1UNIT 6: Culture & customs

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1 Vocabularyarrive at a ger гэрт хүрч ирээд

simply enter зүгээр л дотогш ордог

they yell “Catch your dog” “Нохой хорио” гэж хашгирдаг

every ger is protected by guard dogs гэр болгон нохойгоор хамгаалагддаг

approach to near a ger гэр лүү дөхөж ойртох

confirm the dogs are ok нохой зүгээр болохыг батлах

enter a ger гэр лүү орох

step on the threshold босгон дээр гишгэх

move in a clockwise direction цагийн зүүний дагуу эргэдэг

always face south байнга урагшаа хардаг

cooking implements хоолны хэрэгсэл

are stored on the right side  баруун талд нь хадгалагддаг

bridles  хазаар ногтнууд

things associated with men’s work эр хүний хийдэг ажилтай холбоотой зүйлс

saddles эмээлнүүд

the central supports of a ger гэрийн багана

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1 Vocabularylean against the central supports багана налах

these double as seats эдгээр нь бас суудал болдог

is not considered rude бүдүүлэгт тооцогдохгүй

be placed with the open end down  малгайг доош нь харуулж тавих

sit cross–legged завилж суух

whistle inside gers гэр дотор исгэрэх

disrespectful to the fire галыг үл хүндэтгэсэн

become communal property нийтийн өмч болдог

fuel bin түлшний сав

metal pan in front of the stove зуухны өмнөх төмөр тосгуурIs something bothering you? Ямар нэгэн зүйл санааг чинь зовоож байна уу?a bit nervous  бага зэрэг сандрах

first invitation to dinner оройн хоолны анхны урилга

what I have to do би юу хийх ёстойгоо

do you have to take your shoes off? чи гутлаа тайлах ёстой юу?my mum goes mad миний ээж их уурладаг

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1 Vocabularyrefuse the first offer эхний саналыг татгалзах

the host гэрийн эзэн

mustn’t finish it all бүгдийг нь дуусгаж болохгүй

leave some food on your plate  тавгандаа хоол үлдээх

go to dinner at someone’s house айлд оройн хоол идэхээр очих

don’t have to bring anything ямар нэгэн зүйл авчрах албагүй

make a fuss сүржигнэх, уурлах, гомдох

that sort of thing тиймэрхүү юманд

What shall I get? Би юу авбал зүгээр вэ?

let’s go in here ийшээ орьё

traditional custom уламжлалт ёс заншил

you have heard of чиний сонсож байсан

strange foreign custom гадаадын сонин ёс заншил

greet each other нэг нэгэнтэйгээ мэндлэх

shake hands гар барих

follow custom ёс заншлыг дагах

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1. Ажил мэргэжлийн хувьд хийх ёстой зүйлээ ярихад: I am a teacher. I must teach students English.

2. Би өөрөө энийг маш чухал гэж бодож байгаа бол: I must go to bed earlier.

Present must ёстой

mustn’tболохгүй, ёсгүй

Past had to ёстой байсан

didn’t have toёсгүй байсан

Future will have to ёстой болно

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1. Энийг хийх нь хэрэгтэй гэж бодож байгаа бол: You have to talk to him.

2. Гаднаас хамааралтайгаар хийх ёстой зүйл бол: I have to arrive at work at 9 sharp. My boss is very strict.

Present have to /have got to хэрэгтэй

don’t have to/haven’t got to х хэрэггүй, х шаардлагагүй

Past had to х хэрэгтэй болсон

didn’t have toх хэрэггүй байсанх шаардлагагүй байсан

Future will have to хэрэгтэй болно

won’t have toх хэрэггүй болношаардлагагүй болно

Talking about obligationҮүрэг хариуцлагын тухай ярих

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Present I am a doctor. I must treat patients.

If you are an outsider you mustn’t enter this room. It’s prohibited /Энэ бол хориотой/.

Past I was a doctor. I had to treat patients. He was an outsider. That’s why he didn’t have to enter the room. It was prohibited.

Future I will be a doctor. I will have to treat patients.

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Present You have to take your coat. It is cold outside.

You don’t have to bring anything. Everything we need is here.

Past I was quite overweight. So I had to lose some weight in order to look better.

I had enough money. So I didn’t have to ask for more money from my parents.

Future We are going to start a new project. So, we will have to work overtime beginning from next month.

We should send our children to the very good school. If we do this we won’t have to worry about their study.

Examples

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Examples Би өөрөө энийг маш чухал гэж бодож байгаа бол: You must come and see us some time. Чи нэг өдөр ирж бидэнтэй уулзалгүй болохгүй. I must say, I don't think you were very nice to him. Чи түүнтэй сайхан харьцаагүй гэж бодож байгаагаа би

хэлэх ёстой.Гаднаас хамааралтайгаар хийх ёстой зүйл бол: You have to pass your exams or the university will not accept you. Чи шалгалтаа сайн өгөх хэрэгтэй эс бөгөөс

их сургуульд чи орж чадахгүй. I have to send a report to Head Office every week. Би долоон хоног төв оффис руу тайланг илгээх ёстой.'have got to' нь 'have to'-тэй адилхан утга үүрэгтэй: /’ve gotta/ I've got to take this book back to the library or I'll get a fine. Би энэ номыг номын санд өгөх ёстой эс бөгөөс

торгууль төлөх болно. We've got to finish now as somebody else needs this room. Энэ өрөөнд өөр хүмүүс орох гээд байгаа учраас бид

одоо дуусгалгүй болохгүй нь.'will have to' нь ирээдүйд хийх ёстой болон хийх хэрэгтэй зүйлсийг илэрхийлнэ: I'll have to speak to him. Би түүнтэй ярилцах хэрэгтэй болно. Give me your number please, otherwise I will have to look for you. Та дугаараа өгчихгүй юу, эс бөгөөс би таныг

хайх хэрэгтэй болно. Хийж болохгүй буюу хийхийг хатуу хориглож буй зүйлсэд: We mustn't talk about it. It's confidential. Бид үүний талаар ярьж болохгүй. Энэ бол нууц. You mustn’t play with sharp knives. It is very dangerous. Чи хурц хутгаар тоглож болохгүй. Энэ бол их аюултай. I mustn't eat chocolate. It's bad for me. Би шоколад идэж болохгүй. Энэ надад муу.Хийх шаардлагагүй буюу хийх хэрэггүй зүйлсэд: We don't have to get there on time. The boss is away today. Бид цагтаа очих хэрэггүй. Захирал байхгүй байгаа. I don't have to listen to this. I'm leaving. Би үүнийг сонсох хэрэггүй. Би явах гэж байгаа. You don't have to come if you don't want to. Чи хүсэхгүй байгаа бол ирэх шаардлагагүй.

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3 Reading

Reading 1: Do’s and Don’ts in a Mongolian Ger

When Mongolians arrive at a ger, they yell, "Catch your dog!", or simply enter. This is because every ger is protected by one or more guard dogs. Do not leave the vehicle or approach to near a ger until the owners or your guide confirm the dogs are ok.

When you enter a ger, do not step on the threshold. Usually, guests move in a clockwise direction when entering a ger, first to the west and then north (ger doors always face south). The east side of the ger (on your right as you enter) is normally where the family will sit and the west side (on your left as you enter) is for guests. Food and cooking implements are stored on the right side, or women’s side of the ger, saddles, bridles, and things associated with men’s work on the left or men’s side.

To be continued…

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3 Reading

Continue of : Do’s and Don’ts in a Mongolian Ger

Do not walk between the central supports of a ger, or pass something between them to another person.Do not lean against the central supports of the ger, the walls, or the furniture.Sitting on the beds in the ger is not considered rude, these double as seats, sometimes even if someone is sleeping in them.Hats should always be placed with the open end down. A man's hat and belt should never be placed on the floor, and should not touch other hats or belts.Women do not sit cross-legged in a ger.Do not whistle inside gers or any kind of building.Avoid standing up when drinking tea or other beverages.If food or other items are placed out when a group sits together, they become communal property. Do not throw any trash or litter into the fire. This is disrespectful to the fire. Put the trash into the fuel bin or the metal pan in front of the stove. It will be saved to start the next fire. ‘Trash’ is transformed into ‘fuel’ by this brief stop in the fuel bin.

The end.

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3 Reading

Reading 2: Do you have to take your shoes off?

Jackie invites Amar to dinner at her house after ice skating.Jackie: Ice skating's fun, isn't it?Amar: er....yes, it was great.J: What's up, Amar? Is something bothering you?A: Well, actually, I'm a bit nervous about this evening. This is

my first invitation to dinner since I arrived in the UK.J: What's the problem?A: Well, I don't know what I have to do. For example, do you have

to take your shoes off when you go into someone's house?J: No, you don't. Why?A: We have to take them off in India.J: Oh, I see. Well, you don't have to take your shoes off at my house- though my mum goes mad when I wear

my dirty trainers in the living room! What other rules are there in India?A: Well, you have to refuse the first offer of a drink or snack. And you have to leave some food on your plate

at the end of the meal - you mustn't finish it all or the host will think you're still hungry!J: Wow! That's interesting! Well, don't worry -I don't think there are any rules for you to learn here. Oh,

perhaps there's one -people often take chocolates or flowers when they go to dinner at someone's house.A: So shall I get your parents a present for tonight?J: No, you don't have to bring anything. My parents don't make a big fuss about that sort of thing.A: I'd like to take something. What shall I get?J: Well, my mum loves flowers.. or chocolates.A: Right. let's go in here and I'll get both!

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4 SpeakingConversation

I've got a pretty tight schedule today!Storyline: Cynthia wants to have a talk with Victor sometime today, but Victor is very busy. 

He has a very tight schedule. /үгчилбэл: маш шахуу ажлын хуваарьтай/

Cynthia: Hi, Victor, do you think it's possible for us to have a talk sometime today?Victor: I'd love to, but I've got a pretty tight schedule today.Cynthia: Oh, what have you got going on?Victor: Well, I've got to finish a report by ten. Then I have to drive to the airport to pick up a client of mine at eleven. After that, I'll have a meeting with him over lunch. I guess I won't have a break until two o'clock. But then from three until five, I have to attend a senior staff meeting.Cynthia: Wow, that's cutting it close.

Өнөөдөр би их ажилтай!Үйл явдал: Синтиа өнөөдөр аль нэгэн цагт Виктортой ярилцахыг хүсэж байгаа ч ,

Виктор маш завгүй байна.  Өнөөдөр тэрээр маш их ажилтай ажээ.Синтиа: Сайн уу, Виктороо, өнөөдөр хоёулаа уулзаж ярилцвал болох уу?Виктор: Тэгмээр л байна, гэхдээ өнөөдөр би их ажилтай байнаа.Синтиа : Өө, ямар ажилтай гэж?Victor: Ммм, 10 гэхэд тайлангаа дуусгах ёстой. Тэгээд дараа нь 11-т өөрийнхөө нэг түншийг онгоцны буудал дээрээс машинтай тосож авна. Тэрний дараа өдрийн унднаараа түүнтэй уулзаж ярилцана. Би 2 болтол ямар ч зав гарахгүй гэж бодож байна. Гэвч дараа нь 3-аас 5 хүртэл ахлахуудын хуралд орно.Синтиа : Ваув, чи бүр ямар ч завгүй юм байна.

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4 Speaking

Questions

1. Do you think it is important to follow a country’s customs when you visit there?

2. What are some of the most important customs of your country? 3. Do you follow all of your country’s traditional customs?4. What are some strange foreign customs that you have heard of?5. Are there any customs in your country visitors might find strange?6. How do people greet each other in your country? Has it changed from the

past?7. Do you enjoy learning about other countries’ customs?

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Translation

Translation

1. Та гэрт ойртож очоод “Нохой хорио” гэж хашгирах хэрэгтэй.2. Монгол гэр дотор эмэгтэй хүн завилж сууж болохгүй.3. Чи гэрийн даалгавраа хийх ёстой.4. Гэрийн баруун тал бол ерөнхийдөө эрчүүдийнх бөгөөд тэнд эмээл, хазаар байдаг

юм.5. Гэрийн эзэд нохой зүгээрээ гэж хэлтэл гэр лүү ойртож болохгүй.6. Баганын дундуур хүнд юм өгдөггүй.7. Уурган дээр гишгэж болдоггүй. /step on the lasso pole/8. Хойноос ирэх салхинаас хамгаалахын тулд гэрийг дандаа урагш харуулан барьдаг.9. Гэрийн хойморт бурхан тахил байдаг. /far end of the ger хоймор, altar бурхан тахил/10. Чи юу ч авчрах гээд хэрэггүй.11. Би найзындаа очоод гутлаа тайлах хэрэгтэй болсон. 12. Чи ялихгүй зүйлд сүржигнэж байна. /make a fuss about, make a fuss over/13. Чамд сурах ёстой олон дүрэм байх болно.14. Би заавал бэлэг авч очих хэрэгтэй юу?15. Би 9 гэхэд ажил дээрээ очсон байх ёстой.

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