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Ebola Virus Antibody Prevalence in Dogs and Human Risk
Loiumls Allela Olivier Bourry Reacutegis Pouillotdagger Andreacute Deacutelicat Philippe Yaba
Brice Kumulungui Pierre Rouquet Jean-Paul GonzalezDagger and Eric M Leroy Dagger
Emerg Infect Dis 2005 Mar 11(3)
Background Problem
Ebola virus-Z (Zaire) is one of the four Ebola virus species
Occurs in central Africa and leads to 80 mortality in a few
days
Five EB-Z outbreaks in three years in Gabon and Republic
of Congo (428 cases 334 deaths)
It is a zoonotic disease the index patient is often infected
by an animal source
Background
Epidemic spreads in relation to close contact with EV-Z infected
animal carcasses
Main sources of human cases gorilla chimpanzee and duiker
carcasses
Some human cases in a recent outbreak (5-17) were not
directly exposed to Ebola hemorrhagic fever patients or
infected carcasses So
Are there other routes for transmission
Objective
1 To determine whether pet dogs can be asymptomatically infected and their potential
as primary or secondary sources of infection
2 To analyze the Human risk of contact
3 Canine infection by EB-V has never been documented before Are they at risk
4 To better define the routes of transmission of Ebola Focusing on interspecies spread of
the virus
5 Study large serologic survey on the prevalence of EB infection in pet dogs from an
epidemic area in Gabon
Methods Sample
102 France (negative controls)
159 Villages between Mekambo-Ekata-Mazingo (Gabon)
99 Mekambo city
50 Libreville
29 Port Gentil
A total of 439 dogs were sampled and divided into 4 groups
Methods Sampling was conducted in three ways
Dogs from Sampled in Blood samples Serum
Libreville and Port Gentil
veterinary clinic 5-ml dry Vacutainers by cetrifugation stored at -80ordmC
Virus endemic area the villages 5-ml dry Vacutainers and medetomidina anesthesia
kept in liquid nitrogen in 1-ml aliquots and stored at -80ordmC
France Laboratoire des Dosages Hormonaux of the Ecole Nationale Veacuteteacuterinaire de Nantes France
Methods Laboratory Investigations
Ebola virusndashspecific immunoglobulin (Ig) G was detected by using a standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay (ELISA) method Maxisorp plates were coated with Ebola virusndashZ antigens diluted 11000 in
phosphatebuffered saline (PBS) overnight at 4degC Control plates were coated with uninfected Vero cell culture
antigens in the same conditions Sera diluted 1400 in 5 nonfat milk in PBS-Tween 20 (01) were added to
the wells and incubated overnight at 4degC
ELISA Maxisorp plates
Methods Laboratory Investigations
Trough using a peroxidase-labeled anti-dog IgG and the TMB detector system IgG binding was
visualized Optical density (OD) was measured at 450 nm with an ELISA plate reader For each
sample we calculated the corrected OD Samples were used for antigen detection and for viral
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification
For the detection of viral mRNA total RNA was isolated from serum with the QIAmp viral RNA
kit (Qiagen Courtaboeuf France) and cDNA was synthesized from mRNA We used two pairs
of degenerate primers corresponding to the L-gene of Ebola virus for 2 rounds of
amplification
Methods Statistical Methods
bull Statistical Methods Confidence intervals for proportions were calculated by using the
Clopper and Pearson method
bull Statistical comparisons between seroprevalence rates were performed by using the
Fisher test
bull The Cochran-Armitage test was used as a trend test for proportions
bull All tests used a 005 significance level
bull Statistical analyses were performed by using R software
Results
Results
bull This indicates true infection or simple antigenic stimulation
bull All tests standardized at the 1400 serum dilution
bull Most serum specimens had high OD values confirming the specificity of the reactions
bull These findings strongly suggest that dogs can be infected by Ebola virus
Results
Results
The seroprevalence rate was
significantly lower in France (2) than
in Gabon It was significantly lower
compared to the 2 major towns to
Mekambo and to the Ebola epidemic
area
This suggests that antigenic stimulation
in these towns occurred despite they
were not considered endemic areas
Major towns (Libreville and Port Gentil)
P= 0043
Mekambo P=0001
Ebola virus-epidemic aacuterea
Plt0001
Results
Results
Results
Results Problems finded
1 Neither Ebola virus antigens nor nucleotide sequences were detected in any of the positive or negative dog blood samples
2 The authors also failed to isolate the virus from 3 positive and 3 negative samples on VeroE6 cells
3 No circulating Ebola antigens or viral DNA sequences were detected in either positive or negative serum specimens and attempts to isolate virus from these samples failed These findings indicate either old transient Ebola infection of the tested dogs or antigenic simulation
Results-Discussion
bull Authors also investigated the potential involvement of domestic dogs in the occurrence or disseminatcion of Ebola virus hemorrhagic fever in humans
bull Evidence that dogs can be infected by Ebola virus was found This finding raises important human health issues
bull Symptoms did not develop in any of these highly exposed animals during the outbreak Antigenic stimulation
Asymptomatic Mild Ebola virus infection
bull Dogs first animal shown to be naturally and asymptomatically infected by Ebola virus
bull They excrete infectious viral particles
Results-Discussion
bull Potential risk factor for human infection and virus spread the canine Ebola infection
bull Close contact between humans and domestic dogs
bull Take into consideration domestic dogs during human Ebola outbreaks
bull Ebola virus reservoir species unknown Suggestion bats and rodents living in central Africa
bull Ebola virus-positive pet dogs in undeclared affected aacutereas suggests these animals live in close
contact with Ebola virus reservoir
Conclusions
1 This study offers the first evidence that dogs might be asymptomatically infected by
Ebola virus in the wild
2 This finding has potential implications for preventing and controlling human outbreaks
3 The increasing canine seroprevalence gradient from low-risk to at-risk Ebola virusndash
endemic areas indicates that this seroprevalence might be used as an epidemiologic
indicator of virus circulation
Conclusions
4 Asymptomatic Ebola infection in humans very rare
5 Canine Ebola infection potential risk factor for human infection and virus spread
6 Considerate dogs during the management of human Ebola outbreaks
Background Problem
Ebola virus-Z (Zaire) is one of the four Ebola virus species
Occurs in central Africa and leads to 80 mortality in a few
days
Five EB-Z outbreaks in three years in Gabon and Republic
of Congo (428 cases 334 deaths)
It is a zoonotic disease the index patient is often infected
by an animal source
Background
Epidemic spreads in relation to close contact with EV-Z infected
animal carcasses
Main sources of human cases gorilla chimpanzee and duiker
carcasses
Some human cases in a recent outbreak (5-17) were not
directly exposed to Ebola hemorrhagic fever patients or
infected carcasses So
Are there other routes for transmission
Objective
1 To determine whether pet dogs can be asymptomatically infected and their potential
as primary or secondary sources of infection
2 To analyze the Human risk of contact
3 Canine infection by EB-V has never been documented before Are they at risk
4 To better define the routes of transmission of Ebola Focusing on interspecies spread of
the virus
5 Study large serologic survey on the prevalence of EB infection in pet dogs from an
epidemic area in Gabon
Methods Sample
102 France (negative controls)
159 Villages between Mekambo-Ekata-Mazingo (Gabon)
99 Mekambo city
50 Libreville
29 Port Gentil
A total of 439 dogs were sampled and divided into 4 groups
Methods Sampling was conducted in three ways
Dogs from Sampled in Blood samples Serum
Libreville and Port Gentil
veterinary clinic 5-ml dry Vacutainers by cetrifugation stored at -80ordmC
Virus endemic area the villages 5-ml dry Vacutainers and medetomidina anesthesia
kept in liquid nitrogen in 1-ml aliquots and stored at -80ordmC
France Laboratoire des Dosages Hormonaux of the Ecole Nationale Veacuteteacuterinaire de Nantes France
Methods Laboratory Investigations
Ebola virusndashspecific immunoglobulin (Ig) G was detected by using a standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay (ELISA) method Maxisorp plates were coated with Ebola virusndashZ antigens diluted 11000 in
phosphatebuffered saline (PBS) overnight at 4degC Control plates were coated with uninfected Vero cell culture
antigens in the same conditions Sera diluted 1400 in 5 nonfat milk in PBS-Tween 20 (01) were added to
the wells and incubated overnight at 4degC
ELISA Maxisorp plates
Methods Laboratory Investigations
Trough using a peroxidase-labeled anti-dog IgG and the TMB detector system IgG binding was
visualized Optical density (OD) was measured at 450 nm with an ELISA plate reader For each
sample we calculated the corrected OD Samples were used for antigen detection and for viral
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification
For the detection of viral mRNA total RNA was isolated from serum with the QIAmp viral RNA
kit (Qiagen Courtaboeuf France) and cDNA was synthesized from mRNA We used two pairs
of degenerate primers corresponding to the L-gene of Ebola virus for 2 rounds of
amplification
Methods Statistical Methods
bull Statistical Methods Confidence intervals for proportions were calculated by using the
Clopper and Pearson method
bull Statistical comparisons between seroprevalence rates were performed by using the
Fisher test
bull The Cochran-Armitage test was used as a trend test for proportions
bull All tests used a 005 significance level
bull Statistical analyses were performed by using R software
Results
Results
bull This indicates true infection or simple antigenic stimulation
bull All tests standardized at the 1400 serum dilution
bull Most serum specimens had high OD values confirming the specificity of the reactions
bull These findings strongly suggest that dogs can be infected by Ebola virus
Results
Results
The seroprevalence rate was
significantly lower in France (2) than
in Gabon It was significantly lower
compared to the 2 major towns to
Mekambo and to the Ebola epidemic
area
This suggests that antigenic stimulation
in these towns occurred despite they
were not considered endemic areas
Major towns (Libreville and Port Gentil)
P= 0043
Mekambo P=0001
Ebola virus-epidemic aacuterea
Plt0001
Results
Results
Results
Results Problems finded
1 Neither Ebola virus antigens nor nucleotide sequences were detected in any of the positive or negative dog blood samples
2 The authors also failed to isolate the virus from 3 positive and 3 negative samples on VeroE6 cells
3 No circulating Ebola antigens or viral DNA sequences were detected in either positive or negative serum specimens and attempts to isolate virus from these samples failed These findings indicate either old transient Ebola infection of the tested dogs or antigenic simulation
Results-Discussion
bull Authors also investigated the potential involvement of domestic dogs in the occurrence or disseminatcion of Ebola virus hemorrhagic fever in humans
bull Evidence that dogs can be infected by Ebola virus was found This finding raises important human health issues
bull Symptoms did not develop in any of these highly exposed animals during the outbreak Antigenic stimulation
Asymptomatic Mild Ebola virus infection
bull Dogs first animal shown to be naturally and asymptomatically infected by Ebola virus
bull They excrete infectious viral particles
Results-Discussion
bull Potential risk factor for human infection and virus spread the canine Ebola infection
bull Close contact between humans and domestic dogs
bull Take into consideration domestic dogs during human Ebola outbreaks
bull Ebola virus reservoir species unknown Suggestion bats and rodents living in central Africa
bull Ebola virus-positive pet dogs in undeclared affected aacutereas suggests these animals live in close
contact with Ebola virus reservoir
Conclusions
1 This study offers the first evidence that dogs might be asymptomatically infected by
Ebola virus in the wild
2 This finding has potential implications for preventing and controlling human outbreaks
3 The increasing canine seroprevalence gradient from low-risk to at-risk Ebola virusndash
endemic areas indicates that this seroprevalence might be used as an epidemiologic
indicator of virus circulation
Conclusions
4 Asymptomatic Ebola infection in humans very rare
5 Canine Ebola infection potential risk factor for human infection and virus spread
6 Considerate dogs during the management of human Ebola outbreaks
Background
Epidemic spreads in relation to close contact with EV-Z infected
animal carcasses
Main sources of human cases gorilla chimpanzee and duiker
carcasses
Some human cases in a recent outbreak (5-17) were not
directly exposed to Ebola hemorrhagic fever patients or
infected carcasses So
Are there other routes for transmission
Objective
1 To determine whether pet dogs can be asymptomatically infected and their potential
as primary or secondary sources of infection
2 To analyze the Human risk of contact
3 Canine infection by EB-V has never been documented before Are they at risk
4 To better define the routes of transmission of Ebola Focusing on interspecies spread of
the virus
5 Study large serologic survey on the prevalence of EB infection in pet dogs from an
epidemic area in Gabon
Methods Sample
102 France (negative controls)
159 Villages between Mekambo-Ekata-Mazingo (Gabon)
99 Mekambo city
50 Libreville
29 Port Gentil
A total of 439 dogs were sampled and divided into 4 groups
Methods Sampling was conducted in three ways
Dogs from Sampled in Blood samples Serum
Libreville and Port Gentil
veterinary clinic 5-ml dry Vacutainers by cetrifugation stored at -80ordmC
Virus endemic area the villages 5-ml dry Vacutainers and medetomidina anesthesia
kept in liquid nitrogen in 1-ml aliquots and stored at -80ordmC
France Laboratoire des Dosages Hormonaux of the Ecole Nationale Veacuteteacuterinaire de Nantes France
Methods Laboratory Investigations
Ebola virusndashspecific immunoglobulin (Ig) G was detected by using a standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay (ELISA) method Maxisorp plates were coated with Ebola virusndashZ antigens diluted 11000 in
phosphatebuffered saline (PBS) overnight at 4degC Control plates were coated with uninfected Vero cell culture
antigens in the same conditions Sera diluted 1400 in 5 nonfat milk in PBS-Tween 20 (01) were added to
the wells and incubated overnight at 4degC
ELISA Maxisorp plates
Methods Laboratory Investigations
Trough using a peroxidase-labeled anti-dog IgG and the TMB detector system IgG binding was
visualized Optical density (OD) was measured at 450 nm with an ELISA plate reader For each
sample we calculated the corrected OD Samples were used for antigen detection and for viral
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification
For the detection of viral mRNA total RNA was isolated from serum with the QIAmp viral RNA
kit (Qiagen Courtaboeuf France) and cDNA was synthesized from mRNA We used two pairs
of degenerate primers corresponding to the L-gene of Ebola virus for 2 rounds of
amplification
Methods Statistical Methods
bull Statistical Methods Confidence intervals for proportions were calculated by using the
Clopper and Pearson method
bull Statistical comparisons between seroprevalence rates were performed by using the
Fisher test
bull The Cochran-Armitage test was used as a trend test for proportions
bull All tests used a 005 significance level
bull Statistical analyses were performed by using R software
Results
Results
bull This indicates true infection or simple antigenic stimulation
bull All tests standardized at the 1400 serum dilution
bull Most serum specimens had high OD values confirming the specificity of the reactions
bull These findings strongly suggest that dogs can be infected by Ebola virus
Results
Results
The seroprevalence rate was
significantly lower in France (2) than
in Gabon It was significantly lower
compared to the 2 major towns to
Mekambo and to the Ebola epidemic
area
This suggests that antigenic stimulation
in these towns occurred despite they
were not considered endemic areas
Major towns (Libreville and Port Gentil)
P= 0043
Mekambo P=0001
Ebola virus-epidemic aacuterea
Plt0001
Results
Results
Results
Results Problems finded
1 Neither Ebola virus antigens nor nucleotide sequences were detected in any of the positive or negative dog blood samples
2 The authors also failed to isolate the virus from 3 positive and 3 negative samples on VeroE6 cells
3 No circulating Ebola antigens or viral DNA sequences were detected in either positive or negative serum specimens and attempts to isolate virus from these samples failed These findings indicate either old transient Ebola infection of the tested dogs or antigenic simulation
Results-Discussion
bull Authors also investigated the potential involvement of domestic dogs in the occurrence or disseminatcion of Ebola virus hemorrhagic fever in humans
bull Evidence that dogs can be infected by Ebola virus was found This finding raises important human health issues
bull Symptoms did not develop in any of these highly exposed animals during the outbreak Antigenic stimulation
Asymptomatic Mild Ebola virus infection
bull Dogs first animal shown to be naturally and asymptomatically infected by Ebola virus
bull They excrete infectious viral particles
Results-Discussion
bull Potential risk factor for human infection and virus spread the canine Ebola infection
bull Close contact between humans and domestic dogs
bull Take into consideration domestic dogs during human Ebola outbreaks
bull Ebola virus reservoir species unknown Suggestion bats and rodents living in central Africa
bull Ebola virus-positive pet dogs in undeclared affected aacutereas suggests these animals live in close
contact with Ebola virus reservoir
Conclusions
1 This study offers the first evidence that dogs might be asymptomatically infected by
Ebola virus in the wild
2 This finding has potential implications for preventing and controlling human outbreaks
3 The increasing canine seroprevalence gradient from low-risk to at-risk Ebola virusndash
endemic areas indicates that this seroprevalence might be used as an epidemiologic
indicator of virus circulation
Conclusions
4 Asymptomatic Ebola infection in humans very rare
5 Canine Ebola infection potential risk factor for human infection and virus spread
6 Considerate dogs during the management of human Ebola outbreaks
Objective
1 To determine whether pet dogs can be asymptomatically infected and their potential
as primary or secondary sources of infection
2 To analyze the Human risk of contact
3 Canine infection by EB-V has never been documented before Are they at risk
4 To better define the routes of transmission of Ebola Focusing on interspecies spread of
the virus
5 Study large serologic survey on the prevalence of EB infection in pet dogs from an
epidemic area in Gabon
Methods Sample
102 France (negative controls)
159 Villages between Mekambo-Ekata-Mazingo (Gabon)
99 Mekambo city
50 Libreville
29 Port Gentil
A total of 439 dogs were sampled and divided into 4 groups
Methods Sampling was conducted in three ways
Dogs from Sampled in Blood samples Serum
Libreville and Port Gentil
veterinary clinic 5-ml dry Vacutainers by cetrifugation stored at -80ordmC
Virus endemic area the villages 5-ml dry Vacutainers and medetomidina anesthesia
kept in liquid nitrogen in 1-ml aliquots and stored at -80ordmC
France Laboratoire des Dosages Hormonaux of the Ecole Nationale Veacuteteacuterinaire de Nantes France
Methods Laboratory Investigations
Ebola virusndashspecific immunoglobulin (Ig) G was detected by using a standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay (ELISA) method Maxisorp plates were coated with Ebola virusndashZ antigens diluted 11000 in
phosphatebuffered saline (PBS) overnight at 4degC Control plates were coated with uninfected Vero cell culture
antigens in the same conditions Sera diluted 1400 in 5 nonfat milk in PBS-Tween 20 (01) were added to
the wells and incubated overnight at 4degC
ELISA Maxisorp plates
Methods Laboratory Investigations
Trough using a peroxidase-labeled anti-dog IgG and the TMB detector system IgG binding was
visualized Optical density (OD) was measured at 450 nm with an ELISA plate reader For each
sample we calculated the corrected OD Samples were used for antigen detection and for viral
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification
For the detection of viral mRNA total RNA was isolated from serum with the QIAmp viral RNA
kit (Qiagen Courtaboeuf France) and cDNA was synthesized from mRNA We used two pairs
of degenerate primers corresponding to the L-gene of Ebola virus for 2 rounds of
amplification
Methods Statistical Methods
bull Statistical Methods Confidence intervals for proportions were calculated by using the
Clopper and Pearson method
bull Statistical comparisons between seroprevalence rates were performed by using the
Fisher test
bull The Cochran-Armitage test was used as a trend test for proportions
bull All tests used a 005 significance level
bull Statistical analyses were performed by using R software
Results
Results
bull This indicates true infection or simple antigenic stimulation
bull All tests standardized at the 1400 serum dilution
bull Most serum specimens had high OD values confirming the specificity of the reactions
bull These findings strongly suggest that dogs can be infected by Ebola virus
Results
Results
The seroprevalence rate was
significantly lower in France (2) than
in Gabon It was significantly lower
compared to the 2 major towns to
Mekambo and to the Ebola epidemic
area
This suggests that antigenic stimulation
in these towns occurred despite they
were not considered endemic areas
Major towns (Libreville and Port Gentil)
P= 0043
Mekambo P=0001
Ebola virus-epidemic aacuterea
Plt0001
Results
Results
Results
Results Problems finded
1 Neither Ebola virus antigens nor nucleotide sequences were detected in any of the positive or negative dog blood samples
2 The authors also failed to isolate the virus from 3 positive and 3 negative samples on VeroE6 cells
3 No circulating Ebola antigens or viral DNA sequences were detected in either positive or negative serum specimens and attempts to isolate virus from these samples failed These findings indicate either old transient Ebola infection of the tested dogs or antigenic simulation
Results-Discussion
bull Authors also investigated the potential involvement of domestic dogs in the occurrence or disseminatcion of Ebola virus hemorrhagic fever in humans
bull Evidence that dogs can be infected by Ebola virus was found This finding raises important human health issues
bull Symptoms did not develop in any of these highly exposed animals during the outbreak Antigenic stimulation
Asymptomatic Mild Ebola virus infection
bull Dogs first animal shown to be naturally and asymptomatically infected by Ebola virus
bull They excrete infectious viral particles
Results-Discussion
bull Potential risk factor for human infection and virus spread the canine Ebola infection
bull Close contact between humans and domestic dogs
bull Take into consideration domestic dogs during human Ebola outbreaks
bull Ebola virus reservoir species unknown Suggestion bats and rodents living in central Africa
bull Ebola virus-positive pet dogs in undeclared affected aacutereas suggests these animals live in close
contact with Ebola virus reservoir
Conclusions
1 This study offers the first evidence that dogs might be asymptomatically infected by
Ebola virus in the wild
2 This finding has potential implications for preventing and controlling human outbreaks
3 The increasing canine seroprevalence gradient from low-risk to at-risk Ebola virusndash
endemic areas indicates that this seroprevalence might be used as an epidemiologic
indicator of virus circulation
Conclusions
4 Asymptomatic Ebola infection in humans very rare
5 Canine Ebola infection potential risk factor for human infection and virus spread
6 Considerate dogs during the management of human Ebola outbreaks
Methods Sample
102 France (negative controls)
159 Villages between Mekambo-Ekata-Mazingo (Gabon)
99 Mekambo city
50 Libreville
29 Port Gentil
A total of 439 dogs were sampled and divided into 4 groups
Methods Sampling was conducted in three ways
Dogs from Sampled in Blood samples Serum
Libreville and Port Gentil
veterinary clinic 5-ml dry Vacutainers by cetrifugation stored at -80ordmC
Virus endemic area the villages 5-ml dry Vacutainers and medetomidina anesthesia
kept in liquid nitrogen in 1-ml aliquots and stored at -80ordmC
France Laboratoire des Dosages Hormonaux of the Ecole Nationale Veacuteteacuterinaire de Nantes France
Methods Laboratory Investigations
Ebola virusndashspecific immunoglobulin (Ig) G was detected by using a standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay (ELISA) method Maxisorp plates were coated with Ebola virusndashZ antigens diluted 11000 in
phosphatebuffered saline (PBS) overnight at 4degC Control plates were coated with uninfected Vero cell culture
antigens in the same conditions Sera diluted 1400 in 5 nonfat milk in PBS-Tween 20 (01) were added to
the wells and incubated overnight at 4degC
ELISA Maxisorp plates
Methods Laboratory Investigations
Trough using a peroxidase-labeled anti-dog IgG and the TMB detector system IgG binding was
visualized Optical density (OD) was measured at 450 nm with an ELISA plate reader For each
sample we calculated the corrected OD Samples were used for antigen detection and for viral
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification
For the detection of viral mRNA total RNA was isolated from serum with the QIAmp viral RNA
kit (Qiagen Courtaboeuf France) and cDNA was synthesized from mRNA We used two pairs
of degenerate primers corresponding to the L-gene of Ebola virus for 2 rounds of
amplification
Methods Statistical Methods
bull Statistical Methods Confidence intervals for proportions were calculated by using the
Clopper and Pearson method
bull Statistical comparisons between seroprevalence rates were performed by using the
Fisher test
bull The Cochran-Armitage test was used as a trend test for proportions
bull All tests used a 005 significance level
bull Statistical analyses were performed by using R software
Results
Results
bull This indicates true infection or simple antigenic stimulation
bull All tests standardized at the 1400 serum dilution
bull Most serum specimens had high OD values confirming the specificity of the reactions
bull These findings strongly suggest that dogs can be infected by Ebola virus
Results
Results
The seroprevalence rate was
significantly lower in France (2) than
in Gabon It was significantly lower
compared to the 2 major towns to
Mekambo and to the Ebola epidemic
area
This suggests that antigenic stimulation
in these towns occurred despite they
were not considered endemic areas
Major towns (Libreville and Port Gentil)
P= 0043
Mekambo P=0001
Ebola virus-epidemic aacuterea
Plt0001
Results
Results
Results
Results Problems finded
1 Neither Ebola virus antigens nor nucleotide sequences were detected in any of the positive or negative dog blood samples
2 The authors also failed to isolate the virus from 3 positive and 3 negative samples on VeroE6 cells
3 No circulating Ebola antigens or viral DNA sequences were detected in either positive or negative serum specimens and attempts to isolate virus from these samples failed These findings indicate either old transient Ebola infection of the tested dogs or antigenic simulation
Results-Discussion
bull Authors also investigated the potential involvement of domestic dogs in the occurrence or disseminatcion of Ebola virus hemorrhagic fever in humans
bull Evidence that dogs can be infected by Ebola virus was found This finding raises important human health issues
bull Symptoms did not develop in any of these highly exposed animals during the outbreak Antigenic stimulation
Asymptomatic Mild Ebola virus infection
bull Dogs first animal shown to be naturally and asymptomatically infected by Ebola virus
bull They excrete infectious viral particles
Results-Discussion
bull Potential risk factor for human infection and virus spread the canine Ebola infection
bull Close contact between humans and domestic dogs
bull Take into consideration domestic dogs during human Ebola outbreaks
bull Ebola virus reservoir species unknown Suggestion bats and rodents living in central Africa
bull Ebola virus-positive pet dogs in undeclared affected aacutereas suggests these animals live in close
contact with Ebola virus reservoir
Conclusions
1 This study offers the first evidence that dogs might be asymptomatically infected by
Ebola virus in the wild
2 This finding has potential implications for preventing and controlling human outbreaks
3 The increasing canine seroprevalence gradient from low-risk to at-risk Ebola virusndash
endemic areas indicates that this seroprevalence might be used as an epidemiologic
indicator of virus circulation
Conclusions
4 Asymptomatic Ebola infection in humans very rare
5 Canine Ebola infection potential risk factor for human infection and virus spread
6 Considerate dogs during the management of human Ebola outbreaks
Methods Sampling was conducted in three ways
Dogs from Sampled in Blood samples Serum
Libreville and Port Gentil
veterinary clinic 5-ml dry Vacutainers by cetrifugation stored at -80ordmC
Virus endemic area the villages 5-ml dry Vacutainers and medetomidina anesthesia
kept in liquid nitrogen in 1-ml aliquots and stored at -80ordmC
France Laboratoire des Dosages Hormonaux of the Ecole Nationale Veacuteteacuterinaire de Nantes France
Methods Laboratory Investigations
Ebola virusndashspecific immunoglobulin (Ig) G was detected by using a standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay (ELISA) method Maxisorp plates were coated with Ebola virusndashZ antigens diluted 11000 in
phosphatebuffered saline (PBS) overnight at 4degC Control plates were coated with uninfected Vero cell culture
antigens in the same conditions Sera diluted 1400 in 5 nonfat milk in PBS-Tween 20 (01) were added to
the wells and incubated overnight at 4degC
ELISA Maxisorp plates
Methods Laboratory Investigations
Trough using a peroxidase-labeled anti-dog IgG and the TMB detector system IgG binding was
visualized Optical density (OD) was measured at 450 nm with an ELISA plate reader For each
sample we calculated the corrected OD Samples were used for antigen detection and for viral
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification
For the detection of viral mRNA total RNA was isolated from serum with the QIAmp viral RNA
kit (Qiagen Courtaboeuf France) and cDNA was synthesized from mRNA We used two pairs
of degenerate primers corresponding to the L-gene of Ebola virus for 2 rounds of
amplification
Methods Statistical Methods
bull Statistical Methods Confidence intervals for proportions were calculated by using the
Clopper and Pearson method
bull Statistical comparisons between seroprevalence rates were performed by using the
Fisher test
bull The Cochran-Armitage test was used as a trend test for proportions
bull All tests used a 005 significance level
bull Statistical analyses were performed by using R software
Results
Results
bull This indicates true infection or simple antigenic stimulation
bull All tests standardized at the 1400 serum dilution
bull Most serum specimens had high OD values confirming the specificity of the reactions
bull These findings strongly suggest that dogs can be infected by Ebola virus
Results
Results
The seroprevalence rate was
significantly lower in France (2) than
in Gabon It was significantly lower
compared to the 2 major towns to
Mekambo and to the Ebola epidemic
area
This suggests that antigenic stimulation
in these towns occurred despite they
were not considered endemic areas
Major towns (Libreville and Port Gentil)
P= 0043
Mekambo P=0001
Ebola virus-epidemic aacuterea
Plt0001
Results
Results
Results
Results Problems finded
1 Neither Ebola virus antigens nor nucleotide sequences were detected in any of the positive or negative dog blood samples
2 The authors also failed to isolate the virus from 3 positive and 3 negative samples on VeroE6 cells
3 No circulating Ebola antigens or viral DNA sequences were detected in either positive or negative serum specimens and attempts to isolate virus from these samples failed These findings indicate either old transient Ebola infection of the tested dogs or antigenic simulation
Results-Discussion
bull Authors also investigated the potential involvement of domestic dogs in the occurrence or disseminatcion of Ebola virus hemorrhagic fever in humans
bull Evidence that dogs can be infected by Ebola virus was found This finding raises important human health issues
bull Symptoms did not develop in any of these highly exposed animals during the outbreak Antigenic stimulation
Asymptomatic Mild Ebola virus infection
bull Dogs first animal shown to be naturally and asymptomatically infected by Ebola virus
bull They excrete infectious viral particles
Results-Discussion
bull Potential risk factor for human infection and virus spread the canine Ebola infection
bull Close contact between humans and domestic dogs
bull Take into consideration domestic dogs during human Ebola outbreaks
bull Ebola virus reservoir species unknown Suggestion bats and rodents living in central Africa
bull Ebola virus-positive pet dogs in undeclared affected aacutereas suggests these animals live in close
contact with Ebola virus reservoir
Conclusions
1 This study offers the first evidence that dogs might be asymptomatically infected by
Ebola virus in the wild
2 This finding has potential implications for preventing and controlling human outbreaks
3 The increasing canine seroprevalence gradient from low-risk to at-risk Ebola virusndash
endemic areas indicates that this seroprevalence might be used as an epidemiologic
indicator of virus circulation
Conclusions
4 Asymptomatic Ebola infection in humans very rare
5 Canine Ebola infection potential risk factor for human infection and virus spread
6 Considerate dogs during the management of human Ebola outbreaks
Methods Laboratory Investigations
Ebola virusndashspecific immunoglobulin (Ig) G was detected by using a standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay (ELISA) method Maxisorp plates were coated with Ebola virusndashZ antigens diluted 11000 in
phosphatebuffered saline (PBS) overnight at 4degC Control plates were coated with uninfected Vero cell culture
antigens in the same conditions Sera diluted 1400 in 5 nonfat milk in PBS-Tween 20 (01) were added to
the wells and incubated overnight at 4degC
ELISA Maxisorp plates
Methods Laboratory Investigations
Trough using a peroxidase-labeled anti-dog IgG and the TMB detector system IgG binding was
visualized Optical density (OD) was measured at 450 nm with an ELISA plate reader For each
sample we calculated the corrected OD Samples were used for antigen detection and for viral
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification
For the detection of viral mRNA total RNA was isolated from serum with the QIAmp viral RNA
kit (Qiagen Courtaboeuf France) and cDNA was synthesized from mRNA We used two pairs
of degenerate primers corresponding to the L-gene of Ebola virus for 2 rounds of
amplification
Methods Statistical Methods
bull Statistical Methods Confidence intervals for proportions were calculated by using the
Clopper and Pearson method
bull Statistical comparisons between seroprevalence rates were performed by using the
Fisher test
bull The Cochran-Armitage test was used as a trend test for proportions
bull All tests used a 005 significance level
bull Statistical analyses were performed by using R software
Results
Results
bull This indicates true infection or simple antigenic stimulation
bull All tests standardized at the 1400 serum dilution
bull Most serum specimens had high OD values confirming the specificity of the reactions
bull These findings strongly suggest that dogs can be infected by Ebola virus
Results
Results
The seroprevalence rate was
significantly lower in France (2) than
in Gabon It was significantly lower
compared to the 2 major towns to
Mekambo and to the Ebola epidemic
area
This suggests that antigenic stimulation
in these towns occurred despite they
were not considered endemic areas
Major towns (Libreville and Port Gentil)
P= 0043
Mekambo P=0001
Ebola virus-epidemic aacuterea
Plt0001
Results
Results
Results
Results Problems finded
1 Neither Ebola virus antigens nor nucleotide sequences were detected in any of the positive or negative dog blood samples
2 The authors also failed to isolate the virus from 3 positive and 3 negative samples on VeroE6 cells
3 No circulating Ebola antigens or viral DNA sequences were detected in either positive or negative serum specimens and attempts to isolate virus from these samples failed These findings indicate either old transient Ebola infection of the tested dogs or antigenic simulation
Results-Discussion
bull Authors also investigated the potential involvement of domestic dogs in the occurrence or disseminatcion of Ebola virus hemorrhagic fever in humans
bull Evidence that dogs can be infected by Ebola virus was found This finding raises important human health issues
bull Symptoms did not develop in any of these highly exposed animals during the outbreak Antigenic stimulation
Asymptomatic Mild Ebola virus infection
bull Dogs first animal shown to be naturally and asymptomatically infected by Ebola virus
bull They excrete infectious viral particles
Results-Discussion
bull Potential risk factor for human infection and virus spread the canine Ebola infection
bull Close contact between humans and domestic dogs
bull Take into consideration domestic dogs during human Ebola outbreaks
bull Ebola virus reservoir species unknown Suggestion bats and rodents living in central Africa
bull Ebola virus-positive pet dogs in undeclared affected aacutereas suggests these animals live in close
contact with Ebola virus reservoir
Conclusions
1 This study offers the first evidence that dogs might be asymptomatically infected by
Ebola virus in the wild
2 This finding has potential implications for preventing and controlling human outbreaks
3 The increasing canine seroprevalence gradient from low-risk to at-risk Ebola virusndash
endemic areas indicates that this seroprevalence might be used as an epidemiologic
indicator of virus circulation
Conclusions
4 Asymptomatic Ebola infection in humans very rare
5 Canine Ebola infection potential risk factor for human infection and virus spread
6 Considerate dogs during the management of human Ebola outbreaks
Methods Laboratory Investigations
Trough using a peroxidase-labeled anti-dog IgG and the TMB detector system IgG binding was
visualized Optical density (OD) was measured at 450 nm with an ELISA plate reader For each
sample we calculated the corrected OD Samples were used for antigen detection and for viral
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification
For the detection of viral mRNA total RNA was isolated from serum with the QIAmp viral RNA
kit (Qiagen Courtaboeuf France) and cDNA was synthesized from mRNA We used two pairs
of degenerate primers corresponding to the L-gene of Ebola virus for 2 rounds of
amplification
Methods Statistical Methods
bull Statistical Methods Confidence intervals for proportions were calculated by using the
Clopper and Pearson method
bull Statistical comparisons between seroprevalence rates were performed by using the
Fisher test
bull The Cochran-Armitage test was used as a trend test for proportions
bull All tests used a 005 significance level
bull Statistical analyses were performed by using R software
Results
Results
bull This indicates true infection or simple antigenic stimulation
bull All tests standardized at the 1400 serum dilution
bull Most serum specimens had high OD values confirming the specificity of the reactions
bull These findings strongly suggest that dogs can be infected by Ebola virus
Results
Results
The seroprevalence rate was
significantly lower in France (2) than
in Gabon It was significantly lower
compared to the 2 major towns to
Mekambo and to the Ebola epidemic
area
This suggests that antigenic stimulation
in these towns occurred despite they
were not considered endemic areas
Major towns (Libreville and Port Gentil)
P= 0043
Mekambo P=0001
Ebola virus-epidemic aacuterea
Plt0001
Results
Results
Results
Results Problems finded
1 Neither Ebola virus antigens nor nucleotide sequences were detected in any of the positive or negative dog blood samples
2 The authors also failed to isolate the virus from 3 positive and 3 negative samples on VeroE6 cells
3 No circulating Ebola antigens or viral DNA sequences were detected in either positive or negative serum specimens and attempts to isolate virus from these samples failed These findings indicate either old transient Ebola infection of the tested dogs or antigenic simulation
Results-Discussion
bull Authors also investigated the potential involvement of domestic dogs in the occurrence or disseminatcion of Ebola virus hemorrhagic fever in humans
bull Evidence that dogs can be infected by Ebola virus was found This finding raises important human health issues
bull Symptoms did not develop in any of these highly exposed animals during the outbreak Antigenic stimulation
Asymptomatic Mild Ebola virus infection
bull Dogs first animal shown to be naturally and asymptomatically infected by Ebola virus
bull They excrete infectious viral particles
Results-Discussion
bull Potential risk factor for human infection and virus spread the canine Ebola infection
bull Close contact between humans and domestic dogs
bull Take into consideration domestic dogs during human Ebola outbreaks
bull Ebola virus reservoir species unknown Suggestion bats and rodents living in central Africa
bull Ebola virus-positive pet dogs in undeclared affected aacutereas suggests these animals live in close
contact with Ebola virus reservoir
Conclusions
1 This study offers the first evidence that dogs might be asymptomatically infected by
Ebola virus in the wild
2 This finding has potential implications for preventing and controlling human outbreaks
3 The increasing canine seroprevalence gradient from low-risk to at-risk Ebola virusndash
endemic areas indicates that this seroprevalence might be used as an epidemiologic
indicator of virus circulation
Conclusions
4 Asymptomatic Ebola infection in humans very rare
5 Canine Ebola infection potential risk factor for human infection and virus spread
6 Considerate dogs during the management of human Ebola outbreaks
Methods Statistical Methods
bull Statistical Methods Confidence intervals for proportions were calculated by using the
Clopper and Pearson method
bull Statistical comparisons between seroprevalence rates were performed by using the
Fisher test
bull The Cochran-Armitage test was used as a trend test for proportions
bull All tests used a 005 significance level
bull Statistical analyses were performed by using R software
Results
Results
bull This indicates true infection or simple antigenic stimulation
bull All tests standardized at the 1400 serum dilution
bull Most serum specimens had high OD values confirming the specificity of the reactions
bull These findings strongly suggest that dogs can be infected by Ebola virus
Results
Results
The seroprevalence rate was
significantly lower in France (2) than
in Gabon It was significantly lower
compared to the 2 major towns to
Mekambo and to the Ebola epidemic
area
This suggests that antigenic stimulation
in these towns occurred despite they
were not considered endemic areas
Major towns (Libreville and Port Gentil)
P= 0043
Mekambo P=0001
Ebola virus-epidemic aacuterea
Plt0001
Results
Results
Results
Results Problems finded
1 Neither Ebola virus antigens nor nucleotide sequences were detected in any of the positive or negative dog blood samples
2 The authors also failed to isolate the virus from 3 positive and 3 negative samples on VeroE6 cells
3 No circulating Ebola antigens or viral DNA sequences were detected in either positive or negative serum specimens and attempts to isolate virus from these samples failed These findings indicate either old transient Ebola infection of the tested dogs or antigenic simulation
Results-Discussion
bull Authors also investigated the potential involvement of domestic dogs in the occurrence or disseminatcion of Ebola virus hemorrhagic fever in humans
bull Evidence that dogs can be infected by Ebola virus was found This finding raises important human health issues
bull Symptoms did not develop in any of these highly exposed animals during the outbreak Antigenic stimulation
Asymptomatic Mild Ebola virus infection
bull Dogs first animal shown to be naturally and asymptomatically infected by Ebola virus
bull They excrete infectious viral particles
Results-Discussion
bull Potential risk factor for human infection and virus spread the canine Ebola infection
bull Close contact between humans and domestic dogs
bull Take into consideration domestic dogs during human Ebola outbreaks
bull Ebola virus reservoir species unknown Suggestion bats and rodents living in central Africa
bull Ebola virus-positive pet dogs in undeclared affected aacutereas suggests these animals live in close
contact with Ebola virus reservoir
Conclusions
1 This study offers the first evidence that dogs might be asymptomatically infected by
Ebola virus in the wild
2 This finding has potential implications for preventing and controlling human outbreaks
3 The increasing canine seroprevalence gradient from low-risk to at-risk Ebola virusndash
endemic areas indicates that this seroprevalence might be used as an epidemiologic
indicator of virus circulation
Conclusions
4 Asymptomatic Ebola infection in humans very rare
5 Canine Ebola infection potential risk factor for human infection and virus spread
6 Considerate dogs during the management of human Ebola outbreaks
Results
Results
bull This indicates true infection or simple antigenic stimulation
bull All tests standardized at the 1400 serum dilution
bull Most serum specimens had high OD values confirming the specificity of the reactions
bull These findings strongly suggest that dogs can be infected by Ebola virus
Results
Results
The seroprevalence rate was
significantly lower in France (2) than
in Gabon It was significantly lower
compared to the 2 major towns to
Mekambo and to the Ebola epidemic
area
This suggests that antigenic stimulation
in these towns occurred despite they
were not considered endemic areas
Major towns (Libreville and Port Gentil)
P= 0043
Mekambo P=0001
Ebola virus-epidemic aacuterea
Plt0001
Results
Results
Results
Results Problems finded
1 Neither Ebola virus antigens nor nucleotide sequences were detected in any of the positive or negative dog blood samples
2 The authors also failed to isolate the virus from 3 positive and 3 negative samples on VeroE6 cells
3 No circulating Ebola antigens or viral DNA sequences were detected in either positive or negative serum specimens and attempts to isolate virus from these samples failed These findings indicate either old transient Ebola infection of the tested dogs or antigenic simulation
Results-Discussion
bull Authors also investigated the potential involvement of domestic dogs in the occurrence or disseminatcion of Ebola virus hemorrhagic fever in humans
bull Evidence that dogs can be infected by Ebola virus was found This finding raises important human health issues
bull Symptoms did not develop in any of these highly exposed animals during the outbreak Antigenic stimulation
Asymptomatic Mild Ebola virus infection
bull Dogs first animal shown to be naturally and asymptomatically infected by Ebola virus
bull They excrete infectious viral particles
Results-Discussion
bull Potential risk factor for human infection and virus spread the canine Ebola infection
bull Close contact between humans and domestic dogs
bull Take into consideration domestic dogs during human Ebola outbreaks
bull Ebola virus reservoir species unknown Suggestion bats and rodents living in central Africa
bull Ebola virus-positive pet dogs in undeclared affected aacutereas suggests these animals live in close
contact with Ebola virus reservoir
Conclusions
1 This study offers the first evidence that dogs might be asymptomatically infected by
Ebola virus in the wild
2 This finding has potential implications for preventing and controlling human outbreaks
3 The increasing canine seroprevalence gradient from low-risk to at-risk Ebola virusndash
endemic areas indicates that this seroprevalence might be used as an epidemiologic
indicator of virus circulation
Conclusions
4 Asymptomatic Ebola infection in humans very rare
5 Canine Ebola infection potential risk factor for human infection and virus spread
6 Considerate dogs during the management of human Ebola outbreaks
Results
bull This indicates true infection or simple antigenic stimulation
bull All tests standardized at the 1400 serum dilution
bull Most serum specimens had high OD values confirming the specificity of the reactions
bull These findings strongly suggest that dogs can be infected by Ebola virus
Results
Results
The seroprevalence rate was
significantly lower in France (2) than
in Gabon It was significantly lower
compared to the 2 major towns to
Mekambo and to the Ebola epidemic
area
This suggests that antigenic stimulation
in these towns occurred despite they
were not considered endemic areas
Major towns (Libreville and Port Gentil)
P= 0043
Mekambo P=0001
Ebola virus-epidemic aacuterea
Plt0001
Results
Results
Results
Results Problems finded
1 Neither Ebola virus antigens nor nucleotide sequences were detected in any of the positive or negative dog blood samples
2 The authors also failed to isolate the virus from 3 positive and 3 negative samples on VeroE6 cells
3 No circulating Ebola antigens or viral DNA sequences were detected in either positive or negative serum specimens and attempts to isolate virus from these samples failed These findings indicate either old transient Ebola infection of the tested dogs or antigenic simulation
Results-Discussion
bull Authors also investigated the potential involvement of domestic dogs in the occurrence or disseminatcion of Ebola virus hemorrhagic fever in humans
bull Evidence that dogs can be infected by Ebola virus was found This finding raises important human health issues
bull Symptoms did not develop in any of these highly exposed animals during the outbreak Antigenic stimulation
Asymptomatic Mild Ebola virus infection
bull Dogs first animal shown to be naturally and asymptomatically infected by Ebola virus
bull They excrete infectious viral particles
Results-Discussion
bull Potential risk factor for human infection and virus spread the canine Ebola infection
bull Close contact between humans and domestic dogs
bull Take into consideration domestic dogs during human Ebola outbreaks
bull Ebola virus reservoir species unknown Suggestion bats and rodents living in central Africa
bull Ebola virus-positive pet dogs in undeclared affected aacutereas suggests these animals live in close
contact with Ebola virus reservoir
Conclusions
1 This study offers the first evidence that dogs might be asymptomatically infected by
Ebola virus in the wild
2 This finding has potential implications for preventing and controlling human outbreaks
3 The increasing canine seroprevalence gradient from low-risk to at-risk Ebola virusndash
endemic areas indicates that this seroprevalence might be used as an epidemiologic
indicator of virus circulation
Conclusions
4 Asymptomatic Ebola infection in humans very rare
5 Canine Ebola infection potential risk factor for human infection and virus spread
6 Considerate dogs during the management of human Ebola outbreaks
Results
Results
The seroprevalence rate was
significantly lower in France (2) than
in Gabon It was significantly lower
compared to the 2 major towns to
Mekambo and to the Ebola epidemic
area
This suggests that antigenic stimulation
in these towns occurred despite they
were not considered endemic areas
Major towns (Libreville and Port Gentil)
P= 0043
Mekambo P=0001
Ebola virus-epidemic aacuterea
Plt0001
Results
Results
Results
Results Problems finded
1 Neither Ebola virus antigens nor nucleotide sequences were detected in any of the positive or negative dog blood samples
2 The authors also failed to isolate the virus from 3 positive and 3 negative samples on VeroE6 cells
3 No circulating Ebola antigens or viral DNA sequences were detected in either positive or negative serum specimens and attempts to isolate virus from these samples failed These findings indicate either old transient Ebola infection of the tested dogs or antigenic simulation
Results-Discussion
bull Authors also investigated the potential involvement of domestic dogs in the occurrence or disseminatcion of Ebola virus hemorrhagic fever in humans
bull Evidence that dogs can be infected by Ebola virus was found This finding raises important human health issues
bull Symptoms did not develop in any of these highly exposed animals during the outbreak Antigenic stimulation
Asymptomatic Mild Ebola virus infection
bull Dogs first animal shown to be naturally and asymptomatically infected by Ebola virus
bull They excrete infectious viral particles
Results-Discussion
bull Potential risk factor for human infection and virus spread the canine Ebola infection
bull Close contact between humans and domestic dogs
bull Take into consideration domestic dogs during human Ebola outbreaks
bull Ebola virus reservoir species unknown Suggestion bats and rodents living in central Africa
bull Ebola virus-positive pet dogs in undeclared affected aacutereas suggests these animals live in close
contact with Ebola virus reservoir
Conclusions
1 This study offers the first evidence that dogs might be asymptomatically infected by
Ebola virus in the wild
2 This finding has potential implications for preventing and controlling human outbreaks
3 The increasing canine seroprevalence gradient from low-risk to at-risk Ebola virusndash
endemic areas indicates that this seroprevalence might be used as an epidemiologic
indicator of virus circulation
Conclusions
4 Asymptomatic Ebola infection in humans very rare
5 Canine Ebola infection potential risk factor for human infection and virus spread
6 Considerate dogs during the management of human Ebola outbreaks
Results
The seroprevalence rate was
significantly lower in France (2) than
in Gabon It was significantly lower
compared to the 2 major towns to
Mekambo and to the Ebola epidemic
area
This suggests that antigenic stimulation
in these towns occurred despite they
were not considered endemic areas
Major towns (Libreville and Port Gentil)
P= 0043
Mekambo P=0001
Ebola virus-epidemic aacuterea
Plt0001
Results
Results
Results
Results Problems finded
1 Neither Ebola virus antigens nor nucleotide sequences were detected in any of the positive or negative dog blood samples
2 The authors also failed to isolate the virus from 3 positive and 3 negative samples on VeroE6 cells
3 No circulating Ebola antigens or viral DNA sequences were detected in either positive or negative serum specimens and attempts to isolate virus from these samples failed These findings indicate either old transient Ebola infection of the tested dogs or antigenic simulation
Results-Discussion
bull Authors also investigated the potential involvement of domestic dogs in the occurrence or disseminatcion of Ebola virus hemorrhagic fever in humans
bull Evidence that dogs can be infected by Ebola virus was found This finding raises important human health issues
bull Symptoms did not develop in any of these highly exposed animals during the outbreak Antigenic stimulation
Asymptomatic Mild Ebola virus infection
bull Dogs first animal shown to be naturally and asymptomatically infected by Ebola virus
bull They excrete infectious viral particles
Results-Discussion
bull Potential risk factor for human infection and virus spread the canine Ebola infection
bull Close contact between humans and domestic dogs
bull Take into consideration domestic dogs during human Ebola outbreaks
bull Ebola virus reservoir species unknown Suggestion bats and rodents living in central Africa
bull Ebola virus-positive pet dogs in undeclared affected aacutereas suggests these animals live in close
contact with Ebola virus reservoir
Conclusions
1 This study offers the first evidence that dogs might be asymptomatically infected by
Ebola virus in the wild
2 This finding has potential implications for preventing and controlling human outbreaks
3 The increasing canine seroprevalence gradient from low-risk to at-risk Ebola virusndash
endemic areas indicates that this seroprevalence might be used as an epidemiologic
indicator of virus circulation
Conclusions
4 Asymptomatic Ebola infection in humans very rare
5 Canine Ebola infection potential risk factor for human infection and virus spread
6 Considerate dogs during the management of human Ebola outbreaks
Results
Results
Results
Results Problems finded
1 Neither Ebola virus antigens nor nucleotide sequences were detected in any of the positive or negative dog blood samples
2 The authors also failed to isolate the virus from 3 positive and 3 negative samples on VeroE6 cells
3 No circulating Ebola antigens or viral DNA sequences were detected in either positive or negative serum specimens and attempts to isolate virus from these samples failed These findings indicate either old transient Ebola infection of the tested dogs or antigenic simulation
Results-Discussion
bull Authors also investigated the potential involvement of domestic dogs in the occurrence or disseminatcion of Ebola virus hemorrhagic fever in humans
bull Evidence that dogs can be infected by Ebola virus was found This finding raises important human health issues
bull Symptoms did not develop in any of these highly exposed animals during the outbreak Antigenic stimulation
Asymptomatic Mild Ebola virus infection
bull Dogs first animal shown to be naturally and asymptomatically infected by Ebola virus
bull They excrete infectious viral particles
Results-Discussion
bull Potential risk factor for human infection and virus spread the canine Ebola infection
bull Close contact between humans and domestic dogs
bull Take into consideration domestic dogs during human Ebola outbreaks
bull Ebola virus reservoir species unknown Suggestion bats and rodents living in central Africa
bull Ebola virus-positive pet dogs in undeclared affected aacutereas suggests these animals live in close
contact with Ebola virus reservoir
Conclusions
1 This study offers the first evidence that dogs might be asymptomatically infected by
Ebola virus in the wild
2 This finding has potential implications for preventing and controlling human outbreaks
3 The increasing canine seroprevalence gradient from low-risk to at-risk Ebola virusndash
endemic areas indicates that this seroprevalence might be used as an epidemiologic
indicator of virus circulation
Conclusions
4 Asymptomatic Ebola infection in humans very rare
5 Canine Ebola infection potential risk factor for human infection and virus spread
6 Considerate dogs during the management of human Ebola outbreaks
Results
Results
Results Problems finded
1 Neither Ebola virus antigens nor nucleotide sequences were detected in any of the positive or negative dog blood samples
2 The authors also failed to isolate the virus from 3 positive and 3 negative samples on VeroE6 cells
3 No circulating Ebola antigens or viral DNA sequences were detected in either positive or negative serum specimens and attempts to isolate virus from these samples failed These findings indicate either old transient Ebola infection of the tested dogs or antigenic simulation
Results-Discussion
bull Authors also investigated the potential involvement of domestic dogs in the occurrence or disseminatcion of Ebola virus hemorrhagic fever in humans
bull Evidence that dogs can be infected by Ebola virus was found This finding raises important human health issues
bull Symptoms did not develop in any of these highly exposed animals during the outbreak Antigenic stimulation
Asymptomatic Mild Ebola virus infection
bull Dogs first animal shown to be naturally and asymptomatically infected by Ebola virus
bull They excrete infectious viral particles
Results-Discussion
bull Potential risk factor for human infection and virus spread the canine Ebola infection
bull Close contact between humans and domestic dogs
bull Take into consideration domestic dogs during human Ebola outbreaks
bull Ebola virus reservoir species unknown Suggestion bats and rodents living in central Africa
bull Ebola virus-positive pet dogs in undeclared affected aacutereas suggests these animals live in close
contact with Ebola virus reservoir
Conclusions
1 This study offers the first evidence that dogs might be asymptomatically infected by
Ebola virus in the wild
2 This finding has potential implications for preventing and controlling human outbreaks
3 The increasing canine seroprevalence gradient from low-risk to at-risk Ebola virusndash
endemic areas indicates that this seroprevalence might be used as an epidemiologic
indicator of virus circulation
Conclusions
4 Asymptomatic Ebola infection in humans very rare
5 Canine Ebola infection potential risk factor for human infection and virus spread
6 Considerate dogs during the management of human Ebola outbreaks
Results
Results Problems finded
1 Neither Ebola virus antigens nor nucleotide sequences were detected in any of the positive or negative dog blood samples
2 The authors also failed to isolate the virus from 3 positive and 3 negative samples on VeroE6 cells
3 No circulating Ebola antigens or viral DNA sequences were detected in either positive or negative serum specimens and attempts to isolate virus from these samples failed These findings indicate either old transient Ebola infection of the tested dogs or antigenic simulation
Results-Discussion
bull Authors also investigated the potential involvement of domestic dogs in the occurrence or disseminatcion of Ebola virus hemorrhagic fever in humans
bull Evidence that dogs can be infected by Ebola virus was found This finding raises important human health issues
bull Symptoms did not develop in any of these highly exposed animals during the outbreak Antigenic stimulation
Asymptomatic Mild Ebola virus infection
bull Dogs first animal shown to be naturally and asymptomatically infected by Ebola virus
bull They excrete infectious viral particles
Results-Discussion
bull Potential risk factor for human infection and virus spread the canine Ebola infection
bull Close contact between humans and domestic dogs
bull Take into consideration domestic dogs during human Ebola outbreaks
bull Ebola virus reservoir species unknown Suggestion bats and rodents living in central Africa
bull Ebola virus-positive pet dogs in undeclared affected aacutereas suggests these animals live in close
contact with Ebola virus reservoir
Conclusions
1 This study offers the first evidence that dogs might be asymptomatically infected by
Ebola virus in the wild
2 This finding has potential implications for preventing and controlling human outbreaks
3 The increasing canine seroprevalence gradient from low-risk to at-risk Ebola virusndash
endemic areas indicates that this seroprevalence might be used as an epidemiologic
indicator of virus circulation
Conclusions
4 Asymptomatic Ebola infection in humans very rare
5 Canine Ebola infection potential risk factor for human infection and virus spread
6 Considerate dogs during the management of human Ebola outbreaks
Results Problems finded
1 Neither Ebola virus antigens nor nucleotide sequences were detected in any of the positive or negative dog blood samples
2 The authors also failed to isolate the virus from 3 positive and 3 negative samples on VeroE6 cells
3 No circulating Ebola antigens or viral DNA sequences were detected in either positive or negative serum specimens and attempts to isolate virus from these samples failed These findings indicate either old transient Ebola infection of the tested dogs or antigenic simulation
Results-Discussion
bull Authors also investigated the potential involvement of domestic dogs in the occurrence or disseminatcion of Ebola virus hemorrhagic fever in humans
bull Evidence that dogs can be infected by Ebola virus was found This finding raises important human health issues
bull Symptoms did not develop in any of these highly exposed animals during the outbreak Antigenic stimulation
Asymptomatic Mild Ebola virus infection
bull Dogs first animal shown to be naturally and asymptomatically infected by Ebola virus
bull They excrete infectious viral particles
Results-Discussion
bull Potential risk factor for human infection and virus spread the canine Ebola infection
bull Close contact between humans and domestic dogs
bull Take into consideration domestic dogs during human Ebola outbreaks
bull Ebola virus reservoir species unknown Suggestion bats and rodents living in central Africa
bull Ebola virus-positive pet dogs in undeclared affected aacutereas suggests these animals live in close
contact with Ebola virus reservoir
Conclusions
1 This study offers the first evidence that dogs might be asymptomatically infected by
Ebola virus in the wild
2 This finding has potential implications for preventing and controlling human outbreaks
3 The increasing canine seroprevalence gradient from low-risk to at-risk Ebola virusndash
endemic areas indicates that this seroprevalence might be used as an epidemiologic
indicator of virus circulation
Conclusions
4 Asymptomatic Ebola infection in humans very rare
5 Canine Ebola infection potential risk factor for human infection and virus spread
6 Considerate dogs during the management of human Ebola outbreaks
Results-Discussion
bull Authors also investigated the potential involvement of domestic dogs in the occurrence or disseminatcion of Ebola virus hemorrhagic fever in humans
bull Evidence that dogs can be infected by Ebola virus was found This finding raises important human health issues
bull Symptoms did not develop in any of these highly exposed animals during the outbreak Antigenic stimulation
Asymptomatic Mild Ebola virus infection
bull Dogs first animal shown to be naturally and asymptomatically infected by Ebola virus
bull They excrete infectious viral particles
Results-Discussion
bull Potential risk factor for human infection and virus spread the canine Ebola infection
bull Close contact between humans and domestic dogs
bull Take into consideration domestic dogs during human Ebola outbreaks
bull Ebola virus reservoir species unknown Suggestion bats and rodents living in central Africa
bull Ebola virus-positive pet dogs in undeclared affected aacutereas suggests these animals live in close
contact with Ebola virus reservoir
Conclusions
1 This study offers the first evidence that dogs might be asymptomatically infected by
Ebola virus in the wild
2 This finding has potential implications for preventing and controlling human outbreaks
3 The increasing canine seroprevalence gradient from low-risk to at-risk Ebola virusndash
endemic areas indicates that this seroprevalence might be used as an epidemiologic
indicator of virus circulation
Conclusions
4 Asymptomatic Ebola infection in humans very rare
5 Canine Ebola infection potential risk factor for human infection and virus spread
6 Considerate dogs during the management of human Ebola outbreaks
Results-Discussion
bull Potential risk factor for human infection and virus spread the canine Ebola infection
bull Close contact between humans and domestic dogs
bull Take into consideration domestic dogs during human Ebola outbreaks
bull Ebola virus reservoir species unknown Suggestion bats and rodents living in central Africa
bull Ebola virus-positive pet dogs in undeclared affected aacutereas suggests these animals live in close
contact with Ebola virus reservoir
Conclusions
1 This study offers the first evidence that dogs might be asymptomatically infected by
Ebola virus in the wild
2 This finding has potential implications for preventing and controlling human outbreaks
3 The increasing canine seroprevalence gradient from low-risk to at-risk Ebola virusndash
endemic areas indicates that this seroprevalence might be used as an epidemiologic
indicator of virus circulation
Conclusions
4 Asymptomatic Ebola infection in humans very rare
5 Canine Ebola infection potential risk factor for human infection and virus spread
6 Considerate dogs during the management of human Ebola outbreaks
Conclusions
1 This study offers the first evidence that dogs might be asymptomatically infected by
Ebola virus in the wild
2 This finding has potential implications for preventing and controlling human outbreaks
3 The increasing canine seroprevalence gradient from low-risk to at-risk Ebola virusndash
endemic areas indicates that this seroprevalence might be used as an epidemiologic
indicator of virus circulation
Conclusions
4 Asymptomatic Ebola infection in humans very rare
5 Canine Ebola infection potential risk factor for human infection and virus spread
6 Considerate dogs during the management of human Ebola outbreaks
Conclusions
4 Asymptomatic Ebola infection in humans very rare
5 Canine Ebola infection potential risk factor for human infection and virus spread
6 Considerate dogs during the management of human Ebola outbreaks
