, and furniture

3. Wind load is the load or strength of wind Kinds of Walls

Walls are important components of a building; they may be made of wood, or concrete.

1. Load Bearing Wall – walls that support or carry loads as in exterior

walls

2. Non-Load Bearing Wall – does not carry or support a load as in partitions or interior walls.

50

SELF CHECK # 2.2

LO2. Draft Structural Floor and Roof Framing Plans (Concrete)

Directions: I.TRUE or FALSE. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if it is wrong. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

__________ 1. The most common reinforcement for construction is the Steel

Bar.

__________ 2. For simple concrete beams, the steel reinforcement consists of

6-8 steel bars.

__________ 3. The minimum clear distance between adjacent steel bars shall

not be less than 25mm.

__________ 4. Live load refers to the combined weight of people.

__________ 5. Rebars are sold or bought specifically by their length.

__________ 6. Load bearing walls are exterior walls.

__________ 7. Square bars are common reinforcement for concrete.

__________ 8. Deformed bars are sold commercially in length of 10 meters.

__________ 9. Plain bars used as reinforcement have lugs on their surface.

__________ 10. The designation of a 3/8”φ bar in Metric is 10mm φ.

II. Enumerate the following:

1. Enumerate the Four (4) different ways of splicing tension bars. 2. Compression bars are spliced in different ways as in:.

51


LO1. Draft Structural Floor Plan

Drafting a concrete Two-way slab

Procedure:

1. This activity will be done by the class individually to assess their

learning. The duration of this activity will be for two meetings or four hours. The students will be provided a copy of the plan.

From the plan, indicate the measurement of the floor to be provided with concrete slab. Refer to the table for standard specifications for

reinforcement bars. For this the rebars sizes would be 12mmØ spaced at 0.20 or center bothways as this is a two-way slab.

52

2. The students will decide if they are going to draw the framing on the whole plan or select only a portion wherein to draw a detail section of

the rebars on the floor and the floor beam

c

10mmφ Rebars

@ 0.20 O.C.

Both ways

53

3. Draw the detail plan of the section of the two-way concrete slab by

indicating the distances of the bars from both sides of the floor beam

4. Draw the detail longitudinal section of the two-way concrete slab and indicate the position and bend of the tension bar.

54

5. Label the drawing and finalize it by writing down specifications of rebars

and their distance.

55

INFORMATION SHEET # 2.3 LO2. Draft Structural Floor and Roof Framing Plans (Timber)

Lumber

While steel is becoming a trend in building construction today because it is more economical and easier to work on and there is always

availability of supply, wood is still sometimes preferred, most specially for low cost housing units. Technically, wood is known as xylem. The properties of word as building material are;

1. Strong material

2. Durable 3. Light in weight 4. Ease of working and fastening

5. With artistic and natural beauty

Wood has some advantages over that of steel that most people prefer to

use it despite that it has become costly and scarce.

Physical Properties of Wood 1. Wood is resistant to compression

2. Wood has the ability to resist bending stress 3. It has the ability to resist lengthwise stress

4. It has the ability to resist rupture along or across the grain.

Wood which is classified as good lumber for building constructions

should be prepared and seasoned well. From the logging or harvesting to the lumberyard for seasoning. Natural or Air seasoning is one of the best methods although it takes a longer period. In artificial seasoning, a drying

kiln is used and the lumber subjected to hot air pressure.

Measuring Lumber. The board foot is the unit of measure for measuring wood. It means

one square foot of wood one inch thick or 1444 cw. Meters.

56

The formula for board foot is:

Bdft = Thickness X Width X Length 12

Where; Thickness is inches

Width in inches Length is in feet

Wood related products such as veneer and plywood are common building materials. Hardboard and particle board are the other products

common nowadays. Plywood is classified as soft, hardwood and exterior or marine plywood.

The Wood Floor System

The use of lumber in building construction today has been limited to floor framing, roof framing ceiling and as panels due to the introduction of reinforce concrete and steel. And also lumber material has become scarce.

The wood floor system includes;

1. Girders 2. Floor joist

3. Joist bridging 4. Wood plate 5. Header

6. Trimmer 7. Beam

8. Flooring 9. Stop plate 10. Ledger strip

12” 12”

1”

One Board Foot

57

The girder is a beam from wall to wall and supports the floor joist. They may either be solid or built girder.

A sill is a wood member fastened to the beam by anchor bolts. It may

also be fastened to a foundation wall.

58

A trimmer carries an end portion of a header in a stairwell while a header supports the cut-off joist at a stairwell hole. The flooring refers to the tongue

and groove wood common as flooring materials.

59

SELF CHECK # 2.3 LO2. Draft Structural Floor and Roof Framing Plans

I. Instruction. Identify the following. Use a separate sheet for your answer.

__________ 1. The unit of measure for wood or lumber.

__________ 2. It is known technically as xylem.

__________ 3. A beam from wall to wall which supports the floor joist.

__________ 4. It carries an end portion of a header in a stairwell.

__________ 5. The method of drying lumber in a seasoning.

II. Compute for the board feet of the following lumber or wood.

1. Find the total number of Bdft. For 10pcs 2” x 4” x 12’ to be used for

rafters. 2. Find the number of Bdft. For 24 pcs purlins with dimensions of 2” x 3” x

12’.

60

OPERATION SHEET # 2.3 LO2. Draft Structural Floor and Roof Framing Plans (Timber)

Drafting a Structural Timber Floor Plan

Procedure

1. Study the floor plans already drawn and make an assessment as to the location of stairwells, opening columns and girders

2. Locate girders along the major beams and set off floor joists at

standard spacing of 0.30m on center. 3. Locate position of headers on stairwell.

4. Draw solid bridging on joists alternately offsetting at the center 5. Finalize drawing by darkening or inking the lines. 6. Label the materials or structural members of the floor plan

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INFORMATION SHEET # 2.4 LO2. Draft Structural Floor and Roof Framing Plans (Timber)

The Roof System

The roof system has numerous types according to construction. These shapes are referred to as:

1. Shed or lean-to type 2. Gable or Pitch roof

3. Saw tooth roof 4. Double gable

5. Hip roof 6. Hip and Valley 7. Pyramid roof

8. Gambrel 9. Ogee roof 10. Mansard roof

11. Dome 12. Conical roof

13. Butterfly roof 14. French or Concave roof

Shed or Lean- to is the simplest form. Gable or pitch is the most common type and economical while the saw-tooth roof is an adaptation of a

series of lean-to roofs. A double gable is a gable roof modified, a hip roof has the sides sloping and used in modern houses. Hip and valley roof is a combination of hip and gable while a pyramid roof is a modification of the

hip. A gambrel roof is a modified gable roof having two slopes. A mansard roof where the sides of the roof slope steeply on each side while an ogee roof is a pyramid having steep sides sloping to the center.

Dome is a hemispherical type of roof used in observatory buildings. A

French or concave mansard rood is a modified mansard roof where the sides are concave.

64

65

A butterfly roof is a two shed roof and a conical roof is a steep circular roof that tapers to a point.

The Roof Frame

The roof framing in a residential dwelling is of three types commonly used which are;

1. Rafter type 2. Truss type 3. Laminated

Rafters used for the framing are also classified as:

1. Common rafter 2. Hip rafter

3. Valley rafter 4. Octagonal rafter

5. Jack rafters Common rafters extend at right angles from the plate to the ridge.

Hip Rafters are laid diagonally from the corners of a plate to the ridge. Valley rafter doesn’t extend from the plate or girts to the ridge. Jack rafter is the frame between the hip rafter and the girt.

It is of three types: hip jack, cripple jack and valley jack.

1. Valley jack is the frame between the ridge and the valley rafter. 2. Cripple jack is that between the hip and valley rafter.

3. Octagonal rafters are those placed on an octagonal.

66

The Truss

The truss is a material that is important in a roof plan. It is a built-up frame used on an unsupported long span roof system. It is designed with

a series of triangles to stiffer the structure and distribute the roof load and to stay rigid and with flexibility and strength.

Trusses used in building construction are of two types; 1. Light trusses which includes the following:

a. Pitched truss

b. Howe truss c. Scissor truss d. Raised chord truss

e. Saw tooth f. 1 ½ storey frame

g. Utility h. Flat i. Bow string

2. Heavy trusses include the following which are used in industrial

buildings and they are longer:

a. Howe truss

b. Belgian truss c. Fink truss

d. Pratt truss e. Scissors truss f. Cambered truss

67

g. Saw tooth truss h. Flat pratt truss

i. Flat howe truss j. Warren truss

68

SELF CHECK # 2.4 LO2. Draft Structural Floor and Roof Framing Plans

Directions: I. TRUE or FALSE. Write T if the statement is correct and F if it

is wrong.

__________ 1. Shed or Lean - to is the most complex type of roof.

__________ 2. Dome is a hemispherical shape of roof used in observatory.

__________ 3. The sawtooth roof is an adaptation of a series of lean to roofs.

__________ 4. A modified gable roof is the gambrel roof.

__________ 5. A two shed roof is known as gable roof.

__________ 6. Hip rafters are laid diagonally from the corners of a plate to

the ridge.

__________ 7. Jack rafter is the frame between the hip rafter and the girt.

__________ 8. The truss is designed as a series of triangles.

__________ 9. The truss is a built-up frame used on a supported span.

__________ 10. Heavy trusses are used for low-cost housing units.

Directions: II. Enumerate the following. Write your answer on a separate

sheet of paper.

1. The three (3) types of Roof Framing commonly used in houses 2. The five (5) common types of rafters used for roof framing are.

69

OPERATION SHEET # 2.4 LO2. Draft Structural Floor and Roof Framing Plans (Timber)

Draft a Roof Framing Plan

Procedure:

1. From the floor plan shown, determine extent of roof eave and draft the

roof framing layout.

2. Locate position of main truss and secondary trusses, hip trusses and

rafters

3. Determine distance of purlins.

4. Finalize drawing by darkening or inking the lines.

5. Label the roof frame members.

70

71

72

OPERATION SHEET # 2.4.1


Draft a Truss Detail Procedure:

1. Determine length of bottom chord from end of wall. Add the width of

the eaves. 2. Determine rise of truss. Normally for hip gable is 1.80 3. Draft the truss diagram and the location of the queen post and web

member. 4. Determine thickness of lumber to be used. Normally, timbertruss

bottom chord is 2” X 5” and top chord is 2” x 6”

5. Darken lines and label the drawing.

73

TRUSSES – 1

SCALE 1.50M.

74

75

76

77

78

79


LO2. Draft Structural Floor and Roof Framing Plans The Wooden Stair

The stair has the steps wherein to ascend or descend from one storey to another. It is the most intricate part of the dwelling unit to build. Not all

carpenters have the skill to construct one; those who have the knowledge in the use of the steel square are a cut above the rest.

In laying out the stair, the planner must study a cross sectional drawing of the proposed stair that comprises the stringer, tread, riser, the

run and the rise. After you have known the number of tread and the height per rise of the steps, the length of the stringer could be determined by the formula!

L = ( Rise ) 2 + (Run) 2

Some carpenters do not have the skill to build a stair; those carpenters who have tried and succeeded have found that building the stair

is an art in itself. There are several stairway designs or types. Some of these are the straight vein, where the stair steps ascend in one direction, the L-shaped, U-shaped, circular stair and the spiral stairway.

Parts of a Stair

Tread – the horizontal part of a step including the nosing Baluster – the small post supporting the handrail

Flight – the series of steps from one landing to another. Handrail – a rail parallel with the inclination of the stair that hold the

balusters. Pitch – the angle of inclination of the horizontal of the stair. Rise – the height of a flight of stairs or the height of successive treads.

Riser – the vertical face of a stair step. Run – the horizontal distance from the first to the last riser of stair flight. Stairwell – the vertical shaft containing the staircase.

Winders – are steps not parallel with each other.

Types of Stringers for Stairs There are different kinds of stringers according to method of attaching riser to treads.

1. Cut stringer – used in modern building design.

2. Cleated stringer – used for very rough work. 3. Robbeted stringer – adopted for fine work. 4. Built up – Stringer – with blocks cut from outside stringers.

80

PARTS OF THE STAIR

DETERMINING THE RISE AND RUN OF STAIRS

81

LAYING OUT THE WOODEN STAIR

DIFFERENT TYPES OF STRINGERS

82

A DETAIL OF A STAIR CONNECTION ON CONCRETE

FLOOR AND TIMBER FLOOR

83

84

85

86

87

SELF-CHECK # 2.5 LO2. Draft structural floor and roof plans

Drafting a stair

Direction: Fill in the blank with the correct answer. Use a separate sheet of paper.

1. The ____________ is the horizontal floor as resting place in a flight. 2. The ____________ are the steps where to ascend and descend in a

building. 3. The ____________ is the vertical face of a stair step. 4. The steps that are not parallel to each other are ___________.

5. A ___________ stinger is used for modern buildings. 6. The ___________ is the horizontal part of a step including the

nosing. 7. The ____________ is the horizontal distance from the first to the last

riser of the flight.

8. The ____________ stinger is used for very rough work. 9. The ____________ stairwell is the shaft containing the staircase.

10. The ___________ is the angle of inclination of the stair.

88



Draft Two (2) Wooden Stair

Procedure

1. Determine the clear height of the rise. Rise per step is 17 to 18 centimeters and minimum tread is 25 centimeters is normally accepted standard

2. Divide the rise height in meters by 0.17 or 0.18 to determine number

of steps.

89

3. If the result is a fraction or decimal, it is not right and adjust to a whole number next lower or greater.

4. Divide the rise by the number to determine height per rise of each step.

5. Chose the number of step which will not be less than 17 cm nor more than 19 centimeters for an ideal stair.

90

ASSESSMENT RESOURCES


Scoring Rubrics

Criteria Score (Tick the corresponding

pts.)

Accuracy

50

45

40

Speed

10

6

8

Neatness

25

20

15

Lettering/Labeling

15

12

10

8

Total


Accuracy

50 pts - The output is accurately done.

45 pts - Two to five errors are observed on the output.

40 pts. - Six to ten errors are observed on the output.

Speed

10 pts - The output is done 5 minutes before the time.

8 pts - The output is done on time.

6 pts. - The output is done after the allotted time.

Neatness

91

25 pts. - No errors made on the output.

20 pts - Two to three erasures made on the output.

15 pts - Four or more erasures made on the output.

Lettering/Labeling

15 pts. - All information must be completely indicated and legibly

printed.

10 pts. - Aieces of information are legibly printed but some are

missing.

92

ANSWER KEY # 1.1

A. 1. Stake

2. Batter board 3. Level 4. Water Hose (plastic)

5. String/chord

B. 1. soil bearing capacity failure 2. deflection of the foundation

3. distortion of the soil 4. compression of the soil

93

ANSWER KEY # 1.2 A.

1. Wall footing 2. Foundation 3. Isolated

4. Slab Foundation 5. Load Bearing Wall

B. 1. a. Load bearing wall

b. Non bearing wall

2. a. Live load

b. Dead Load c. Wind Load

3. a. Wall footing b. Isolated

c. Combined d. Cantilever e. Continuous

f. Mat g. Raft

4. a. Spread

b. Pile

c. Pier d. Slab e. T-Foundation

f. Matt

94

ANSWER KEY # 2.1 I. 1. Admixture

2. Cement 3. Concrete 4. Beam

5. Floor system 6. One way slab

7. Reinforced Concrete 8. Short Column 9. Joseph Aydin

10. Inclined Slab

II. 1. a. Slump Test

b. Compression Test

2. a. tied column

b. spiral column c. composite column

d. combined column e. lally column.

3. a. one way solid slab b. two way solid slab c. ribbed floor

d. flatslab floor.

95

ANSWER KEY # 2.2 I. 1. True

2. False 3. True 4. True

5. False 6. True

7. False 8. False 9. False

10. True

II.

1. a. welding b. tying c. sleeve

d. by mechanical devices

2. a. lapping b. direct and bearing c. welding

d. by mechanical devices.

96

ANSWER KEY # 2.3

I. 1. Boardfoot 2. Wood

3. Girder 4. Trimmer

5. Artificial seasoning II.

1. 2” X 4” X 2’

12

2. 2” X 3” X 2’ 12

= 8Bdft. X 10pcs = 80bdft

= 6Bdft. X 24pcs = 144bdft

97

ANSWER KEY # 2.4 I.

1. F 2. T 3. T

4. T 5. F

6. T 7. T 8. T

9. F 10. F

II.

1.

a. rafter type

b. truss type c. laminated type

2.

a. common rafter

b. hip rafter c. valley rafter

d. octagonal rafter e. jack rafter

98

ANSWER KEY # 2.5

1. landing 2. stair

3. riser 4. winders 5. cut

6. tread 7. run

8. cleated 9. stairwell 10.pitch

99

AKNOWLEDGEMENT

We, the teachers assigned to work on the Competency Based Curriculum (CBC) and Contextual Learning Material (CLM) and Competency – Based Learning Modules particularly in Drafting

Technology, wish to express our gratitude and appreciation for having been given the chance to take part in this educational break through. With high

hopes we look forward to the improvement of the Technical-Vocational Education of the countrythrough the development of functional materials such of these kinds.

Marikina Hotel Marikina City

May 25-30, 2009

June 5-7, 2009

Technology Writers


Region XI






Conrado C. Casulla


Region I

Rolando V. Inay


100

Percival B. Magaway

Cabarroquis National School of Arts and Trades Gundaway, Cabarroguis, Quirino

English Teacher

Mercy F. Divina


Math Teacher

Emmanuel V. Dionisio Assemblywoman Felecita G. Bernardino Memorial Trade School Lias, Marilao, Bulacan

Science Teacher

Ma. Lenalyn Q. Manzano E. Rodriguez Vocational High School

Nagtahan,Sampaloc,Manila Editorial Specialist

Estrelita Y. Evangelista Ed.D (Ret.) CESO VI

DepED-Director, BSE

Beatriz A. Adriano Principal IV E. Rodriguez Vocational High School

Nagtahan, Sampaloc, Manila

Carolina F. Chavez Principal II Muntinlupa Business High School

Facilitator

Orlando E. Manuel Ph.D

Principal I Cabarroguis National School of Arts and Trades Gundaway, Cabarroquis, Quirino

i

101

Math Specialist

Jesus L. Huenda Senior Education Specialist DepED-NCR

Encoders

Eduardo B. Dicion Jr. Integrative School of Quezon City

U.P. Village, Diliman, Quezon City Jomel Gail O. Ponce

One World Connection 31/F Wynsun Corporate Plaza

Ortigas Center, Pasig City

Unit of Competency: Draft Electrical and Electronic Layout and Details

Module No.: 3 Module Title: Drafting Electrical and Electronic Layout and

Details




HIGH SCHOOLS


HIGH SCHOOLS

Table of Contents

Draft Electrical and Electronic Layout and Details ................................... 1

TECHNICAL TERMS ............................................................................. 2-3

Draft Structural Layout and Details ...................................................... 4-6

INFORMATION SHEET # 1.1 ................................................................. 7-9

OPERATION SHEET # 1.1 ...................................................................... 10

SELF CHECK # 1.1 ................................................................................ 11


OPERATION SHEET # 1.2 ...................................................................... 14

SELF CHECK 1.2 ................................................................................... 15


OPERATION SHEET # 1.3 ...................................................................... 20

SELF CHECK 1.3 ................................................................................... 21


SELF CHECK 1.4 ................................................................................... 29


OPERATION SHEET # 1.5 ................................................................. 32-33

SELF CHECK 1.5 ................................................................................... 34

Draft Electrical and Electronic Layout and Details ................................. 35


SELF CHECK 2.1 ................................................................................... 38


OPERATION SHEET # 2.2 ................................................................. 43-44

SELF CHECK 2.2 ................................................................................... 45


OPERATION SHEET # 2.3 ...................................................................... 52

SELF CHECK 2.3 .............................................................................. 53-54

ANSWER KEY # 1.1 ............................................................................... 55

ANSWER KEY # 1.2 ............................................................................... 56

ANSWER KEY # 1.3 ............................................................................... 57

ANSWER KEY # 1.4 ............................................................................... 58

ANSWER KEY # 1.5 ............................................................................... 59

ANSWER KEY # 2.1 ............................................................................... 60

ANSWER KEY # 2.2 ............................................................................... 61

ANSWER KEY # 2.3 ............................................................................... 62


Activities are properly arranged in this module to help you work on

your own. This module also covers the knowledge, skills, and desirable attitude you need in Technical Drawing.

A pre-Assessment precedes the learning activities in each module to determine your level and need.

The learning activity page gives the sequence of the learning task. This page serves as the road map in achieving the desired objectives.

When you are able to accomplish all the tasks required, a post assessment is given to check if you are already competent with the specified

learning outcome/s and ready for the next task.

Definitions of terms are provided in this module for your better understanding.

1


Unit of Competency : Draft Electrical and Electronic Layout and

Details Module title : Drafting electrical and electronic layout and

details Nominal Duration : 30 hours

INTRODUCTION:

One must realize that electrical and electronic drafting is one of the

most rapidly evolving technologies of the modern age. Electrical drafting is the transmission and use of electrical power, whether for industry, business or home. Typical components are generators, controls, transmission of

networks, lighting, heating and cooling systems. Electronic drafting involves circuits of products such as radios, TVs, guidance system, radars, computers and others.

Through this module, a student will learn how to draw diagrams of

electrical and electronic circuits using proper symbols, layout and other details.


Upon completion of the module, you should be able to:

LO1. Draft electrical plans and layout; and

LO2. Draft auxiliary systems and layout.

2

TECHNICAL TERMS

Ampacity is current-carrying capacity expressed in amperes. Appliance is a utilization equipment generally other than industrial, normally built in standardized sizes or types, which is installed or connected

as a unit to perform one or more functions such as clothes washing, air conditioning, food mixing, deep frying etc.

Branch Circuit is a portion of a wiring system extending beyond the final overcurrent device protecting the circuit. Building is a structure which stands alone or which is cut off from adjoining

structures by fire walls with all openings therein protected by approved fire doors.

Circuit breaker is a device designed to open and close a circuit by nonautomatic means and to open the circuit automatically on a predetermined overload of current, without injury to itself when properly

applied within its rating. Concealed refers to inaccessibility by the structure or finish of the building. Damp location is a location subject to a moderate degree of moisture, such

as some basements, some barns, some cold storage warehouse, and the like Demand factor is the ratio of the maximum demand of the system or part of

a system, to the total connected load. Feeder is a circuit conductor between the service equipment and the branch circuit overcurrent device.

Ground is a conducting connection whether intentional or accidental between an electrical circuit or equipment and earth, or to some conducting

body which serves in place of the earth. Lighting outlet is an outlet intended for the direct connection of a lampholder, a lightning fixture, or a pendent cord terminating in a

lampholder. . Outlet is a point on the wiring system at which current is taken to supply

utilization equipment. Panel board is a single panel or group of panel units designed to be

assembled. It includes buses, with or without switches and/or automatic overcurrent protective devices for the control of light, heat or power circuits of small individual as well as aggregate capacity. Designed to be placed in a

cabinet or cutout box in or against the wall or partition. Receptacle is a contact device installed at an outlet for the connection of an attachment plug and flexible cord.

Receptacle outlet is an outlet where one or more receptacles are installed. Service is the conductor or equipment for delivering energy from the

electricity supply system to the wiring system of the premises supplied. Service cable is a service conductor made up in the form of a cable. Service conductors are supply conductors which extend from the main

street transformers to the service equipment of the premises supplied.

3

Service drop are overhead service conductors between the last pole or other aerial support to and including the slicer, if any, to the service entrance

conductors at the building walls, where joined by tap or splice to the service drop.

Service raceway is a rigid metal conductor, electrical metallic tubing, or other raceway, that encloses the service entrance conductors. Switch: General use switch is a switch intended for use in general

distribution and branch circuits. It is rated in ampere, and it is capable of interrupting its rated current at its rated voltage. Switchboard is a large single panel, frame or assembly of panels, on which

are mounted on the face or back or both switches, over-current and other protective devices; buses and usually instruments.

Utilization equipment is equipment which utilizes electric energy for mechanical, chemical heating, lighting, or similar useful purposes. Voltage to the ground is the voltage between the given conductor and the

conductor which is grounded. Weatherproof refers to the state of being so constructed or protected that

exposure to the weather will not interfere its successful operation.

4



Module Title : Drafting electrical and electronic layout and details

Learning Outcome 1: Draft electrical plans and layouts


1. Lighting and power layout are drafted according to architectural

drafting standards. 2. Symbols, riser diagram and circuits are placed in accordance with

the Philippine Electrical Code. 3. Legends and general notes are drafted according to local power

service provider.

References:

Donald Hepler, Paul Wallach. Architecture Drafting and Design, Mcgraw hill Book Co. 1987

G.M. Manaois, Simplified Technical Drawing, PCAT,1966. Maton, Anthea and Hopkins, Jean. Physical Science, Prentice Hall Book Co.,

1995

Padua, Alicia L and Crisostomo, Ricardo M. Practical and Explorational Physics: Modular Approach, Vibal Publishing House, Inc., 2003.

5


Learning Outcome No. 1: Draft electrical plans and layouts


1. Read Information Sheet No. 1.1

Perform Operation Sheet 1.1

Answer Self Check No. 1.1

Compare your Answer to the

Answer Key 1.1 2. Read Information Sheet No.

1.2





1.3





1.4





1.5




Answer Key 1.5

6. Read Information Sheet No.

2.1



Compare your Answer to the Answer Key 2.1



Remember the important

terminologies

Try to perform the operation

sheet

Try to answer Self check the

best you can

6







7


LO1. Draft electrical plans and layout

Electric Charge

Matter is made up of atoms. Atoms contain positively charged protons,

negatively charged electrons and neutral neutron. Opposite charges exert a

force of attraction on each other. Similar charges exert a force of repulsion. Materials that permit electric charge to move within them are called

conductors while those that do not are called insulators. Most metals are good conductors and most non-metals are good insulators.

A neutral object can acquire charge by friction, conduction, or

induction. The build up of electric charge is called static electricity.

The flow of electricity

Electric charges can be made to flow from a source such as battery,

photocell, or electric generator.

Electrical Quantities

1. Current is the movement of charged particles in a wire to a specific

direction. The charged particles may be a positive ion or a negative ion. The symbol used is (A) and is named ampere. One ampere of

current flows in a conductor when 6.251x1018 electrons pass a given

cross section in 1 second. 2. Voltage is also known as electromotive force (emf) or potential

difference. It is the electric pressure that causes current to flow. Potential difference is the potential energy divided by charge. It is the

work needed to move a charged body against the electric force, toward or away from another charged body. The symbol for voltage is (V)

which is joule per coulomb. There are several methods of producing an emf. The most common are by electromagnetic induction in generators and chemical reaction in batteries.

3. Resistance is the opposition to the flow of charge. The symbol for

resistance is (R). The unit used to specify the amount of resistance is

the ohm, represented by the symbol (Ω). All materials offer some resistance to current but the amount of resistance differs from each

other. In direct current (d-c) this unit is called resistance; in an alternating current (a-c) it is called impedance.

8

Resistance of the object depends on four factors: 1) length, 2) cross-sectional area, 3) resistivity of material and 4) temperature.

Factors that Affect Resistance

Ohm’s Law

Although the three electrical quantities: current, voltage and resistance, are used differently, they are related to each other. This relationship is known as Ohm’s Law . It is stated as, current is directly proportional to the voltage and inversely proportional to the resistance. It is expressed by the equation:

V V I = R from this equation , V -= IR and R = I

Power and Energy

Electric power is the rate of doing electrical work. It is equal to the product of the current and voltage. The unit is watt (W) or kilowatt (kW). A

kilowatt is 1,000 watts. Work is being done at the rate of “1 watt” when a

constant current of 1 ampere is maintained through a resistance by an emf of 1 volt. The power input in watts to any electrical device in which the element has a resistance (R) and the current is I given by the equation,

W = I2 R but by Ohm’s Law V = IR; hence W = VI where W is in watt, R in ohm’s , I in amperes, and v in volts.

Direct Current (DC) and Alternating Current (AC)

Direct current (DC) is the unidirectional flow of electric charge. It is produced by such sources as batteries, thermocouples, solar cells, and commutator-type electric machines of the dynamo type. Direct current may

flow in a conductor such as a wire, but can also be through semiconductors, insulators, or even through a vacuum as in electron or ion beams. The electric charge flows in a constant direction. A term formerly used for direct current was Galvanic current.

Length Cross-sectional area Material Temperature

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_charge

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_%28electrical%29

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermocouple

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamo

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conductor_%28material%29

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_insulation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_beam


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaism

9

Alternating current (AC) is the movement (or flow) of electric charge which periodically in reverses direction. An electric charge for instance

would move forward, then backward, and vice versa. In direct current (DC), the movement or flow of electric charge is only in one direction. Audio and

radio signals carried on electrical wires are examples of alternating current.

Electrical Circuits

An electrical circuit is a network that has a closed loop, giving a return path for the current.

There are two types of circuits, namely series circuit and parallel circuit. A series circuit has two or more loads but current flows through a

single conducting path, while a parallel circuit has more than one path for current to flow.

Circuit Diagram Symbol

1

Sample diagram of series and parallel circuit

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_frequency

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_frequency

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire

10


LO1. Draft electrical plans and layouts

Direction: Based on what you have learned today, connect the bulbs, switch and dry cell in series and parallel circuits.

SERIES CIRCUIT

PARALLEL CIRCUIT

11

SELF CHECK # 1.1 LO1. Draft electrical plans and layouts

Test I. Directions: Fill in the blanks with the correct answers and write it on a separate sheet of paper.

1. __________ is the movement of charged particles in a specific direction.

2. __________ is the unit of electric current represented by the symbol (A).

3. __________ is also known as electromotive force.

4. Potential difference is the potential energy divided by ____________.

5. The symbol for voltage is ________ which means “joule per coulomb.”

6. _______ is the opposition to the flow of charge.

7. The symbol for resistance is ____________.

8. The unit used to specify the amount of resistance is the _________

which is represented by the symbol (Ω).

9. The Law that states, “Current is directly proportional to the voltage

and inversely proportional to the resistance” is called ___________.

10._________ is the rate of doing electrical work. It is equal to the

product of the current and voltage.

Test II. TRUE or FALSE

Write true if the statement is correct, if not, change the underlined word/ words to make the statement correct.

1. An electric circuit provides a complete open path for current to flow.

2. Rubber is relatively a poor conductor of electricity.

3. Materials that do not allow electrons to flow freely are called

conductors.

4. When electrons move back and forth, reversing their direction

regularly, the current is called alternating current.

5. A parallel circuit has two or more loads that flow through a single

conducting path.

12



Electrical diagrams and symbols

The use of graphic symbols on electrical and electronic diagrams to

show the components and workings in a circuit is very important. Graphic

symbols are shorthand ways of showing how a circuit works or how the

parts of the circuit are connected. Electrical symbols are used to represent

actual electrical components on drawings. Graphic symbols are usually

drawn on single-line (one-line) diagrams, on schematic diagrams, or on

connection or wiring diagrams. By marking the symbols, you can relate

with parts, list, descriptions, or instructions of electrical plans and layouts.

Electrical Legend

Service Entrance

M Meco Meters

Panel Board

Circuit Breaker

Ceiling Light Outlet

Eaves Light EL

PL Pin light

Convenience outlet

13

Range outlet R

A.C. Air-condition outlet

T Telephone outlet

S One gang switch

S2 Two gang switch

S3 Three gang switch

Line concealed in ceiling

Line embedded in concrete

Circuit Homerun

Electrical Notes and Specifications

1. The electrical works shall comply with all the provisions of the Philippine Electrical Code and with the rules and regulations of local

power company. 2. Unless otherwise specified, wiring shall be done with PVC pipe or local

made; minimum size shall be ½ "Ø trade sizes.

3. Electric meters installed by the power utility company are supplied and installed by the power utility company.

4. The Philippine Electrical Code provides that only professional engineers can sign electrical plans.

5. Samples of materials to be used shall be submitted to the

construction engineering office for approval before execution of the work.

6. Smallest size of the wire to be used shall be 12TW wire unless

otherwise specified. 7. The minimum size of electric wire for service entrance is number 8

AWG.

14



Directions: Based on the given picture below draw a circuit diagram of series and parallel circuit using electrical symbols. Use a separate sheet of paper.

SERIES CIRCUIT

PARALLEL CIRCUIT

15

SELF-CHECK # 1.2

LO1. Draft electrical plans and layouts.

Directions: Identify the following symbols. Write the answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. 6.

2. 7. R

3. 8. A.C.

4. M 9. S

5. 10.

Test II. TRUE OR FALSE

Read each statement closely. Write A if the statement is correct and B if otherwise.

1. The Philippine Electrical Code provides that only a professional engineer

or associate electrical engineer can sign electrical plans.

2. Electric meters are not supplied and installed by the power utility

company.

3. Smallest size of the wire to be used shall be 12TW wire.

4. Wiring shall be done with PVC pipe or local made.

5. The minimum size of electric wire for service entrance is number 4 AWG.

16



Lighting

Planning for sufficient lighting involves the light, eye and the object.

Whether planning lighting for a residence or for a large commercial building, the same design factors must be considered. One must consider how much

light is needed, what type has the best quality and how should the light be distributed.

Types of Light Source

1. Incandescent lamps are comprised basically of a sealed glass

containing a filament connected at its ends to the contact area in the base, thereby completing an electric circuit. They provide small,

concentrated glow of light.

Kinds of Incandescent Lamps

Inside frosted bulbs are used to dispersed light evenly.

White bulbs are used for soft light

Silver-bowl bulbs are used to direct light upward

Outdoor projector bulb is used as spotlight or floodlight

Colored bulbs are used for decorative effects

2. Electric discharge lamps are lighting device consisting of a

transparent container within which gas is energized by an applied voltage and thereby made to glow.

Kinds of Electric Discharge Lamps

Fluorescent is a gas-discharge lamp that uses electricity to excite

mercury vapor to produce short-wave ultraviolet light that is more

evenly distributed than an incandescent lamp.

Neon – vapor lamps are used in street and windows signs

Mercury - vapor lamps are the cheapest among the high intensity discharge (HID) lamps used as residential light

High/Low Pressure Sodium vapor lamps are used in outdoors or on

street lamps and the most economical in power consumption.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excited_state

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_%28element%29

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet

17

Light Measurements

Light is measured in traditional units called footcandles, A footcandle is the amount of light a candle throws on an object 1' away. The standard

unit of illumination is lux,(lx) in metric system. One lux is equal to 0.093 footcandles. To convert footcandles to lux, multiply by 10.764 foot candles.

Accepted light levels for various living activities 10-20 footcandles (108 to 215 lx): casual visual tasks, card playing,

conversation, television, listening to music, etc.

20-30 footcandles (215 to 320 lx): easy reading, sewing, knitting, house cleaning, etc.

30-50 footcandles (320 to 540 lx): reading newspapers, doing kitchen and laundry work, typing

50-70 footcandles (540 to 750 lx): prolonged reading, machine sewing,

hobbies, homework, etc. 70-200 footcandles (750 to 2150 lx): prolonged detailed tasks such as

fine sewing, reading fine print, drafting, etc.

Types of Lighting Dispersement

1. Direct light is the light that shines directly on the object.

2. Indirect light is the light reflected from large surfaces. 3. Semi-direct light is the light that shines mainly downward, but

small portion is directed upward. 4. Semi-indirect light is the one that is mostly reflected but some

shines directly. 5. Diffused light is the light that is spread evenly in all directions.

Lighting Methods

1. General lighting gives an even, low-level light throughout a room. 2. Specific (local) lighting directs light to an area used for specific visual

tasks. 3. Decorative lighting is used to develop different moods and to accent

objects for interest. Electrical Fixtures

The average two-bedroom home should have between 24 and 35 light fixtures. It should also have from 16 to 20 floor, table or wall lamps. There are three groups of light fixtures namely, ceiling fixtures, wall fixtures

and portable plug-ins.

18

General Rules to Observe in Illumination Planning

1. The kitchen requires a high level of general lighting from ceiling

fixtures. Specific lighting for all work areas includes, range, sink, tables, and counters.

2. The bathroom requires a high level of general lighting from ceiling fixtures. The mirror should have lights on two sides. The shower and water closet should have a recessed, vapor proof light.

3. The living room requires a low-level of general lighting but should have specific lighting for areas for reading, and other visual tasks.

Decorative lighting can also be used. 4. The bedroom requires a low level of general lighting but should have

specific lighting for reading in bed on both sides of the dressing-table

mirror. The dressing area requires high level of general lighting. Children’s bedroom requires a high level of general lighting. Closets should have a fixture placed high at the front.

5. The dining area requires low level of general lighting with local lighting over the dining table.

19

6. The entrance and hallway require a high level of general and decorative lighting.

7. Traffic areas require a high level of general lighting for safety. 8. Television viewing requires a very low level of general lighting.

Television should not be viewed in the dark because the strong contrasts of dark room and bright screen are tiring to the eyes.

9. Reading and desk areas require a high level of general light and

specific light that is diffused and glareless. There should be no shadow.

10. Outdoor lighting is accomplished by waterproof floodlights and

spotlights. Extensive outdoor lighting will provide convenience, beauty and safety. Areas that could be illuminated are the landscaping, game

areas, barbecue area, patio, garden, front of picture window, pools and driveways.

20



Direction: Draft lighting layout of a single bedroom of a bachelor’s pad. Use

separate sheet of paper.

21

70-200 footcandles (750 to 2150 lx) Incandescent lamps

General Lighting Decorative

lightingfootcandle Fluorescent lamps10-20

footcandles (108 to 215 lx) Lux

20-30 footcandles (215 to 320 lx) Specific (local) lighting

SELF CHECK # 1.3


IDENTIFICATION Directions: Identify the attribute being described by each statement. Choose

from the pool of words below. Write your answer on a sheet of paper.

1. A sealed glass containing a filament connected at its ends to the

contact area in the base, thereby completing an electric circuit. It

provides small and concentrated glow of light. 2. A gas-discharge lamp that uses electricity to excite mercury vapor.

3. It is equal to the amount of light a candle throws on an object 1' away. 4. The standard unit of illumination in metric system. 5. Lighting method in which light spreads an even, low-level light

throughout a room. 6. Lighting method used to develop different moods and to accent objects

for interests. 7. Lighting method that directs light to an area used for specific visual

tasks.

8. Light level used for casual visual tasks, like card playing, conversation, television, listening to music, etc.

9. Light level used for easy reading, sewing, knitting, house cleaning, etc.

10. Light level used for prolonged detailed tasks such as fine sewing, reading fine print, drafting, etc.

Test II. Enumeration Give the entities being asked:

1-5 Types of Lighting Dispersement

6-8 Groups of light fixtures

9-10 Types of Light source

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excited_state

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_%28element%29

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor

22



Components of an Electrical System The components of an electrical system can be arranged in 3 major categories:

1. Wiring includes conductors and raceways of all types. 2. Power handling equipment

a. transformers b. switchboards c. panel boards

d. large switches e. circuit breakers

3. Utilization equipment, includes lighting, motors, controls and wiring

devices.

.

23

Wiring

Electrical systems in buildings are usually divided into two parts: service and branch circuits.

Service parts include all the wiring and apparatus needed to bring electricity into building. Branch circuits distribute the electricity

throughout the structure. Wire used in both service and branch circuit is made of one or more

strands of metal, either copper or aluminum and covered with a flexible plastic insulation. The size of the wire used in an electric circuit depends on

the current to be carried by the circuit.

The Cir-Kit "concept" of electrical wiring was first developed in 1976

and is now the predominant world-wide method of dollhouse wiring and electrification. A great measure of its success can be attributed to the ease of

installation and professional appearance when finished. The Cir-Kit method allows anyone, even those without electrical knowledge, to successfully construct a completely hidden and "to scale" lighting system.

A tape wired house

The heart of the Cir-Kit Concepts' electrical system is the flat, pressure-

sensitive and adhesively-backed conductive tape used for wiring. It eliminates entirely the need for round wire and may be installed in a fraction

of the time of a conventional system.. A super strong adhesive applied across the entire width of the tape ensures a positive grip on any wood surface. The thinness of the tape allows easy masking with one or two coats

of paint and produces a completely hidden installation when covered with wallpaper.

24

In a departure from conventional wiring techniques the adhesive-tape approach as employed by Cir-Kit Concepts requires absolutely no electrical

soldering. Corners are created either by cutting and using tiny brass brads for electrical connection at the overlap points or by corner folding.

Whichever procedure is used, only commonly available hand tools are required for installation.

The Cir-Kit Concepts' electrical system may be installed in a pleasing and unobtrusive manner in nearly any type dollhouse or miniature room. It can

be applied either on an inside or outside wall, between walls of new construction, or in a combination of configurations to suit a particular design. The system represents perhaps one of the most flexible means of

circuit wiring to be found anywhere. Its limitations are restricted only by the imagination of the user.

Conductors

In science and engineering, an electrical conductor is a material which contains movable electric charges. In metallic conductors, such as copper or

aluminum, the movable charged particles are electrons. Positive charges may also be mobile in the form of atoms in a lattice that have missing electrons (known as holes), or in the form of ions, such as in the electrolyte

of a battery.

The standard of wire and cable industry is the American Wire Gauge(AWG). All the wire sizes up to No. 0000 (also written No. 4/0) are expressed in AWG. The smaller the AWG number the larger the size. (Applies only to

round conductors). When large conductors are not circular in cross section, they are usually

made solid and are referred to as busbars. Bus is normally constructed using solid copper or aluminum and when assembled with other bars in a

metal housing then it becomes bus duct or busway. Metallic conduits The code requires that all wiring be enclosed in rigid metallic conduit.

In the special case of environments that are severely corrosive or when mechanical injury is impossible, use of non-metallic conduit is permitted.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineering


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminum

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_hole

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolyte

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_%28electricity%29

25

Boxes and Cabinets

Distribution box is made from either steel or plastic, which contains a junction between several conduits. Boxes are usually of a rectangular,

octagonal, or round form having punched or knock-out holes to fit the conduits.

Types of Boxes 1. Outlet boxes are those utilized for connection of lighting and

receptacle outlets. 2. Junction boxes are those used for junction of wires in branch and

feeder circuits. 3. Pull boxes are used for pulling of wires in branch and feeder

circuits.

26

Rules in Planning the Electrical System

1. The main source of light in a room should be controlled by a wall switch located on the latch side of the room’s entrance. It should not

be necessary to walk into a dark room to find the light switch. 2. Electrical outlets(except in the kitchen) should average one for every

6'(1.8m) of wall space.

3. Electrical outlets in the kitchen should average one for every 4'(1.2m) of wall space.

4. Walls between doors should have an outlet, regardless of the size of

the wall space. 5. Each room should have a light outlet in the ceiling or wall that will be

a major source of light for the whole room. 6. Each room should have adequate lighting for all visual tasks. 7. Each room should have at least one easy-to-reach outlet for the

vacuum cleaner or other appliances that are often used. 8. Not all lights in one room should be on the same circuit.

9. The height of all outlets in the house should be listed on the plans. 10.GFCI receptacle should be provided as outlined.

Service and Branch Requirements

Power is supplied to a building via the service drop. Three heavy wires

together are called the drop that extends from the utility pole or an underground source to the structure.

Types of connections from an electrical pole to the building

1. Overhead Service Drop 2. Overhead pole connection with an underground service lateral to

the building

3. Connection in a manhole or hand hole at the property line with Service Lateral to the building.

27

Circuit Protective Devices

There are two types of circuit protective devices which are commonly used:

1. Fuse. It is made of thin strip of metal used for safety because when the current flowing through it becomes too high, it melts and breaks the flow of electricity. It consists of an alloy link or wire of relatively

low melting temperature which when enclosed in an insulating fiber tube is called a cartridge fuse, and when in a porcelain cup is known as plug fuse.

2. Circuit breaker. It is an electromechanical device which performs the same protective function as a fuse and also acts as a switch. It is a

reusable device that protects a circuit from becoming overloaded

Switches

In electronics, a switch is an electrical component that can break an

electrical circuit, interrupting the current or diverting it from one conductor

to another. The most familiar form of switch is a manually operated

electromechanical device with one or more sets of electrical contacts. Each

set of contacts can be in one of two states: either 'closed' meaning the

contacts are touching and electricity can flow between them, or 'open',

meaning the contacts are separated and nonconducting.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_component

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_circuit

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromechanical

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_contact

28

Switch board and switchgear

Switchboards and switchgear are free standing assembles of switches,

fuses, and/or circuit breakers which normally provide switching and feeder

protection to a number of circuits connected to a main source.

Panel Board

A panel, or panelboard, serves basically the same function as a

switchboard, except on a smaller scale, that is, it accepts a relatively large

block of power and distributes it in smaller blocks. Panelboards may be

classified as flush-type or surface-type.

ITEM SYMBOL ILLUSTRATION

29

SELF CHECK # 1.4


Test I. Matching Type

Directions: Match the descriptions in column A with the entities in column B by writing the letters only on a separate sheet of paper.

A B

1. Materials that allow the flow a. switchboard

of electron 2. Thin strip of metal used for safety b. distribution box

and to break the flow of electricity 3. Reusable device that protects c. fuse

a circuit from becoming overloaded

4. Free standing assembles of switches d. circuit breaker that provide switching and feeder protection to a number of circuits e. conductor

connected to a main source 5. Made from either steel or plastic,

which contains a junction between several conduits

Test II. Enumeration

Direction: Give the entities being asked:

1-5 Power Handling Equipment

6-7 Circuit Protective Devices

8-10 Types of Distribution Boxes

30



Working with electrical drawings

Complete electrical plans will guarantee the installation of electrical

tools and wiring exactly as planned. If electrical plans are incomplete and

vague, the totality of the installation is largely dependent upon the judgment

of the electrician. The designer should not rely upon the electrician to design

the electrical system, but only to install it.

Steps in Preparing the Electrical Plan

If the basic floor plan is already drawn, the designer should:

1. determine the exact position of all appliances and lighting fixtures on

the plan.

2. draw the electrical symbols representing the switches, outlets and

electrical devices on the floor plan.

3. draw a line from each switch to the connecting fixture.

4. show the position of all outlets and controls using electrical wiring

symbols, however, the entire circuit is not drawn on the electrical

plan.

5. determine location of power source from nearest power supply post.

6. draw the single line riser diagram.

7. determine the number of lighting outlets, convenience outlets and

other electrical fixtures and appliance.

8. draw the schedule of loads and determine size of wires and conduits.

9. compute for total current to determine size of service drop and sizes of

wires.

10. write electrical construction specification and other notes.

31

Sample Single Line Riser Diagram

Sample Computation and Schedule of Loads

32


LO1. Draft electrical plans and layouts Procedure:

1. Locate the position of electrical fixtures.

2. Determine the service position of service drop and the location of breaker.

33

3. Determine and draw the locations of switches.

4. Finalize the drawing by completing the specifications for the detailed drawing of electrical plan including the legend

34

SELF CHECK # 1.5 LO1. Draft electrical plans and layouts.

Direction: From the given floor plan complete the electrical layout by connecting the electrical fixtures.

35


Unit of Competency : Draft Electrical and Electronic Layout and

Details

Module Title : Drafting electrical and electronic layout

and details

Learning Outcome 2: Draft auxiliary systems and layout


1. Fire alarm and protection system are laid out according to the Fire

Code of the Philippines. 2. Electronic and communication, Cable TV, Music, paging and

Building Management System are laid out according to architectural requirements.

References:

Donald Hepler, Paul Wallach. Architecture Drafting and Design, Mcgraw hill Book Co. 1987

G.M. Manaois, Simplified Technical Drawing, Pcat 1966

Maton, Anthea and Hopkins, Jean. Physical Science, Prentice Hall Book Co. 1995

Padua, Alicia L and Crisostomo, Ricardo M. Practical and Explorational Physics: Modular Approach, Vibal Publishing House, Inc. 2003

36


LO 2. Draft auxiliary systems and layout

Introduction

Auxiliary systems are devices that may be used as a substitute or

reserve in case of need. Such devices include fire alarm and protection systems, electronics and communication system (cable TV, intercoms, music

and pagers) and Building Management System. Electronics and electronic components

Electronics is the study of the release, behavior, and control of

electrons as it relates to use in practical devices. An electronic component is

any physical entity in an electronic system whose intention is to affect the electrons or their associated fields in a desired manner consistent with the

intended function of the electronic system. Components are generally intended to be connected together, usually by being soldered to a printed circuit board (PCB), to create an electronic circuit with a particular function

such as an amplifier, radio receiver, or oscillator. Components may be packaged singly or in more complex groups as integrated circuits. Some

common electronic components are capacitors, resistors, diodes, transistors, etc.

Graphic Symbol for auxiliary system

Electronic symbols are used to represent actual electronic components

on drawings. Graphic symbols are usually drawn on single-line (one-line) diagrams, on schematic diagrams, or on connection or wiring diagrams. By

marking the symbols, you can relate with parts lists, descriptions, or instructions of electrical plans and layouts.

Telephone outlet

Push buttons

Buzzer

Bell

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_board

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_board

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor

37

Combination Bell Buzzer

CH Chime

Annunciator

D Electric Door Opener

T Bell-Ringing Transformer

Interconnection Box

Outside Telephone

Interconnecting Telephone

R Radio Outlet

TV Television Outlet

F Fire alarm

38

SELF CHECK # 2.1

LO2 . Draft auxiliary systems and layout

Direction: Identify the following symbols. Write the answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1.

2. F

3.

4. 5. TV 6. 7. R 8. 9. 10.

39

INFORMATION SHEET # 2.2 LO 2. Draft auxiliary systems and layout

Fire Alarm System

Fire Alarm System is designed to detect the unwanted presence of fire

by monitoring environmental changes associated with combustion. It can be

used to notify people to evacuate in the event of a fire or other emergency, to

call for emergency forces aid, and to prepare the structure and associated

systems to control the spread of fire and smoke.

SMOKE DETECTORS

If you were to build a house today, smoke detectors would be required

in each bedroom, on each level of the home in the vicinity of the bedrooms,

including basements. These detectors would be required to be electrically

operated with a battery back up and interconnected, so if one detector

sounds they activate throughout the entire home.

Type of Smoke Alarms

WHICH TYPE?

IONIZATION

An ionization type detector uses a very small quantity of radioactive material. These

alarms are better at detecting small particles of combustion

typically produced by flaming fires.

PHOTOELECTRIC

A photoelectric detector uses a small infrared light. Photoelectric type smoke

alarms are better at detecting larger particles produced by

smoldering fires. Photoelectric alarms are slightly more resistant to unwanted alarms

caused by cooking vapors or bathroom moisture.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion

40

PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHER

GUIDELINES:

At least 1 portable fire extinguisher shall be installed, which is listed, labeled, charged and operable.

The size shall be no smaller than 2A:10B:C, rated for residential use

and weigh no more than 10 lbs. The extinguisher must be mounted on a hanger or bracket supplied

by the manufacturer within 10 feet of the kitchen area. Located with the top of the extinguisher no more than 5 feet above the

floor.

Visible and in a readily accessible spot, near a room exit or travel way that provides an escape route to the outside.

With the manual and operating instructions visible.

A fire sprinkler is the part of a fire sprinkler system that discharges water when the effects of a fire have been detected, such as when a

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_sprinkler_system

41

predetermined temperature has been reached. Fire sprinklers can be automatic or open orifice. Automatic fire sprinklers operate at a

predetermined temperature, utilizing a fusible element, a portion of which melts, or a frangible glass bulb containing liquid which breaks. It allows the

plug to be pushed out of the orifice by the water pressure in the fire sprinkler piping, resulting in water flow from the orifice.

Key elements

Building a facility in accordance with the version of the Local Building Code in effect at the time of building permit application.

Maintaining a facility and conducting oneself in accordance with the provisions of the fire code, after the building is occupied. This is based

on knowledge of the code by the owner and ensuring that the occupants and operators of the building are aware of the current applicable regulations. Examples of such include, but are not limited

to the following: o Not exceeding the maximum occupancy within any part of the

building.

o Maintaining proper fire exits and proper exit signage (e.g., exit signs pointing to them that can function in a power failure)

o Placing and maintaining fire extinguishers in easily accessible places.

o Properly storing/using, hazardous materials that may be

needed inside the building for storage or operational requirements (such as solvents in spray booths).

o Prohibiting flammable materials in certain areas of the facility. o Periodically inspecting buildings for violations, issuing Orders to

comply with and, potentially, prosecuting or closing buildings

that are not in compliance, until the deficiencies are corrected or condemning it in extreme cases.

o Maintaining fire alarm systems for detection and warning.

o Obtaining and maintaining a complete inventory of firestops. o Ensuring that spray fireproofing remains undamaged.

o Maintaining a high level of training and awareness of occupants and users of the building to avoid obvious mistakes, such as the propping open of fire doors.

o Conduct fire drills at regular intervals throughout the year

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupancy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_exit

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_extinguisher

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flammable

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_alarm_systems

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firestop

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireproofing

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_door

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_drills

42

A diagram of a residential fire alarm system

Fire safety refers to precautions that are taken to prevent or reduce the possibility of a fire that may result in death, injury, or property damage. It

alert those in a structure of the presence of fire in the event one occurs. It also enables those threatened by fire to survive, or to reduce the damage caused by fire.

Fire safety measures include those that are planned during the

construction of a building or implemented in structures that are already standing, and those that are taught to occupants of the building.

Threats to fire safety are referred to as fire hazards. A fire hazard may

include a situation that increases the likelihood a fire may start or may impede escape in the event a fire occurs.

Fire safety is often a component of building safety. Those who inspect buildings for violations of the Fire Code and go into schools to educate

children on Fire Safety topics are fire department members known as fire prevention officers. The Chief Fire Prevention Officer or Chief of Fire

Prevention will normally train newcomers to the Fire Prevention Division and may also conduct inspections or make presentations.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_escape

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_code

43



Direction: Locate and draw the position of fire alarm system on the given

diagram.

1. Locate the position of the smoke detectors

2. Locate the position of the fire alarms.

44

3. Locate the position of both (fire alarms and smoke detectors)

4. Finalize the fire alarm system by drawing a diagram connecting the

fixtures.

45

SELF CHECK # 2.2


Directions: Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer.


1. It is designed to detect the unwanted presence of fire by monitoring

environmental changes associated with combustion.

a. Fire detector b. Fire Alarm System

c. Fire extinguisher d. Fire sprinkle

2. It discharges water when the effects of a fire have been detected, and

when a predetermined temperature has been reached.

a. Fire detector b. Smoke detector

c. Fire extinguisher d. Fire sprinkle

3. A type of smoke detector which uses a very small quantity of radioactive

material.

a. Ionization type detector b. Photoelectric type detector

c. Fire detector d. Fire sprinkle

4. A type of smoke alarm that detect larger particles produced by smoldering

fires.

a. Ionization type detector b. Photoelectric type detector


5. It refers to precautions that are taken to prevent or reduce the possibility

of a fire that may result in death, injury, or property damage.

a. Fire safety b. Fire Alarm System



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion


46


LO2. Draft auxiliary systems and layout

Cable Television

Cable television is a system of providing television to consumers via

radio frequency signals transmitted to televisions through fixed optical fibers

or coaxial cables as opposed to the over-the-air method used in traditional

television broadcasting (via radio waves) in which a television antenna is

required. FM radio programming, high-speed Internet, telephony, and

similar non-television services may also be provided.

The abbreviation CATV is often used to mean "Cable TV". It originally

stood for Community Antenna Television, which originated in 1948, in

areas where over-the-air reception was limited by mountainous terrain and

large community antennas.

Cable Modem System

This figure shows a basic cable modem system that consists of a head end (television receivers and cable modem system), distribution lines with amplifiers, and cable modems that connect to customers' computers. This diagram shows that the cable television operator's head end system contains both analog and digital television channel transmitters that are connected to customers through the distribution lines.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_frequency

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cable

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_radio

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed_Internet

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephony

47

Intercommunication Device

An intercom (intercommunication device), talkback or door phone is

an electronic communications system intended for limited or private

dialogue, direction, collaboration or announcements. Intercoms can be

portable or mounted permanently in buildings and vehicles. Intercoms can

incorporate connections to walkie-talkies, telephones, cell phones and to

other intercom systems over phone or data lines and to electronic or electro-

mechanical devices such as signal lights and door latches.

A small home intercom might connect a few rooms in a house. While

every intercom product line is different, most analogue intercom systems

have much in common. Voice signals of about a volt or two are carried on

top a direct current power rail of 12, 30 or 48 volts which uses a pair of

conductors. Signal light indications between stations can be accomplished

through the use of additional conductors or can be carried on the main voice

pair via tone frequencies sent above or below the speech frequency range.

Multiple channels of simultaneous conversations can be carried over

additional conductors within a cable or by frequency- or time-division

multiplexing in the analogue domain. Multiple channels can easily be

carried by packet-switched digital intercom signals.

Portable intercoms are connected primarily using common shielded,

twisted pair microphone cabling terminated with 3-pin XLR connectors.

Building and vehicle intercoms are connected in a similar manner with

shielded cabling often containing more than one twisted pair.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkie_talkie

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_phone

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-mechanical

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-mechanical

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analogue_electronics

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_switching

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twisted_pair

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XLR_connector

48

Digital intercoms use Category 5 cable and relay information back and

forth in data packets using the Internet protocol architecture.

Doorbell

A doorbell is a signaling device commonly found near a door. It

commonly emits a ringing sound to alert the occupant of the building to a

visitor's presence.

In most wired systems, a button, located around the height of the

doorknob, activates a signaling device (usually a chime, bell, or buzzer)

inside the building. This single-pole, single-throw (SPST) switch momentarily

closes the doorbell circuit. One terminal of this button is wired to a terminal

on a transformer.

A doorbell transformer steps down the 120–240-volt AC electrical

power to a lower voltage, typically 10–20 volts. The transformer's other

terminal connects to one of three terminals on the signaling device. Another

terminal is connected to a wire that travels to the other terminal on the

button. If there is another button (typically near a back door), it is connected

between the transformer and the third terminal on the signaling device.

Unfortunately, the transformer, being energized constantly, consumes a

small amount (about 1 to 2 W) of standby power constantly.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_5_cable

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_protocol

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Door

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubular_bell

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_%28instrument%29

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzzer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_%28electronics%29

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standby_power

49

Consists

of

Computer –based control system

BUILDING MANAGEMENT

SYSTEM

Security systems

Fire systems

Power

systems

Lighting system

Ventilation

systems

Profibus

C - bus

Hardware

program

Consists

of

Software

program

Controls and

monitors building mechanical and

electrical equipment

Building Management Systems

A BMS is most common in a large building. Its core function is to

manage the environment within the building and may control temperature,

carbon dioxide levels and humidity within a building. As a core function in

most BMS systems, it controls heating and cooling, manages the systems

that distribute this air throughout the building (for example by operating

fans or opening/closing dampers), and then locally controls the mixture of

heating and cooling to achieve the desired room temperature. A secondary

function sometimes is to monitor the level of human-generated CO2, mixing

in outside air with waste air to increase the amount of oxygen while also

minimizing heat/cooling losses.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen

50

Systems linked to a BMS typically represent 40% of a building's

energy usage; if lighting is included, this number approaches 70%. BMS

systems are a critical component to managing energy demand. Improperly

configured BMS systems are believed to account for 20% of building energy

usage, or approximately 8% of total energy usage in the United States.

BMS are sometimes linked to access control.or other security systems

such as closed-circuit television (CCTV) and motion detectors. Fire alarm

systems and elevators are also sometimes linked to a BMS, for example, if a

fire is detected then the system could shut off dampers in the ventilation

system. This stops smoke from spreading and send all the elevators to the

ground floor and park them to prevent people from using them in the event

of a fire.

51

Sample of an auxiliary electrical plan.

52



Direction:

From the given floor plan draw an auxiliary electrical plan.

53

SELF CHECK # 2.3


Direction:


Choose from the pool below the appropriate symbol.

54


Scoring Rubrics

Criteria Score

(Tick the corresponding pts.)

Accuracy

50

45

40

Speed

10

6

8

Neatness

25

20

15

Lettering/Labeling

15

12

10

8

Total


Accuracy

50 pts - The output is accurately done.

45 pts - Two to five errors are observed on the output.

40 pts. - Six to ten errors are observed on the output.

Speed

10 pts - The output is done 5 minutes before the time.

8 pts - The output is done on time.

6 pts. - The output is done after the allotted time.

Neatness

25 pts. - No errors made on the output.

20 pts - Two to three erasures made on the output.

15 pts - Four or more erasures made on the output.

Lettering/Labeling

15 pts. - All information must be completely indicated and legibly

printed.

10 pts. - Pieces of information are legibly printed but some are

missing.

55

ANSWER KEY # 1.1 LO1. Draft electrical plans and layouts

Test I.

1. current

2. Ampere

3. voltage

4. charge

5. V

6. resistance

7. R

8. ohm

9. Ohm’s Law

10.electrical power

Test II.

1. close

2. true

3. insulators

4. true

5. series circuit

56

ANSWER KEY # 1.2


Test I.

1. ceiling light outlet

2. convenience outlet

3. panel board

4. meco meter

5. circuit breaker

6. service entrance

7. range outlet

8. air condition outlet

9. one-gang switch

10. circuit homerun

Test II.

1. B

2. B

3. A

4. A

5. B

57

ANSWER KEY# 1.3


Test I. Identification

1. Incandescent lamps

2. Fluorescent lamps

3. footcandle

4. lux

5. General lighting

6. Decorative lighting

7. Specific (local) lighting

8. 10-20 footcandles (108 to 215 lx)

9. 20-30 footcandles (215 to 320 lx)

10.70-200 footcandles (750 to 2150 lx)


1. direct light 2. indirect light

3. Semi direct light 4. semi-indirect light 5. diffused light

6. ceiling fixtures 7. wall fixtures

8. portable plug-ins 9. Incandescent lamps 10. Electric discharge lamps.

58

ANSWER KEY# 1.4


Test I. Matching Type

1. e

2. c

3. d

4. a

5. b


1. transformers

2. switchboards

3. panel boards

4. large switches

5. circuit breakers

6. fuse

7. circuit breake

8. outlet boxe

9. junction boxes

10. pull boxes

59

ANSWER KEY # 1.5


60

ANSWER KEY# 2.1


Direction: Identification

1. Buzzer

2. Fire Alarm

3. Interconnection Box

4. Bell

5. Television outlet

6. Telephone outlet

7. Radio outlet

8. Combination bell buzzer

9. Outside telephone

10. Interconnecting telephone

61

ANSWER KEY# 2.2


Multiple Choice

1. b

2. d

3. a

4. b

5. a

62

ANSWER KEY # 2.3


Direction:


63

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We, the teachers assigned to work on the Competency Based Curriculum(CBC) and Contextual Learning Material and Competency – Based Learning Modules particularly in Drafting Technology, wish to

express our gratitude and appreciation for having been given the chance to take part in this educational breakthrough. With high hopes we look forward

to the improvement of the Technical-Vocational Education of the country through the development of functional materials such of this kind.

Marikina Hotel

Marikina City May 25-30, 2009 June 5-7, 2009

July 1-5, 2009

Technology Writers


Region XI






Conrado C. Casulla


Region I

Rolando V. Inay


64

English Teacher

Mercy F. Divina E. Rodriguez Vocational High School

Nagtahan,Sampaloc,Manila Math Teacher

Emmanuel V. Dionisio Assemblywoman Felecita G. Bernardino Memorial Trade School


Science Teacher

Ma. Lenalyn Q. Manzano


Editorial Specialist

Estrelita Y. Evangelista (Ret.) CESO VI DepED-Director, BSE

Beatriz A. Adriano

Principal III E. Rodriguez Vocational High School Nagtahan, Sampaloc, Manila

Carol F. Chavez Principal I

Muntinlupa Business High School

Facilitator

Orlando E. Manuel Principal I


Math Specialist

Jesus L. Huenda Senior Education Specialist

DepED-NCR

65

Encoders

Eduardo B. Dicion Jr. Integrative School of Quezon City

U.P. Village, Diliman, Quezon City Jomel Gail O. Ponce

One World Connection 31/F Wynsun Corporate Plaza

Ortigas Center, Pasig City

Percival B. Magaway
