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What is Petroleum?

A natural, yellow-to-black, flammable, liquid hydrocarbon found beneath the earth’s surface

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Petroleum – Properties & Products

Definition of Petroleum:

The word Petroleum is The word Petroleum is coined from two latin wordscoined from two latin words ““PetraPetra” ” meaningmeaning “ “rockrock” ” andand ““OleumOleum” ” meaningmeaning “ “oiloil”.”.

A generic name for hydrocarbons, A generic name for hydrocarbons, including crude oil, natural gas including crude oil, natural gas liquids, natural gas and their liquids, natural gas and their products. products.

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PETROLEUM

Petroleum or hydrocarbons are a mixture of

liquids, solids, semi-solids and gases

occurring naturally in the rocks and are

loosely called as MINERAL FUELS also.

Chemically It is a mixture of Hydrogen and

Carbon with minor amounts of nitrogen,

oxygen, sulphur as impurities.

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Chemical Composition of Oil and Chemical Composition of Oil and Gas (% by Weight)Gas (% by Weight)

ElementElement OilOil GasGasCC 84 - 8784 - 87 65 - 8065 - 80

HH 11 - 1411 - 14 1 - 251 - 25

SS 0.06 - 20.06 - 2 0 – 0.20 – 0.2

NN 0.1 - 20.1 - 2 1-151-15

OO 0.1 - 20.1 - 2 00

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Types of Petroleum:

1.Crude Oil (Liquid Petroleum) :

These are liquid hydrocarbons that contain varying amounts of dissolved gases, bitumens and other impurities.

It is immiscible in water.

It has less density than water and hence floats on it.

It is soluble in naptha, carbondisulphide, benzene (C6H6) etc.

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Types of Petroleum: (cont.)

2.Natural Gas ( Petroleum gas) :

Natural gas is composed of lighter paraffin hydrocarbons (hydrocarbons of the methane series) – the most abundant being methane gas (CH4).

3. Semi, and Solid forms ( Heavy Hydrocarbons and Bitumens) :

They comprise materials such as asphalt, tar, pitch etc.

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Components of Petroleum:

The components of crude oil can be classified into:

a.Methane Series : Crude oil belonging to this is also known as paraffin. The 4 main types of paraffins are:

(i) Methane (CH4)

(ii) Ethane (C2H6)

(iii) Propane (C3H8)(iv) Butane (C4H10)

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Components of Petroleum: Cont…..

b. Naphthene Series:

Crude oil belonging this is also known as cycloparaffins. The 2 types are:

• cyclopropane (C3H6)

• cyclobutane (C4H8)

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MINERALSMinerals are naturally occurring inorganic solid compounds or elements with a definite range of chemical composition.

Quartz - SiO2

Calcite - CaCO3

Gold - Au

Silver - Ag

Rock Salt etc. - NaCl

However, Natural hydrocarbons, coal and water is considered as minerals in the loose sense of the definition of mineral.

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Renewable Resources :Renewable Resources :Resources which can be generated again and again• Crops• Hydropower• Forest• Water, Wind, Solar, Bio-Gas etc.

Resources which cannot be generated again and again• Rocks and Minerals• Petroleum

Non- Renewable Resources :Non- Renewable Resources :

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Liquid – Crude Oil

Solid/ Semi-Solids – Bitumens (Asphalt, Tar, Pitch etc.)

Gas – Natural Gas (Methane series)

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GEOLOGYGeology : ‘Geo’ means Earth and ‘logos’ means ScienceGeology : Its is the history of the Earth.

To know history : How it was formed – Origin – Planetary System – Solar SystemWe have to know How old it is – AgeWhat it is made up of – Rocks, MineralsWhat are the physical and chemical properties – Geophysical &

Geochemical What kind of Deformations it has undergone – TectonicsHow the deformation is manifested - StructuresWhat is its future – Geoenvironment

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Naptha:

The Hydrocarbons that boil below 250°C and are liquid at standard conditions.

Used as a cleaning fluid and solvent.

It is also used in fertilizer manufacture.