ETHICS IN COLLECTING & PUBLISHING

RESEARCH EVIDENCE

By Dr. ESTHER JOHN Ph.D (N).,

PRINCIPALGANGA INSTITUTE OF HEALTH SCIENCES

COIMBATORE.

Research task is incomplete till the report has been presented or published.The purpose of the study/ research is not well served unless the findings are made known to others.

Research is a major force in nursing & the knowledge generated from research is changing the practice,education and health.

Research provides base for professional nursing practice

AUTHORSHIP

ADVANTAGES Authorship conveys professional benefit Promotion and tenure at research institutions

are determined in part by publication. External professional recognition Publication as a demonstration of research

innovation, productivity, independence and expertise in a research area.

AUTHORSHIP ABUSE

Coercive authorship

Authorship conferred to individuals in response to their exertion of seniority.

It is an agreement by two or more investigates to place their names on each other’s paper to give the appearance of higher productivity.

Mutual support authorship

Duplication authorship:

Publication of the same work in multiple journals.

Ghost authorship:(denial of authorship)

A hired professional writer who writes the manuscript but does not receive authorship credit.

Responsibility of authors and co-authors

Understanding the major points of the manuscript

Correctness Check the manuscript Demand changes Intellectual contribution Binding arbitration Speculative

Honorary authorship: (author inflation)

Dilute the credit due to people who actually did the work, inflate the credentials.

Benign authorship:

Included in a list without their permission. This is done with the benign intention to knowledge.

ORDER OF AUTHORS IN A LIST:

The list of authors should accurately reflect who carried out the research and who wrote the article.

On basis of funding Alphabetical order Collaborative research

COPYRIGHT

Definition: It is a form of legal protection to the authors of original work, preventing others copying them. U.S. copyright office 1999

Don’t steal know your copyright law. Copyright- it’s not only fair, it’s the

law

Copyright infringement:/piracy

Who violates or breaks the copyright act/law.

Copyright- rights?

reproduction modification publication performance public display of work

Copyright act (amendment)

It was passed on 1999 by both upper house and lower house of the Indian parliament and was later on signed by the Indian president on 30th December 1999.

Section 63: Punishable with imprisonment for a term not less than 6 months up to 3 years and with a fine from Rs.50,000 to 2 lakhs.

Section 63A: For second and subsequent convictions-

imprisonment for not less than one year up to 3 years and with a fine from

Rs. 1 lakh to 2 lakhs.

Copying and reproducing copyrighted material:

Factors involved in determining fair use

purpose nature of copyrighted material amount of material copied Effect or value involved

If it is document- 10% or 100 words which ever is less

If it is data- 10% or 2500 cells which ever is less If it is images – 15% or less of a published

collection If it is videos – 10% or 3 min of a published

collection If it is music- 10% or 30 sec of a published

collection

Copying copyrighted material include reference to original source quotations with original source permissions for quotations with two

or more paragraphs written permission for reproducing

tables, figures,graphs,etc Permission to reproduce material

from internet.

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS

Advantages of IPR

Provides exclusive rights to creators Induces them to distribute and share

information and data instead of keeping it confidential

Provides legal protection Offers incentives of their works Helps in socio and economic

development

Misconduct: includes fabrication, or plagiarism in

proposing, performing, and reviewing research or in reporting research results.

Fabrication is making up data or results and recording or reporting them

Falsification is manipulating research materials, equipment or processes or changing or omitting data or results such that the research is not accurately represented in the research record.

Plagiarism is the appropriation of another person’s ideas or processes, results or words without giving appropriate credit

Rigging an experiment so you know how it will turn out.

Outcomes of plagiarism:

Public humiliation Damaged reputation Letters of reprimand Withholding or loss of academic

depress Termination of employment Lawsuits

How to avoid it?

all scholars must document sources properly using footnotes, endnotes or parenthetical references

must write a bibliography or references use word processing software have been

developed to detect attempts at plagiarism

idea can be registered as a first step while taking up research

Self-plagiarism-(recycling fraud) when an author reuses portion of

their own published and copyrighted work in subsequent publication but without attributing the previous publication

Unacceptable research practices: