EC-102 Computer System and Programming

Lecture 1Fundametals

02/05/23 Lecture 1, Computer System and Programming EME

(NUST)

1

Introduction – (Yours) Name Previous institution Grade/Marks Aims and goals

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Course Information

Course Title: Computer System & Programming

Course Code: EC-102 Semester: Fall 2016

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Books Textbook:

C++ How to program, P. Deitel and H. Deitel, Prentice Hall, Latest Issue

Reference: Object-Oriented Programming in C++, Robert Lafore, Sams

Publishing, 4th edition, 2001 Programming with ANSI C, DP Publications Ltd, 1995, By B. J.

Holmes. The C programming language by Kernighan and Richie. Structured Computer Organization, Andrew S. Tanenbaum and

Todd Austin, Prentice Hall, 6th edition, 2012

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Course Contents Introduction to computers, central processing unit

organization, main memory organization, secondary storage organization, input/output devices interaction/organization

What is Programming? Algorithms, computer languages, Compiler, Assembler and Interpreter, Data and results.

Data, Data types, data representation, identifiers, reserved words, variables, constants.

Inputs and outputs, Standards Library, address operator, string I/O, character I/O.

Escape sequences, format specifiers, assignment statement, Compound operators, Instruction Sequence, Sequential structures, ASCII. 02/05/23

Lecture 1, Computer System and Programming EME (NUST) 5

Course Contents Arithmetic operators, operator precedence, Selection, Relational

and logical operators. If/else. Nested if’s conditional operator, conditional expressions,

switch statements. Repetition, While, do/while, for(;;), break and continue statements. Functions, Programmer defined functions, library functions,

storage classes, scope, parameter passing. Arrays, input and output of data, searching. Array of characters, array as parameters. Pointers, address and indirection operators, pointer arithmetic, pointers and

arrays, call by value and call by reference.

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Course Learning OutcomesCourse Learning Outcomes (CLOs)

Level of Learning PLO

1. Applying concepts of selection statements and repetition

structures in solving complex problems.C3 1

2. Understanding and implementing different functions in C++. C3 1

3. Design algorithms to solve complex problems using arrays and

pointers.C6 3

4. Create a software development process by designing,

implementing and testing C++ programs.P4 3

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Policies No extensions in assignment deadlines. Quizzes will be unannounced. Exams will be closed book. Never cheat.

“Better fail NOW or else will fail somewhere LATER in life”

Plagiarism will also have strict penalties.

Adapted from What is Plagiarism PowerPointhttp://mciu.org/~spjvweb/plagiarism.pptCourtesy Dr. Khawar

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Computer System

Introduction to Computers A computer is an electronic device, operating under

the control of instructions (software) stored in its own memory unit, that can accept data (input), manipulate data (process), and produce information (output) from the processing. Generally, the term is used to describe a collection of devices that function together as a system.

Devices that comprise a computer system

Printer (output)

Monitor (output)

Scanner (input)

Speaker (output)

Mouse (input)

Keyboard (input)

System unit(processor, memory…)

Storage devices(CD-RW, Floppy, Hard disk)

Compare a computer ,Typical workshop features

Materials Tools Working Area Storage Measurements

Workshop Materials: Wood Tools: Hammer, screw driver, drill… Work area: Worktable Storage: Cabinet Measurements Yards, feet, inches, meters,

centimeters, millimeters

Compare a computer, Kitchen Materials: Food Tools: Stove, mixer, spoon… Work Area: Counter, cutting board, bowl… Storage: Refrigerator, cabinet… Measurements: Cups, tablespoons, teaspoons etc

Computers How does this apply to computers? You will find materials, tools, work area,

storage, and measurements

Computer Materials Information

Words Numbers Pictures

Computer Tools Two kinds:

Hardware Physical parts to computer

Software All information or data This slide show for example

Computer Working Area The work area of a computer is called a window. The figure shows a typical window.

Computer Storage Two main types:

Memory (RAM) Data Storage (CD, DVD, Flash Drive)

Measuring Information Bytes

One character takes up about one Byte. An email takes up a few (thousand bytes) Kilobytes

(thousands of bytes) A picture may take up Megabytes (millions of

bytes) All the information on a computer may run into

Gigabytes (billions of bytes) Terabytes (TBs)

What Does A Computer Do? Computers can perform four general operations,

which comprise the information processing cycle.

Input Process Output Storage

Data and Information All computer processing requires data, which is a

collection of raw facts, figures and symbols, such as numbers, words, images, video and sound, given to the computer during the input phase.

Computers manipulate data to create information. Information is data that is organized, meaningful, and useful.

During the output Phase, the information that has been created is put into some form, such as a printed report.

The information can also be put in computer storage for future use.

Why Is A Computer So Powerful? The ability to perform the information processing

cycle with amazing speed. Reliability (low failure rate). Accuracy. Ability to store huge amounts of data and

information. Ability to communicate with other computers.

How Does a Computer Know what to do? It must be given a detailed list of instructions,

called a compute program or software, that tells it exactly what to do.

Before processing a specific job, the computer program corresponding to that job must be stored in memory.

Once the program is stored in memory the computer can start the operation by executing the program instructions one after the other.

What Are The Primary Components Of A Computer ? Input devices. Central Processing Unit

(containing the control unit and the arithmetic/logic unit).

Memory. Output devices. Storage devices.

The Central processing Unit (CPU) The central processing unit (CPU) contains electronic

circuits that cause processing to occur. The CPU interprets instructions to the computer, performs the logical and arithmetic processing operations, and causes the input and output operations to occur. It is considered the “brain” of the computer.

Memory Memory also called Random Access Memory or RAM

(temporary memory) is the main memory of the computer. It consists of electronic components that store data including numbers, letters of the alphabet, graphics and sound. Any information stored in RAM is lost when the computer is turned off.

Read Only Memory or ROM is memory that is etched on a chip that has start-up directions for your computer. It is permanent memory.

Output Devices Output devices make the information resulting from

the processing available for use. The two output devices more commonly used are the printer and the computer screen.

The printer produces a hard copy of your output, and the computer screen produces a soft copy of your output

Storage Devices Auxiliary storage devices are used to store data

when they are not being used in memory. The most common types of auxiliary storage used on personal computers are floppy disks, hard disks and CD-ROM drives.

Floppy Disks A floppy disk is a portable, inexpensive storage

medium that consists of a thin, circular, flexible plastic disk with a magnetic coating enclosed in a square-shaped plastic shell.

Hard Disks Another form of auxiliary storage is a hard disk. A

hard disk consists of one or more rigid metal plates coated with a metal oxide material that allows data to be magnetically recorded on the surface of the platters.

The hard disk platters spin at a high rate of speed, typically 5400 to 7200 revolutions per minute (RPM).

Storage capacites of hard disks for personal computers range from 10 GB to thousands of GBs.

Solid State Drives (SSD)

Compact Discs / DVD / Blu ray A compact disk (CD), also called an optical disc, is a flat

round, portable storage medium that is usually 4.75 inch in diameter.

A CD-ROM (read only memory), is a compact disc that used the same laser technology as audio CDs for recording music. In addition it can contain other types of data such as text, graphics, and video.

The capacity of a CD-ROM is 650-700 MB of data

Flash Drive Most recent widely used storage system Very portable, often worn like jewelry 128MB to GBs

Computer Software Computer software is the key to productive use

of computers. Software can be categorized into two types:

Operating system software Application software

Operating System Software Operating system software tells the computer how to

perform the functions of loading, storing and executing an application and how to transfer data.

Today, many computers use an operating system that has a graphical user interface (GUI) that provides visual clues such as icon symbols to help the user. Microsoft Windows XP/Vista/7/8 are widely used graphical operating systems. DOS (Disk Operating System) is an older but still rarely used operating system that is text-based.

Application Software Application Software consists of programs that

tell a computer how to produce information. Some of the more commonly used packages are:

Word processing Electronic spreadsheet Database Presentation graphics

Word Processing Word Processing software is used to create and print

documents. A key advantage of word processing software is that users easily can make changes in documents.

Electronic Spreadsheets Electronic spreadsheet software allows the user to add,

subtract, and perform user-defined calculations on rows and columns of numbers. These numbers can be changed and the spreadsheet quickly recalculates the new results.

Presentation Graphics Presentation graphic software allows the user to create

documents called slides to be used in making the presentations. Using special projection devices, the slides display as they appear on the computer screen.

Von Neumann Machine First stored programmed computer, basis of

modern digital computers. Memory Arithmetic and Logic Unit Control Unit I/O Equipment Inside ALU , Special 40bit register called

Acuumulator

Von Neumann Machine

The First Microprocessor – 1971 Intel 4004

Microprocessor The 4004 had 2,250

transistors 108Khz Called “Microchip”

What is a Microchip? Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit (VLSIC)

Transistors, resistors, and capacitors 4004 had 2,250 transistors Pentium IV has 42 MILLION transistors

Each transistor 0.13 microns (10-6 meters) Getting smaller and smaller, but we are still

using microchip technology

The Computer Spectrum

Birth of Personal Computers - 1975 256 byte memory (not

Kilobytes or Megabytes)

2 MHz Intel 8080 chips Just a box with flashing

lights cost $395 kit, $495

assembled.

Personal Computer

This circuitboard is at the heartof every personalcomputer. Thisfigure is aphotograph of theIntel D875PBZboard. Thephotograph iscopyrighted by theIntel Corporation,2003 and is used bypermission.