ENERGY 2:BIOSPHERE

Ppt. by Robin D. Seamon

O R G A N I Z A T I O N1. Biosphere- zone on Earth where all organisms

are found2. Ecosystem- areas where living & nonliving things

interact• Biotic factor- living parts of ecosystem

(plants, animals, microbes, wastes & remains)

• Abiotic factor- non-living parts of ecosystem ( light, temperature, water, weather, soil)- help determine which organisms can live in an ecosystem

3. Habitat- parts of ecosystems; place where organism lives• Supplies all biotic & abiotic factors organism

needs: air, water, warmth, food• Different organisms need different habitatsEXAMPLES: canopy of forest, rotting log, intertidal pool

4. Niche- how an organism acts within its ecosystem to survive (its role) EXAMPLES:*Some plants grow on sunny rock*Some plants grow in shade*Worms and bacteria break down dead organisms for energy & recycle nutrients into ecosystem

L E V E L S :LEVEL 1: Species- group of organisms that can breed to produce fertile offspringEXAMPLES:Taraxacum officinale Terrapene carolina Carolina

(Common dandelion) (Eastern Box Turtle)

LEVEL 2: Population- all organisms of a species that live in same place at the same time• Members compete for resources EXAMPLE:White-tailed deer living in a wooded area; eat twigs, leaves, grasses; -when vegetation is low, population may gets smaller; -when vegetation is high, population may grow

LEVEL 3: Community- made up of all populations that live in an area at the same timeEXAMPLE: wetland community in NC may include white-tailed deer, raccoons, muskrat, black bears, turtles, snakes, fish, insects, grasses, shrubs, trees

LEVEL 4: Ecosystem- made up of one or more communities and their nonliving environment; biotic factors, abiotic factors

• Terrestrial- on land (forests, deserts, grasslands

• Freshwater- river, streams, lakes, wetlands• Marine- oceans, salt-water

N C ’ s E C O S Y S T E M S • Temperate deciduous forest• Rivers• Coast Temperate: hot/cold seasons

Deciduous: leaves shed in the Autumn

C Y C L I N G O F E N E R G Y

• Food chain- flow of energy from one organism to another as they are eaten

• Food web- diagram showing the possible flow of energy in an ecosystem; multiple possibilities of flow

http://mcdowellscienceexam.weebly.com/ecology.html

Primary producer- plant or bacteria

Primary consumer- herbivore

Secondary consumer- carnivore

Tertiary consumer-Quaternary consumer

T R O P H I C L E V E L S :

MARINE ECOSYSTEMS:

Most autotrophic production and grazing is controlled by microscopic organisms rather than the larger predators in the food web

TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS:

Most autotrophic production is done by plants and grazing done by large herbivores on land

A U T O T R O P H S

~ Energy is used by the organism below it on the pyramid.

~ 10% of Energy is passed to the next organism

Decomposers return molecules to soil and atomosphere

MOST PRODUCTIVITY IS WHERE?

MARINE ECOSYSTEMS:

-estuaries & ecosystems closest to shore: most productive-open ocean: less productivity except at upwellings-bottom ocean: dependent upon surface detritus

TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS:

-ecosystems with warm climates and adequate resources including water: Rainforest

R E L A T I O N S H I P S• Coexistence- organisms that live in the same

habitat but rely on different resources and so do not compete

dolphins and porpoises all get along and share their ocean home

http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/science/topics/dolphins_and_porpoises/index.html

• Competition- occurs when organisms in an ecosystem try to get the same resources

Intraspecific- between members of same species

Male lions compete for females and pride dominance

http://teacherprobs.com/do-you-know-basic-biology/

Interspecific- between members of different species

Grizzly bears & wolves fight for resources at Yellowstone

http://article.wn.com/view/2014/10/16/Federal_officials_investigate_grizzly_bear_death/

• Cooperation- a helpful interaction among organisms living in a limited area; work together

Intraspecific- between members of same species

Ants work together in colonies

Mutualism: cleaner fish consume parasites on client fish

Interspecific- between members of different species

https://whalesandmarinefauna.wordpress.com/2010/09/24/whale-sharks-killed-displaced-by-gulf-oil-usa/

• Predation- relationship in which one animal hunts, kills, and eats another

Orca feeds on seals; seals feed on octopus

• Symbiosis- a close relationship between two different species of organisms living together

• Mutualism- a symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit (cooperation)

some fish are cleaned by another organism living on its body. AND the parasites on the fish are food for the organism cleaning the fish

MUTUALISM: Terrestrial

• Non-toxic acacia trees & antsmost acacia trees have toxic thorns. Some that do not, have ant defenders! The ants are nourished by sugar-water produced by the tree just for the ant & the ant viciously attacks anything trying to feed from its host plant!

Acacia treeBenefits: no herbivores

antsBenefits: free food

BACK

• Symbiosis- a close relationship between two different species of organisms living together

• Commensalism- a symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits without hurting or helping the other organism

Clownfish live in the stinging tentacles of sea anemones. They are coated in mucous, which protects them from the anemone's sting

COMMENSALISM: Terrestrial

• Hyena/vulture & lion: lion kills his meal, this leaves food for scavengers

Hyena/vulture

Benefits: gets food

lion

Not affectedBACK

• Symbiosis- a close relationship between two different species of organisms living together

• Parasitism- a symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other organism is harmed

Fish has parasites

PARASITISM: Terrestrial

• Cowbird & other grassland birds brown-headed cowbird is a notorious brood parasite. It will lay its eggs in another bird’s nest so that the other bird will hatch & raise its chicks.

cowbirdBenefits: its eggs get

hatched & raised

Other birdHurts: its eggs get ruined &

young out-compete BACK

• Mimicry- one species mimics another for its own protection

the harmless banded snake eel may imitate a more dangerous banded sea snake

Banded snake eel

Banded sea snake

• camouflage- having color or shape that blends into the surroundings

-The Mimic octopus changes shape to resemble a Lionfish, sea snake or a stingray.

MARINE ECOSYSTEMS:

-detritus supports microbes & bacteria-macrophytes (large algae) support first order consumers-grazers eat algal blooms-predators keep fish population in check

TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS:

Most autotrophic production is done by plants and grazing done by large herbivores on land-predators keep herbivores in check

B A L A N C E S

C Y C L E SCarbon cycle- cycling of the element C throughout the biosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere using the following processes:

• Photosynthesis- autotrophs use sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into glucose

• Cellular respiration- all cells use this process of converting glucose into usable energy ATP

• Decomposition- breaking down of organic matter back into smaller elements/molecules

• Combustion- burning of organic matter, creating a chemical reaction producing heat

photosynthesis, cellular respiration, decomposition, combustion

C Y C L E SNitrogen Cycle- cycling of the element N throughout the biosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere using the following processes: • Nitrogen fixation- process by which bacteria

convert atmospheric N into a usable form for plants to uptake; lightning strikes can also do it

• Denitrification- process by which bacteria convert N into atmospheric N2

Nitrogen fixation, Nitrification, AssimilationAmmonification,Denitrification

C Y C L E SPhosphorus Cycle- cycling of the element P throughout the biosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere through assimilation of it by plants from the soil, throughout the energy web, and decomposition into the lithosphere again

plant assimilation energy web transferdecomposition