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PCB 1052
INTRODUCTION TO THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY &
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
DRILLING AND PRODUCING WELL
2
A production well is drilled with a
drilling rig located on the production
platform or with a rig close to
platform and production equipment.
DRILLING A WELL
3
Well is drilled in several stages.
Normally starts with drilling a hole of 30 to 36 inches diameters
(76 - 91 cm) down to a depth of 150 to 250 m.
A steel pipe called casing is lowered into the well and cemented
to the wall.
After the cement has hardened, drilling is resumed with a smaller
drill bit.
At a certain depth the drilling is stopped and another string of
casing is set and cemented.
This procedure will be repeated for each string until the well has
reached the depth of the reservoir.
Number of casing strings may vary from well to well depending
on well depth and formations.
DRILLING PROCEDURE
4Fig: Assembly of drillstring
5
Drill bit: is a cutting tool used to create cylindrical
holes. Rotary table from rotating system
will rotate the Kelly pipe, drill pipe and bit.
Rotating the bit provides an axial force to
create the hole.
Kelly: is a primary link between the drilling rig’s
surface equipment and the bit. Kellys are
manufactured with either square or
hexagonal cross-sections. API kellys come in
two standard lengths: 40 ft and 54 ft.
Drill String Components
6
Drill String Components
Drill Pipe: is a steel pipe available in three length
ranges: Range 1 (18 to 22 ft), Range 2 (27
to 30 ft) and Range 3 (38 to 45 ft).
Range 2 is the most commonly used one.
Outside diameter (inches) Nominal weights (lb/ft)
2 7/8 10.40
3 1/2 9.50
4 14.00
4 1/2 13.75
5 16.25
5 1/2 21.90
6 5/8 25.20
7
Drill String Components
Casing: is a steel pipe used during the drilling
of a well.
Conductor Casing ,Surface Casing,
Intermediate Casing, Production
Casing
Drill Collar: is a steel pipe thicker than drill pipe. It is
used to provide additional weight to the
bit and optimize drilling rates. Length
ranges Range 2 (30, 31 ft) and Range 3
(42, 431/2 ft).
8
CASING SIZES
Available Casing Sizes :
36 in. OD
30 in. OD
24 in. OD, 20 in. OD
13 3/8 in. OD, 10 ¾ in. OD
9 5/8 in, OD, 7 ½ in. OD
5 ½ in. OD
4 ½ in. OD
4 in. OD
Where OD is Outside Diameter.
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TYPES OF DRILLING RIG
For most offshore wells, the types of rig
required will fall into one of three groups
Jack-ups – where the water depth is less than
100m
Semi-Submersibles – in hostile waters too rough
for Drill Ship and depths over 100m
Drill Ships – in calm waters with depths over
100m
17
TYPES OF DRILLING RIG
Jack-up Rig
18
TYPES OF DRILLING RIG
Jack-up Rig
Jack-ups are used for most of the offshore exploration
drilling world-wide.
Jack-up has a floating hull with retractable legs which can
be jacked down to the sea bed. Hull can be lifted until it is
clear off the sea surface. The legs support the hull.
In shallow and relatively calm waters the Jack up has the
advantage of being able to leave a free standing well with
a surface completion once it is finished.
19
TYPES OF DRILLING RIG
Semi-submersible Rig
20
TYPES OF DRILLING RIG
Semi-submersible Rig
Semi-Submersibles are used mostly in the range of
water depths from 100-600 m.
This rig is not bottom-supported, but it is designed to
float and it can operate in water depths of up to 3000 ft.
In areas where water depths exceed 100m and heavy
weather can be expected, then semi-submersibles must
be used.
21
TYPES OF DRILLING RIG
Drill Ship
22
TYPES OF DRILLING RIG
Drill Ship
Drill ships are used to drill the well in deep water ( up to
7000 ft ).
It is most suited in calmer waters and less harsh
environment.
It can move between locations at high speed compared to
semi-submersible rigs.
23
TYPES OF LAND RIG
Land Rig
24
LAND RIGS
Land rigs
Conventional rigs
Small land rigs
Medium land rigs
Large land rigs
Mobile rigs
Portable mast
25
DRILLING RIG COMPONENTS
Rotary Rig Component
26
DRILLING RIG COMPONENTS
Rotary Rig Component
27
DRILLING RIG COMPONENTS
Three systems
(1) Hoisting system
(2) Circulating system
(3) Rotary system
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DRILLING RIG COMPONENTS
(1) Hoisting system
A large pulley system which is used to run and
pull equipment into and out of the well. Main
component is a draw-work which consists of a
clutch, gear and brake.
29
DRILLING RIG COMPONENTS
(2) Circulating system
It is a system used to circulate drilling fluid down
and up the drilling string. Main functions of the
system are
To remove drilled cuttings from the borehole
To exert a hydrostatic pressure to prevent
formation fluid entering the borehole.
Drilling fluid is used as a circulation fluid (water +
bentonite + weighting material + chemicals).
30
DRILLING RIG COMPONENTS
(3) Rotary system
The system is used to rotate the drilling string
and to rotate the drill bit on the bottom of the
hole.
The system includes rotary table and kelly
which is a rectangular-shaped pipe placed in
the rotary table.
31
SYSTEMS
HOISTING SYSTEM
32
One major component system of rotary drilling rig
To support the rotating system in „drilling the well‟ by
providing the appropriate equipment and working areas needed
for lifting, lowering and suspending the tremendous weights
Hoisting equipment used to lift, lower and suspend the drilling
stem
33
Draw works
Overhead tools ( crown block, travelling
block, hook, elevator )
Drilling line
34
Drawworks: Specialized heavy-duty hoisting winch
Crown block: An assembly of pulleys called “sheaves”
Travelling block: An arrangement of sheaves
Hook: A large hook-shaped device
Elevators: An extremely rugged, heavy duty clamps
Drilling line: A heavy-duty wire rope
35
36
SYSTEMS
CIRCULATING SYSTEM
37
CIRCULATING SYSTEM
38
Components in Circulating system
1. Mud Pumps: remove large volume of
drilling fluid under high pressure
2. Shale shaker: removes drill cuttings
from the drilling fluid
3. Desander: removes granular waste from
drilling fluid
4. Desilter: removes fine particles from
drilling fluid
5. Degasser: removes entrained gases
from drilling fluid.
39
DRILLING MUD CIRCULATING SYSTEM
40
SYSTEMS
ROTARY SYSTEM
41
Rotary System
Drive System
Top Drive System Kelly and Rotary Drive System
42
Rotary System
Major components of rotary system –
O Rotary table with Kelly
O Top Drive System
43
DRILL BITS
Drill Bits
44
DRILL BITS
Types of Drill Bits
45
DRILL BITS
Types of Drill Bits
46
DRILL BITS
Two basic categories:
1. Roller cutter bit (also known as roller cone bit)
- consists of cutting elements arranged on
cones (usually 3 cones) that rotate on bearings
about their own axis as the drill string turns the
body of the bit.
47
DRILL BITS
2. Fixed cutter bit (also known as drag bit)
- consists of stationary cutting elements and is
rotated directly by the turning of the drill string.
48
DRILLING OPERATION
DRILLING OPERATION
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50
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53
54
CEMENTING
CEMENTING
55
CEMENTING
56
DRILLING SEQUENCE
DRILLING SEQUENCE
57
DRILLING SEQUENCE
Typical sequence of operation
Rig up
58
DRILLING SEQUENCE
Typical sequence of operation
Rig up
Drill surface hole
59
DRILLING SEQUENCE
Typical sequence of operation
Rig up
Drill surface hole
Run & set surface casing
60
DRILLING SEQUENCE
Typical sequence of operation
Rig up
Drill surface hole
Run & set surface casing
Cement surface casing
61
DRILLING SEQUENCE
Typical sequence of operation
Rig up
Drill surface hole
Run & set surface casing
Cement surface casing
Drill intermediate hole
62
DRILLING SEQUENCE
Typical sequence of operation
Rig up
Drill surface hole
Run & set surface casing
Cement surface casing
Drill intermediate hole
Run & set intermediate casing
63
DRILLING SEQUENCE
Typical sequence of operation
Rig up
Drill surface hole
Run & set surface casing
Cement surface casing
Drill intermediate hole
Run & set intermediate casing
Cement intermediate casing
64
DRILLING SEQUENCE
Typical sequence of operation
Rig up
Drill surface hole
Run & set surface casing
Cement surface casing
Drill intermediate hole
Run & set intermediate casing
Cement intermediate casing
Drill production hole
65
DRILLING SEQUENCE
Typical sequence of operation
Rig up
Drill surface hole
Run & set surface casing
Cement surface casing
Drill intermediate hole
Run & set intermediate casing
Cement intermediate casing
Drill production hole
Cement production casing
66
DRILLING SEQUENCE
Typical sequence of operation
Rig up
Drill surface hole
Run & set surface casing
Cement surface casing
Drill intermediate hole
Run & set intermediate casing
Cement intermediate casing
Drill production hole
Cement production casing
Drill production hole
67
DRILLING SEQUENCE
Typical sequence of operation
Rig up
Drill surface hole
Run & set surface casing
Cement surface casing
Drill intermediate hole
Run & set intermediate casing
Cement intermediate casing
Drill production hole
Cement production casing
Drill production hole
Run & set liner
68
DRILLING SEQUENCE
Typical sequence of operation
Rig up
Drill surface hole
Run & set surface casing
Cement surface casing
Drill intermediate hole
Run & set intermediate casing
Cement intermediate casing
Drill production hole
Cement production casing
Drill production hole
Run & set liner
Cement liner
69
A string of tubing is set
from the producing
zones to the surface/
wellhead
Communicate reservoir
to surface
Provide conduit for fluid
to flow to the surface
Control the flow of fluidreservoir
reservoir
reservoir
reservoir
70
Requires special
wellhead and x- mas
tree arrangement
Two wells in
one Conductor
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TYPES OF SEPARATOR
74
Christmas- tree and Wellhead
75
UNITS of Oil and Gas Flow Rate
Oil Flow Rate: bbl/day
(barrels/day)
Gas Flow Rate: MMSCFD
(Million Standard Cubic Feet/day)
1M = 1000 standard cubic feet