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Education, youth and labor market in the era of globalization. Baltic States.
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Education, Youth and Labor Market in the Era of
Globalization.Estonia. Latvia. Lithuania
Basic information HistoryPoliticsEconomyEducationLabor market
Structure
History, Politics and Economics of the Baltic States
Basic Information
Brief History -1920 Recognized as independent
countries -1939 Soviet Union occupies the Baltic
States and installs pro Soviet regimes -1990 Baltic States re-declare their
independence Stalin and Hitler signed a Non-aggression
Pact (Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact) In the 1980s, due to a weakened central
power in the USSR, the Baltic States asserted their autonomy and questioned the legality of their incorporation within the Soviet Union.
Old City
Politics
Government Structure All three Baltic States are
Parliamentary Democracies Latvia and Estonia –President
elected by the Parliament Lithuania- President elected by
popular vote
1991-Latvians set fire near Lenin monument
Current Presidents Lithuania's Head of State is President Dalia Grybauskaite who
resigned as an EU Commissioner when she won Lithuania's Presidential election in May 2009. She is Lithuania's first woman President.
Latvia's head of state is President Valdis Zatlers who was elected in 2007. The Latvian parliament has one chamber called the Saeima.
The Estonian head of state is President Toomas Hendrik Ilves, who represents Estonia in international relations. Political control lies with the Prime Minister, Andrus Ansip, who leads a minority coalition consisting of his centre-right Reform Party and the nationalist Pro Patria and Res Publica Union (PPRP).
Economy
Economy Market based economy Early 2000s saw the highest expansion/growth in their
economy 2006 Unemployment below European Union average 2008 recession in Estonia and Latvia, 2009 in Lithuania 2011 Estonia adopted euro as its currency The economic and social structure of the Baltic states went
through fundamental changes after their joining the USSR. The Soviet Union took over planning and development and there was heavy investment in large projects in Estonia and Latvia and industrialization and urbanization in Lithuania. They had lower living standards than Europe, but higher than the USSR.
Economy Postwar socioeconomic policies
transformed all three countries from predominantly rural societies into largely urbanized countries.
In 1939 Estonia had been 66 percent rural; Latvia, 65 percent; and Lithuania, 77 percent.
Economy The transition to the market based
economy was challenging Throughout the 1990s there was an
increase in privatization, national currencies were reintroduced, and foreign investment increased.
Economy An important part of Baltic economy is
agriculture. Potatoes Dairy cattle Cereal grains Pigs Fodder crops Fish Timber The Baltic region is not rich in natural resources.
Though Estonia is an important producer of oil shale (an organic-rich fine-grained sedimentary rock containing kerogen, a substitute for conventional crude oil), it imports a large share of mineral and energy resources.
Economy Industry in the Baltic states is prominent, especially
the production of food and beverages, textiles, wood products, and electronics and the traditional stalwarts of machine building and metal fabricating. The three states have the highest productivity of the former constituent republics of the Soviet Union.
The global economic crisis of recent times damaged the economies of the Baltic States. The recession in Latvia was the worst in Europe and this economic crisis led to the fall of its government.
Latvia needed a €7.5 billion loan from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to avoid bankruptcy in 2009.
Baltic States among the Unemployment Leaders in EuropeUnemployment rate in the European Union as of the beginning of 2011, %
Source: Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia
Economy The Baltic States have a “flat tax” system
which is everybody pays one tax rate regardless of income. This has been adopted by several other Eastern European nations and Russia. (A flat tax system was recently proposed by Gingrich and Perry during their campaign).
Education, Youth and Labor
Markets in the Era of Globalization
ESTONIA
EDUCATION SYSTEM
LATVIA
LITHUANIA
Estonia
Lithuania
Latvia
Trends In Education
Significant decline in the number of pupils in compulsory education
The number of years a student stays in education has changed little over the last
decade
Student/teacher ratios have fallen at both primary and upper secondary levels
There are relatively more men in vocational training (upper secondary level), while
there are more women in tertiary education
The age of entry into tertiary education increased very slightly over the
period 2000 to 2009
The share of women studying maths, science and technology subjects have
remained stable over the last decade
AUTONOMY INCREASED FOR SCHOOLS AND HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS
FINANCING OF EDUCATION – A MAJOR CHALLENGE IN TIMES OF CRISIS
TERTIARY EDUCATION GRADUATES FIND EMPLOYMENT TWO TIMES FASTER THANPEOPLE WITH LOWER QUALIFICATIONS
TRENDS IN LABOR MARKET
ESTONIA
Youth- 16-24 years old
Ethnic inequalities in labor market
TRENDS IN LABOR MARKET
LATVIA
Labor Market Overview
TRENDS IN LABOR MARKET
LITHUANIA
Labor Market Overview
Labor Market Overview
http://web.mit.edu/people/fjk/essays/baltics.html
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/50985/Baltic-states
http://depts.washington.edu/baltic/papers/sovietun.html
http://www.civitas.org.uk/eufacts/FSMS/MS17.htm
Sources
http://www.counterpunch.org/2011/01/18/the-death-of-quot-social-europe-quot/
Global election http://www.truthdig.com/report/item/200807
30_its_a_global_election/ Flat tax
http://www.truthdig.com/report/item/flat_taxes_are_big_in_the_former_ussr_have_they_worked_20111112/
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