English review start

English review

The SentenceIs the person

Place

Thing

It can be

Singular

Plural

Subject

Is a verb

Tells what

the subject is or does

Predicate

Is the person

Who is the receiver

Of the direct object

Indirect Object

A Noun or

Pronoun

That tells

Whom or what

Verb points to

Direct Object

Verb forms

Linking

• Connect the S with a complement (C)• C can be noun or adjective• Common: be, become get, appear, seem,

feel, smell, sound, taste

Transitive • Verb must have D.O.

Transitive with I.O.

• Common verbs are give, show, tell, teach, buy, send

Intransitive• Verb does no have a object• John travels• My car runs

QuestionsStart with question word

Who

Whom

Whose

WhatWhic

hWhen

Where

Why

What …. For

How come

How

How many

How much

How + adjetive

How + adverb

Questions

Be• Verb + Subject+ Main Verb + Complement or Object• Are you sick?• Is she here?

Do • Do they like ice cream?• Does he work?

With auxiliary verbs

Exclamatory sentence

Surprise or another emotion

What orHow

Most common.

What a beatiful dress!How nice of you to say that!

Imperative

Is a commandTells what to do

The subject is always YOU but is not

expressed

Turn right on Oak Street.Open the boxes.

Come here!Drive carefully!

Noun

A word that names one or more:People,

Animal,Place,Thing,

Abstractions (you cannot touch).

Who?

What?

Countable Noun

Person

• Girl• Boy• Doctor

Place

• Town• Airport• Area

Thing

• House• Piano• Radio

Abstraction

• Idea• Science• Problem

Singular form

Collective nouns Is a singular noun that names a group of people with a common interest

Team • A group of players working together.

Class • A group of students studying together.

Family • A group of people related by blood.

Office • A group of people who work for the same boss.

Using singular nounSingular noun

Always Use noun determiner:

a/an, the, one, this, that, any, each, every, another, either, neither, my, your, his, herour, their, or a possesive noun

Use a singular verb he, she, it form.

Plural nouns

People

• Girls.• Boys.• Doctors.

Places

• Towns.• Airports.• Areas.

Things

• Houses.• Pianos.• Radios.

Abstractions

• Ideas.• Sciences.• Problems.

Add -s to most nouns:

People

• Heroes

Things

• Tomatoes.• Potatoes.• Mosquitoes

Abstractions

• Tornadoes.• Echoes.

Add -es to the following nouns that end in -o:

Plural Nouns …

People

• Witches.

Places

• Churches.

Things

• Whatches.• Brushes.• Dresses.• Boxes.

Abstractions

• Crashes.• Messes

Add -es to nouns ending in ch, sh, ss and x:

People

• Lady / ladies.• Baby / babies

Places

• City / cities.• University /

universities

Things

• Body / bodies.

• Factory / factories.

Abstractions

• Philosophy / philosophies

• Study / studies

For nouns ending in -y after a consonant, drop y and add ies:

Plural Nouns …

People

• Wife / wives.

Things

• Knife / knives.• Leaf / leaves• Shelf / shelves

Abstractions

• Life / lives

For nouns ending in -f or fe drop f( e) and add ves :

People

• One man• One woman• One child• One person

People

• Three men• Three women• Three

children• Three people

Things

• One foot.• One tooth• One mouse

Things

• Three feet• Three teeth• Three mice

Change the form of several common nouns:

Plural Nouns …

Animals

• One deer• One sheep• One fish• One aircraft• One Kangaroo• One buzz

Animals

• Two deer• Two sheep• Two fish• Two aircraft• Two kangaroos• Two buzzes

Abstractions

• One series• One species

Abstraction

• Two series• Two species

Use the singular form for the plural of several nouns :

Things

• One memoramdum

• One thesis• One radius

Things

• Two memoranda

• Two theses• Two radii

Abstractions

• One criterion• One

phenomenon• One crisis• One stimulus

Abstractions

• Two criteria• Two

phenomena• Two crises• Two stimuli

Use Latin plurals for certain Latin nouns:

Plural Nouns …

UseOptional noun determiner. You can use:The, zero, all numbers except one, these, those, any, no, either,neither, other, some, both, few, enough, plenty, of, a lot of, lots of, many, all,my, your, his, her, its, our, their, or a possessive noun

When there is no noun determiner, the meaning all is implied.

Her flowers are beautiful. (only her flowers)Flowers are beautiful. (all flowers).These exercises are fun. (Only these exercises).Exercises are fun. (All exercises).

A plural verb (we / you / they form)The girls are here.My friends have jobs.These exercises help.Her flowers are beautiful. Excercises help. Flowers are beautiful

Possessive Nouns

Tells who has something

Answer Whose?

Make a noun possessive

Add –’ s to a singular noun: The book the Mary owns Whose book? Mary’s The friend that Mary has Whose friend? Mary’s. The car that my friend has Whose car? My friend’s. The bone that the dog has Whose bone? The dog’s.

Add –’s to a plural noun that does not end in s:The money that the people have Whose money? The people’sThe toys that the children have Whose toys? The children’sThe shirts that the men own whose Shirts? The men’sThe shoes that belong to the women whose shoes? The women’s

Possessive NounsMake a noun possessive

Add ‘ to a plural noun that ends in -s:The party that the ladies have Whose party? The ladies’.The basketball that belongs to the boys Whose basketball?The boys’.The room where the teachers relax Whose room? The teachers’.The house to belongs to the Adamses Whose house? The Adamses’.The car to belongs to the Perezes Whose car? The Perezes’.

Use a + (noun) + of + the possessive nounto indicate that the item is only one of several:a book that Mary has Whose book? A book of Mary’sA friend that my sister has Whose friend? A friend of my sister’s

Pronouns

Its a substitute for a noun. Use the pronoun when the

noun has already been named.

Subject pronoun

Answer Who for peopleWhat for an animal, thing, or abstraction

I,YouHeSheIt

WeYou

They for people

They for animal or thing

Object pronouns

Replace a Noun that is D.O. an I.O. or an object in preposition. Answer

Whom for people

What for things

I

You

He

She

It

We

They

Thing (plural)

Me

You

Him

Her

It

Us

Them

Them

Subject Pronoun Object Pronoun

Direct object pronouns

Remember D.O. That tells

Whom or whatVerbs point to

AnswerWho(m) for people

What for things

John called Mary ( I am Mary).

John called Susan ( You are Susan).

John called Patricia. (She is Patricia).

John called David. ( He is David).

John called Mary and Susan.

John called Susan and Patricia. John called Patricia and

David.John got the check.

John got the checks.

John called me.

John called you.

John called her.

John called him.

John called me and you (us).

John called you and her.

John called she and him (them).

John got it.

John got them.

Examples:

Intensive and reflexive pronounsMyself ourselvesYourself yourselvesHimself themselvesHerselfItself

Intensive pronounrestate to

Emphasize it

Noun or Pronoun

Reflexive pronounIs an object pronoun that refers back to the subject.The subject and the object are the

same person.

I vote “no” myself.You know that yourself.Julie went to the store herself.Mark did it himself.Emily and I made this cake ourselves.Did you and Jack build the house yourselvesThe robbers themselves called the police.

I cut myself.Did you cure yourself?He needs to help himself?She sent a letter to herself?This door locks itself.We gave ourselves a party.Did you make yourselves comfortable?They are hurting themselves.

Intensive and reflexive pronounsThe preposition by + a

reflexive pronounmeansAlone

Statement

I did it by myselfShe is by herselfThey played by themselves

Meaning

Nobody helped me.She is alone.Nobody else played with them.

Possessive pronouns

Replace a possesive noun

Whose book is it?

The book is Mary’s.The book is Susan’s.The book is David’s.The book is Patricia’s.The book is Mary’s and Susan’s.The book is Susan’s and Patricia’s.The book is Patricia’s and David’s.

The book is mine.The book is yours.The book is his.The book is hers.The book is ours.The book is yours.The book is theirs.

Answer Whose?

verificar

Possessive pronouns

Whose book is it?

It belongs to me.It belongs to you.It belongs to him.It belongs to her.It belongs to her and me.It belongs to you and her.It belongs to her and him.It belongs to them.It belong to us.It belongs to me and him.

It’s mine.It’s yours.It’s his.It’s hers.It’s ours.It’s yours.It’s theirs.It’s theirs.It’s ours.It’s ours.

To show possession You can also use

It belongs to + nounOr object pronoun

Relative pronounWho, whom,whose, wich,

what

Replace a noun in adjective clause.

Answer

Who …?Whom …?Whose … ?Which …?What … ?What kind of …?

Who is he?

From whom did you receive the gift?

Whose dog is this?

What kind of book do you want?

What book do you want?

He is a man. He came to our house.He is the man who came to our house.

The lady is Mrs. Smith. I received the gift from her.The lady from whom I received the gift is Mrs. Smith.

The girl is my niece. This is her dog.The girl whose dog this is is my niece.

I want a book. The book has pictures.I want a book that has pictures.

The book that I want is the one with pictures.

Demostrative pronoun

Indicate a specific noun AnswerWhich …?Which one …?Which ones …?

This replaces a singular or non-count noun that is nearby.It is here.

These replaces a plural noun that is nearby.They are here.

That replaces a singular or non-count noun that is farther away. It is here

Those replaces a plural noun that is farther away.They are there.

This is my watch.This is my jewelry.

These are my watches.

That is your watch.That is your jewelry.

Those are your watches.

Using “One”

Refers to a specific item already named Answer Which …?

Which dress do you want?

Which (one) is yours?

It can be plural.Which dressess do you want?

Which (ones) are yours?.

I want the red one.I want this one.I don’t want that one.

This is mine.This one is mine.

I want the cotton ones.I want these.I don’t want the wool ones.I don’t want those.

These are mine.

Indefinitive pronounsRefers to a noun that is

no specific. Answer Which …?

Anybody (one of all people)Anyone (one of all people)Not anybody (not one person)

Not anyone (not one person)

Nobody (not one person)No one (not one person)Somebody (one person)

Someone (one person)

Anybody can do it.Is anyone there?.There isn’t anybody in the house.

There isn’t anyone in the store.

Nobody can do it.No one is at home.Somebody can help us.

Someone is in the office.

Singular indefinite pronouns a) Refering only a people

Indefinitive pronouns

Anywhere (one of all places)Not anywhere (not one place)

Nowhere (not one place)

somewhere (one place)

I can go anywhere.I cannot go anywhere.The ring is not anywhere in this house.

The ring is nowhere in this house.

I will find it somewhere.

Singular indefinite pronouns b) Refering only to places

Anything (one of all things)Not anything (no thing)

nothing (no thing)

something (one thing)

Anything is better than nothing.There isn’t anything to eat.

There is nothing to eat.

There is something in this box.

c) Refering only to things


One (one more)

Another (one) (one more) (a different one)

any (one, no preference)

each (all, one by one)

either (one or the other)

Neither (not one or the other)

Is there a doctor in the house.Yes, I am one.Does anybody have a book.Yes, I have oneShe has two children.She wants another.She has a book.She wants another one.Which lawyer do you prefer?Any will be ok.What book do you want?Any is fine.What do the children have?Each has a ballon.Do you want an apple or a banana.Either is fine.Wich coat is yours?Neither is mine.

Singular indefinite pronouns d) Refering to people or things


none (zero)Not any (zero)Any number (two to infinity)Over oneSome (more than one)both (the two)either (these or those)neither (not these or those)

others (different ones)Few, very few (not enought)A few (three or four)Several (four or five)Enought (the needed number)A lot ( a large number)Not many (not a large number)Too many (more than is good)All (100 percent)

How many books are there? There are none.How many teachers are there? There aren’t any.How many chairs are there? There are twelve.How many girls are there? There are some.Which pen is yours? Both are mine.Which do you want Cds or tapes? Either are fine.Which dishes are yours - these or those? Neither are mine.Are these all you have? No, I have others.How many participants are there? There are few.How many people are there? There are a few.How many children are there? There are several.How many cars are there? There are enough.How many sandwiches are there? There are a lot.How many plates are there? Therea are not many.How many mistakes are there? There are too many.Which photographs are good? All are good.

Plural indefinite pronouns May refer to people or things


none (no amount)

either (one or the other)

neither (not one or the other)

Some (more than one)

Little, very little (not enought)

A little (a small quantity)

Enought (the needed amount)

A lot ( a large number)

Too much (more than is good)

How much traffic is there. There is none.Do you want furniture o jewelry?Either is good.Do you want tea or coffee?Neither is good for me.How much pullution is there?There is some.How much money is there? There is a little.How much information is there?There is a little.How much work is there?There is enought.How much music is there?There is a lot.How much advice is there?There is too much.

Non Count indefinite pronouns


SINGULAR

Another = one more or a different one

$ $ $ $$One another

The other = the only remaining one

$ $One the other

PLURAL

Others = more or different ones (but not all of them).

$$$ $$$ $$Some others

The others = all of the remaining ones.

$$$ $$$$$$$Some the others.

Another / The other/ Others

AdjectivesGive information about

nouns. Two kinds Noun determinersDescriptive adjectives

Noun Determiner (required) + descriptive adjective (optional) + singular Noun A beautiful watchNoun determiner (optional) + Descriptive adjective (optional) + Plural noun These beautiful watchesNoun determiner (optional) + Descriptive adjective (optional) + Non – count noun This beautiful jewelry

Adjectives

Correct form

I have a watch.I have a beautiful watch.I have the watch.I have this watch.

I have watches.I have beautiful watches.I have the watches.I have these watches.

I have jewelry.I have beautiful jewelry.I have the jewelry.I have this jewelry.

Do not use

I have watch.

I have a watches.I have this watches.

I have a jewelry.I have these jewelryI have jewelries.

Examples

Adjectives

a) A or an is used only before a singular nounUse a before a singular noun that begins with a consonant sound.

A man a street a cassette a proble a university (begin with vowel but is pronounced with consonant yu) Use an before a singular noun that begins with vowel sound.An artist an area an apple an idea an R.S.V.P. (R is a consonant but is pronounced with vowel AR).When there is a descriptive adjective, choose a or an according to the first sound of the ADJECTIVE.

a nice lady a big city a pretty dress an intelligent lady an old city an ugly dress an orange belt

Noun determinersIdentify and limit nouns.

They have specific relations with: singular, plural and non – count nouns.

Articles – a , an

An article help to identify a noun.Answers

What is it?Who is it?

Adjectives

b) The indicates a specific singular, plural, or noun – count noun.

the table the tables the furniture.

Use the1. When there is only one to choose from:Question Answer MeaningWhich door? The door the only door.Which keys? The keys the only keys.What zoo? The zoo the (only) zoo in the city

2. When the listener knows which item:Question Answer MeaningWhich book? The book The book you gave me.What letters? The letters The letters John wrote to us.What dress? The dress The dress we saw in the shop.Which car? The car Our car.What jewelry? The jewelry The jewelry I gave you.

Articles: the AnswersWhat (noun)?Who wich one(s)?

Adjectives

c) Compare a / an with the.

What is it? It’s an apple.Which apple is it? It’s the apple you gave me.What is it? It’s a school.What school is it? It’s the school our children go to.What is it? It’s a problem.What problem is it. It’s the problem I told youabout.Who is she? She’s a girl.Which girl is she? She’s the girl I like.

Articles: the AnswersWhat (noun)?Who wich one(s)?

Adjectives

d) The with proper nouns. Do not use the with certain singular proper noun. For exampleMary Mary Jones Mrs. JonesPresident Smith Texas South AmericaKorea Chicago Central ParkHudson Bay Memorial Bridge Madison High SchoolVirginia Tech Oak Street JanuaryMonday watson’s Departmen Store

Use before other singular proper nouns. For exampleThe Secretary of Labor. The President of the United States.The Equator. The Catskills.The White House. The Smithsonian.The University of Wisconsin. The New Jersey Tumpike.The Brooklyn Bridge. The Chesapeake Bay.The White House The United Kingdom The Western Hemisphere.

use the before plural proper nouns. For example,The United States. The Netherlands. The Philippines.The Andes. The Rocky Mountains. The Great Lakes.The United Nations. The Smiths The Joneses.

Articles: the

Adjectives

e) Special cases of no article and the.

At home = in a person’s own home.At the home of = in someone else’s home.

At school = attending classesAt the school = visiting a school

At church = worshippingAt the church = visiting the church

In jail = detained by lawAt the jail = visiting the jail

At work= working

Articles: the

Home = to a person’s own homeTo the home of = to someone else’s home

To school = to the school for studyTo the school = to a school for a visit

To church = to the church for worshipTo the church = to a church for a visit

To jail = to be locked upTo the jail = to the jail for a visit

To work = to a place for work

ExamplesShe won’t be at home today. The meeting is at the home of her sister.My son came home from school early yesterday because he was sick. He didn’t go to school today. I went to the school this morning to talk to the teacher.

AdjectivesArticles: the

North, south, east and west are directions. The before each word indicates a section of a larger place.ExamplesGo north, and you will find that building. It is in the north of the city.The birds fly south every winter. The weather is much warmer in the south.His parents were not happy in the west, so they moved back east.

Breakfast, lunch, and dinner are meals in general.The breakfast, the lunch, and the dinner mean specific meals.ExamplesI usually don’t eat breakfast. The breakfast your mother made was delicious.We are having lunch at that restaurant. The lunch Max brought looks good.Let’s eat dinner at that restaurant. The dinner we had there last week was great.

AdjectivesArticles: the

Last night = the night before today.The last night = the final nightThe week = the week before this oneThe last week = the final week

ExamplesJack called me last night. He said that Friday was the last night of this conference.We had our exam last week. It was the last week of classes. I bought a car last year, 1997 will be the last year I have to make payments on it.

In office = serving as an elected official.In the office = located in a room.ExamplesHer husband has been in office for five years. He spends a lot of time in the office writing letters to his supporters.

Adjectives NumbersCardinals

0 ( Zero) no requires a plural noun.There are zero apples in the basket.There are no apples in the basket.

1 (one) describe a singular noun.There is one table in the room.

All other numbers describe plural nouns.There are two chairs.There are forty-six people.There are fifty states in the United States.

Adjectives NumbersOrdinal

The ordinal numbers 1, 2, 3 and for combintations with 1, 2, 3 are:The first the 1st the twenty – first the 21st.The second the 2nd the thirty-second the 32nd.The third the 3rd the sixty-third the 63rd.

The ordinal numbers 5, 8, 9, 12 and for combinations with 5, 8 and 9 are:The fifth the 5th the forty-fifth the 45thThe eighth the 8th the eighty – eighth the 88thThe ninth the 9th the twenty-ninth the 29thThe twelfth the 12th

Tells the relative position of a singular or plural noun.

Always useTHE

before

NumbersOrdinal

All other ordinal numbers are the cardinal number + th

The fourth the 4th the twenty – fourth the 24thThe sixth the 6th the seventy-sixth the 76thThe seventh the 7th the thirty-seventh the 37thThe fifteenth the 15th

Examples.January is the firts month of the year.The third day of the week is Tuesday.The first three days of the month are the first, the second and the third.Her birthday is on the twenty-seventh of December, the twelfth month of the year.

Tells the relative position of a singular or plural noun.

Always useTHE

before

Possessive adjectives

Indicates the owner of the following noun

Anwsers Whose?

Whose book is it?

It’s Mary’s book (I am Mary) It is my book.It’s Susan’s book (you are Susan) It’s your book.It’s David’s book (He is David) It’s his book.It’s Patricia’s book (She is Patricia) It’s her book.It’s Mary and Susan’s book. It’s our book.It’s Susan and Patricia’s book. It’s their book.

Demonstrative adjectives

Points out specific noun Anwsers Which?

This indicate a singular or noun – count that is nearby.This watch is expensive.This jewelry is expensive.

That indicates a singular or nount-count that is farther away.That watch is expensive.That jewelry is expensive.

These indicates a plural noun that is nearby.These watches are expensive.

Those indicates a plural noun that is farther away.Those watches are expensive.

More noun determines

Use adjectives marked S singular nounPl plural nounsNc non-count nouns

Any s one, but not a special one I will take any book pl more than one, but not special one I will take any books nc an un specific amount I will take any informationNot any pl zero I do not want any presents. nc no amount I do not want any moneyNo pl zero I have no books nc no amount I have no informationEach s 100 percent, one by one She collects each testEvery s 100 percent, one by one She collects every testAnother s one more I want another cookie s a different one I want another doctorOther pl different, more She has other friends nc different, more She wants the other jewelryThe other s not this one, that one He wants the other car nc not this, that she wants the other jewelryEither ……

Descriptive adjectivesTells the:

size, Shape,

AgeColor,Origin,

Material, orThe speaker opinion

It is the same for:SPlNC

A big table big tables big furnitureThis big table these big tables this big furnitureMy big table my big tables my big furniture

After a form be or other linking verb - See linking verbs

The table is big The tables are big The furniture seems bigThe apple is good The apples are good The fruit smells good.The bracelet is pretty The bracelets are pretty The jewelry looks pretty.

Proper Descriptive adjectives

Identifies a noun as a part of an office place

It is written with:Capital letter

An American flagThe Mexican studentsMy Italian shoesHer European friendsThe Eastern seaboard.A Jewish holidayThe Hispanic community

Nouns used as adjectives A noun can describe another noun

Is placed before it.

Like an adjetiveIt is never:

PluralEven when its

reference is plural

ExamplesA glass jar a jar made of glassA plastic bag a bag made of plasticPaper dolls dolls made of paperMosquito bites the bites of mosquitosA school bus a bus for a schoolA jewelry box a box for jewelryA bottle opener a tool for opening bottlesA shoe store a store that sells dressesAn apple pie a pie made of applesAn earring box a box for earrings

Some noun + noun combinationsAre written as one word

DishwaterMotorcycleTrashcandrugstore

Verbs used as adjectives Present participle forms of verbs

Which ending in ing.

Can describe nouns sleeping babiesA caring mother daring acrobats

A terrifying experienceAn interesting story

Past participle forms of verbs can describe nouns

ironed clothesdried flowerssaved moneydeserted streetsa spoken language

a broken platelost and found clothing

The ing form is the cause

The ed form is the effect

When the teacher is boringThe students are bored

If the movie is excitingThe audience is excited

If the actor os fascinatingThe people are fascinated

Verbs used as adjectives

When the news is surprising the people are surprisedIf the lesson is confusing the students are confusedIf the message is threatening the reader feels threatenedIf the voice is frihtening the listener feels frightenedIf the book is interesting the reader is interested.

Compound adjectives Is a combination of two or more words

JoinedBy hypens

And used to desccribe a noun

A ten-pound babyThe six-foot manThe two-hundred-dollar shoesMy two-hundred-dollar shoesAn all-night partyA well-built houseAn up-to-date analysisA ‘round-the-clock schedule

Comparing descriptive adjectives

Adjectives change to show differences in nouns

To strengthen an adjective:

1. Add –er to a one-syllable adjectiveCheap cheaperClean cleanerCold colderDark darkerFair fairerFast fasterLight lighterLong longerNear nearerNeat neaterPlain plainerShort shorterSlow slowerSmall smallerSoon soonerSweet sweeter

To weaken an adjective

Put not as before the adjectiveNot as cheapNot as cleanNot as coldNot as darkNot as fairNot as fastNot as lightNot as longNot as nearNot as neatNot as plainNot as shortNot as slowNot as smallNot as soonNot as sweet



To strengthen an adjective:

2. Add –r to a one-syllable adjective that end in eNice nicerClose closerFine finerCute cuterLate laterLoose looser

3. Double the last consonant, then add er to one syllable adjectives that end in a consonant + vowel + consonantBig biggerThin thinnerFat fatterHot hotterFit fitter


Put not as before adjective

Not as niceNot as closeNot as fineNot as cuteNot as lateNot as lose

Put not as before the adjectiveNot as bigNot as thinNot as fatNot as hotNot as fit



To strengthen an adjective:4. Drop y and add –ier to two syllables adjectives that end in yHappy happierCrazy crasierFunny funnierLonely lonelierLovely lovelierEasy easierLazy lasierNoisy noisier5. Add –er to the following two syllables adjectivesAble ablerCruel cruelerGentle gentlerNarrow narrowerQuiet quiterSimple simpler


Put not as before adjectiveNot as happyNot as crazyNot as funnyNot as lonelyNot as lovelyNot as easyNot as lazyNot as noisy

Put not as before the adjectiveNot as ableNot as cruelNot as gentleNot as narrowNot as quietNot as simple



To strengthen an adjective:6. Put the word more before other two-or-more-syllable adjectivesCapable more capable

Careful more careful

Cautions more cautions

Common more common

Decent more decent

Dependable more dependable

Difficult more difficult

Expensive more expensive


Put not as or less before adjectiveNot as capable less capableNot as carefulLess carefulNot as cautionsLess cautionsNot as commonLess commonNot as decentLess decentNot as dependableLess dependableNot as difficultLess difficultNot as expensiveLess expensive



To strengthen an adjective:6. Put the word more before other two-or-more-syllable adjectivesHandsome more handsome

idle more idle

Important more important

jealous more jealous

modest more modest

Patient more patient

pleasant more pleasant

Polite more polite


Put not as or less before adjectiveNot as handsomeLess handsomeNot as idleLess idleNot as importantLess importantNot as jealousLess jealousNot as modestLess modestNot as patientLess patientNot as pleasantLess pleasantNot as politeLess polite



To strengthen an adjective:6. Put the word more before other two-or-more-syllable adjectivesExpensive more expensive

Famous more famous

Gracious more gracious

Grateful more grateful

Popular more popular

Responsible more responsible

Ridiculous more ridiculous

Thankful more thankful


Put not as or less before adjectiveNot as expensiveLess expensiveNot as famousLess famousNot as graciousLess graciousNot as gratefulLess gratefulNot as popularLess popularNot as responsibleLess responsibleNot as ridiculousLess ridiculousNot as thankfulLess thankful



To strengthen an adjective:6. Put the word more before other two-or-more-syllable adjectives

Trustworthy more trustwhorthy

Truthful more truthful

Wonderful more wonderful

7. Use an irregular form the following adjectives:Bad worseFar farther (in distance)Far further (in depth)Good betterLittle lessMany more


Put not as or less before adjective

Not as trustworthyLess trustworthyNot as truthfulLess truthfulNot as wonderfulLess wonderful

Not as badNot as farNot as farNot as goodNot as littleNot as many



8. To compare two nouns, use positive comparative form of the adjective + than

A car is slower than a train.This vase is finer than that one.John is bigger than his brother.The book is funnier than the movie.These children are more polite than those.

My doctor is more patient than his partners.

Mary’s new cars is more expensive than mine.Is it better than yours?

For a negative comparison useNot as ….. As or less …. than

A train is not as slow as a car.That vase is not as fine as this one.John’s brother is not as big as he is.The movie is not as funny as the book.Those children are not as polite as these.My doctor’s partners are not as patient as he is.My car is less expensive than Mary’s.

Is it as good as yours?



9. To describe a gradual process, use the same comparative adjective two times, with andThe old car went slower and slower.The ballon got bigger and bigger.Her grades are better and better.The weather is getting colder and colder.The girl is more and more beatiful every day.

10. More comparisonsAs (adjective) as

your bag is as heavy as mine.your dress is as pretty as mine.her shoes are not as big as yours.

Similar toequal to in some ways: Your bag is similar to mine.

Different fromnot the same as: Your dress is different from mine.

Different thannot the same as: Your dress is different than mine.

Superlative adjectives Distinguishes one noun from three or more.

To make a adjective superlative:1.Put the before adjective, and add –st instead of r:The lowest the nicest the biggest the funniestThe fasest the cutest the fattest the easiest

2. Add the most instead of more before the adjective:The most important the most expensive the most ridiculousThe most wonderful the most responsible the most untrustworthy

3. Use the irregular form the following adjectives:Good the bestBad the worstFar the farthest (in distance)Far the furrthest (in depth)Many the mostLittle the leastTo make a superlative negative, put the least before adjective:The least funny the least expensiveThe least polite the least important

Superlative adjectives Distinguishes one noun from three or more.

To express superlative, use the following patterns:

He is the tallest of the three boys. He is the tallest of all.That is the funniest movie I have ever seen. It is funniest of all.Fred is the most handsome actor in the play. He is the most handsome of all.This is the most important part of the story. This is the most importan of all.It was the worst storm this year. It was the worst of all.He is the least polite boy in the school. He is the least polite of all.That is the least important part of the report. It is the least important of all.

Order of adjectives1. To describe a noun with several adjectives use the following order.

First. A noun determiner a, the, my, this, etc

Then, a subjective descriptive adjective wonderful, crazy, tired, etc. (the speaker opinion)

Then, factual descriptive adjectives size big, small, huge, etc. shape round, square, etc. age young, new, old, etc. color red, blue, yellow, etc. origin American, Belgian, etc. material wood, silk, glass, etc.

Finally: the noun chair, chairs, furniture.

It is better not to use more than three descriptives

Order of adjectives1. To describe a noun with several adjectives use the following order.

Examples:

Three valuable old Chinese vases.My favorite pink silk blouse.Some beatiful old Mexican doors.A cheap little blue dress.A few wrinkled old black – and – white photographsAll the friendly new neighbors.A lot of pretty yellow silk ribbons.

It is better not to use more than three descriptives

Order of adjectives2. Adjectives order exceptions.

a) The adjective elseis placed after certain indefinite pronouns

It answers the questions : Who else? What else? Where else?

Question Answer Meaning.Who else is here? I don’t see anybody else I don’t see another person I don’t see anyone else I don’t see another person. Nobody else is here. No, other person is here. No, one else is here. No, other person is here. I think somebody else is here. I think another person is here.

What else do I don’t want anything else. I don’t want another thing.you want ? I wan’t nothing else. I don’t want another thing. Bring me something else. Bring me another thing. I need little else. I only need a few other things.


a) The adjective elseis placed after certain indefinite pronouns

It answers the questions : Who else? What else? Where else?

Question Answer Meaning.Where else did he go? He didn’t go anywhere else. He didn’t go to another place. I think he went somewhere else. I think he went to another place.


b) Descritive adjectives can also follow the indefinite pronouns

Anybody, anyone, anything, anywhere, nobody, no one, nothing, somebodySomeone, something, somewhere, little, not much

When they answer the question: “What kind of?”

Question Answer Meaning.What kind of typist I need somebody good. A person who is good.do you need?What kind of things They did nothing interesting. Not anything that was interesting.did they do? What kind of furniture They don’t have anything nice. Not anything that is nice.do they have?What kind of car does He needs something cheap. A car that is cheap.he need?What kind of place is she going to for her vacation? She is going somewhere warm


c) Enough can precede or follow a noun.

I have enough plates for twenty people.I have plates enough for twenty people.He doesn’t have enough money to buy a car.he has money enough to buy a car.

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