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Portfolio interoperability progress
E-portfolio values:
Why are personal values important in the world of portfolios?
Simon GrantJISC Centre for Educational Technology and Interoperability Standards (CETIS)ePortfolio 2009, City University, London2009-06-24
Overview
I want to present a view of values which convinces you that values are vitally related to portfolios in several ways
Personal values and their relation to competence
E-portfolios and values
Understanding the different aspects of personal values
E-portfolios for different aspects of values
What are personal values?
(I offer this, as I am not satisfied by other definitions)Persistent patterns of personal choice between available meaningful options for action (physical or verbal)
Including:how you tend to behave (dependent on context)
what you tend to prioritise (e.g. in terms of time, money)
how you tend to treat people
etc. etc.
Values can be moral, or just personal preference
I trust this is at least plausiblethen we'll follow through the consequences
I'm going to do this from the definition, and bring in more examples shortly
Values are part of competence
I'll draw this outstarting with the more obvious parts of competence
Then give a couple of examples
Plain, explicit knowledge
Do you know...facts
how to do things (explicit know-how)
what actions lead to what effects
Easily testablequizzes, multiple choice tests
a traditional aspect of examinations
Knowledge can be about valuesbut that knowledge is not the same as having those values
Basic capability across contexts
Can you do it? Show me here and now!lift this weight
thread this needle
read this text
make this machine do something...
Testable on demand, anywhere given equipment
Traditional practical tests, face-to-face evaluation
BUT explicit knowledge and basic capability still do not account for on-the-job effectiveness
What is missing to make up competence?
Competence has choices/values
Competence depends onexplicit knowledge
range of basic capabilities
on-the-spot choice of adequate actions in real contexts
Think of the choices made by bankers in past yearsLine blurred between free professional choice and moral choices that affect people in important ways
Just the same range as with personal valuesand quite possibly directly linked
Competence = knowledge + capability + good choices
Competence = knowledge + capability + values
Many people have tried out different ways of analysing competence and competency. Knowledge, skills, attitudes is one, but the definition of attitudes is not very helpful.The European e-Competence Framework uses the following definitions: Competence is defined as a demonstrated ability to apply knowledge, skills and attitudes for achieving observable results. Consequently, the related e-Competence descriptions embed and integrate knowledge, skills and attitudes. Skill is defined as ability to carry out managerial or technical tasks. Managerial and technical skills are the components of competences and specify some core abilities which form a competence. Attitude means in this context the cognitive and relational capacity (e.g. analysis capacity, synthesis capacity, flexibility, pragmatism...). If skills and knowledge are the components, attitudes are the glue, which keeps them together. Knowledge represents the set of know-what (e.g. programming languages, design tools...) and can be described by operational descriptions.
E.g.: football skills
KnowledgeDo you know the rules of the game?
Do you know how to recognise good space to move into?
Basic capabilitiesCan you kick a ball accurately to a chosen place?
Can you keep up a suitable activity rate for 90 minutes?
Can you dribble a ball at a certain speed?
Choice of adequate actions in real contextsDo you keep the ball or pass it at appropriate times in a match?
Do you choose well between shooting at goal or playing on?
Do you make good choices of where to move to in good time?
Do you tackle opponents fairly?
And perhaps you can sense how the choice questions can easily range between choices with no ethical implications and ones with clear ethical implications.
E.g.: diplomatic communication
KnowledgeDo you know the required words / phrases of that language?
Do you know about interpersonal communication and diplomacy (e.g. listening, tactfulness)?
Basic capabilitiesAre you able to pronounce the words understandably?
Are you able to string them together meaningfully?
Choice of adequate actions in real contextsDo you choose words that are effective?
Do you choose well between speaking and listening?
Do you balance tact with clarity effectively?
Do your actions result in successful conclusions?
Or maybe add bribery at the bottom. Again we can imagine choices ranging between non-ethical to deeply ethical.
So: e-portfolios and values?
Portfolios excel in collating and presenting evidence for things otherwise hard to give good evidence for
The knowledge and basic capabilities are not so hard to assess in other ways, but evidencing quality of choice in real contexts is harder
Portfolios can bring together evidence for quality of choice, from results and/or expert witnesses
Thus portfolios can evidence competence, through evidencing quality of choice, or personal values
Let me set out one way of presenting the argument...
Relates to professional interests
Here are a few ways that personal values relate to what may be your professional interests
Please feel free to take up the topics later...
Assessment
Assessment in contexts other than e.g. the workplace cannot cover quality of choice, or thus competence
To assess competence, or personal valuesuse an e-portfolio approach
or expert assessment on the job
Recruitment
Employers want candidates who have evidence for all the components of competence for the job on offer
Personal values is one of these componentsevidenced through candidate's proven competence
Personal values also affect candidate's fit with corporate culture
Social networking
Many of the things that people spontaneously display on social networking sites are to do with personal values (=persistent patterns of choice...)
Professional development
Professional values and ethics are intimately related to personal valuesthough not necessarily the same
To distinguish professional and other rolesrecognise distinctions between their respective values
Personal development
Much reflection is about how we could make better choices in the future, and how we could develop our personal values to inform those choices
Values are key in many views of personal development
But there is more to it than that...
People say one thing, and do another (hypocrisy)or want one thing, can't help doing another
so, we need to distinguish betweenwhat is thought or said
what is done
Privately value some things, publicly profess othersmay be devious, but may also be necessary
so, we need to distinguish between what is private
what is public
Leads to a 4-way distinction, helps to understand better how personal values relate to portfolios
Let's go round again now. I'd like to take you deeper in to this world of values, to understand how it is even more closely connected with portfolio thinking.
So, if different aspects to or kinds of values are in discussion, what kind of values are we talking about?
public
actions
private
words/ideas
Four aspects of personal values
professed
espoused
occurrent
effective
social norms, andwhat you say youwould choose
what you'd chooseto or for yourself(maybe secretly?)
what you actuallychoose, from what occurs just to you
in terms of effects,choices you are responsible for
Let me first introduce the terms for the four aspects of values, then explain them.
Very simple introductory example:professed: you shouldn't drink and driveespoused: I'm quite safe driving as long as I don't drink too muchoccurrent: when out with friends, I can't resist the social pressure to drink more, and it doesn't occur to me to take a taxi homeeffective: maybe this has not resulted in any problems so far, but perhaps one day you collide with a lamp post, and that throws your value system out of balance...
These are all choices, but seen from different angles
public
actions
private
words/ideas
In cycles, perhaps like Kolb's
professed
espoused
occurrent
effective
concrete experience
reflective observation
abstract conceptualisation
active experimentation
public
actions
private
words/ideas
Presentation and reflection
professed
espoused
occurrent
effective
conflict or harmony evident publicly
portfolios(presentations)are
do you agreewith norms ofbehaviour?
do the wrong things occur to you?
essential
reflection
can you tracethrough causeand effect?
Portfolios, as presentations, are public in the sense that they are meant for other people. In a portfolio, you might want to evidence some value that is important to your audience say reliabilityYou want to claim you are reliable, and give some evidence of this, in terms of what is observable by other people. Perhaps you have a 100% attendance record somewhere, and that shows that you have chosen to prioritise attendance over other distractions. But what if you sense that you have not been very reliable? You can honestly profess that you aren't reliable but that won't get you the job. Development doesn't happen by changing what you say you believe.You need to go through the personal, reflective side of your values.
Values development process
When you are constructing your portfolio presentationwhat you profess may conflict with what is seen as effective
restore harmony via reflection on personal value conflictsideally with a trusted mentor or critical friend
Portfolio tools can be used in this developmentin personal or professional areas of life
already done with approaches like Kolb's
so too with conflicts such as yellow on previous slide
Trust is largely to do with harmony of values
Thus portfolio tools and practice can become
engines of trust (Serge Ravet & Maureen Layte)
But, for helping younger people
with values, perhaps less portfolio and more education
They may not have authentic espoused values yet
So, first, we could help themto understand about their personal choices and valuesincluding the idea that values will differ in different contexts
and that other people's values may not be clear at first
to be actively involved in varied contexts with varied values
to broaden the range of choices that occur to them
to deepen their understanding of cause and effect
to espouse authentic values in context when they are ready
Take account of their order of consciousness (Kegan)
Summary
Values/choices + skill + knowledge = competence
Portfolio approaches ideal for evidencing valuesbringing together real results plus validation from others
Values distinguishedpublic v private; actions v words/thoughts
professed, espoused, occurrent, effective
E-portfolios as linking public aspects of values
Personal development as mechanism for realignment
Engines of trust - yes
But only as the individual is ready!
Thanks...
Thanks for your attentionmany more related ideas are in my new book
and in Robert Kegan (1995) In Over Our Heads
and in Rita Carter (2008) Multiplicity
I look forward to creative discussion
My e-mail address is on my home page(search for Simon Grant)
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