G. Blangiardo, M. Perez, L. Quattrociocchi, R. Zizza - Job and opportunities Income and poverty
27
Job and opportunities Income and poverty Giancarlo Blangiardo - Università Milano Bicocca Monica Perez - Istat Luciana Quattrociocchi - Istat Roberta Zizza - Banca d’Italia
G. Blangiardo, M. Perez, L. Quattrociocchi, R. Zizza - Job and opportunities Income and poverty
Integration: knowing, measuring, evaluating 17-18 giugno 2013
Citation preview
1. Job and opportunities Income and poverty Giancarlo
Blangiardo - Universit Milano Bicocca Monica Perez - Istat Luciana
Quattrociocchi - Istat Roberta Zizza - Banca dItalia
2. What kind of integration? Integration shows three specific
characteristics: processuality, multi-dimensionality, and
bi-directionality. a)Integration is a process which always and only
develops over time and requires some time. b)Integration is always
a multi-dimensional process, since it concerns different aspects of
a migrant persons life, that is to say, the economic, social,
cultural, and political dimension. c)Integration is always a
bi-directional process, even when it is not immediately visible or
it is rejected. Migrants must start a process of inclusion in the
host society, which may be put into effect in different ways, but
in any case obliges them to be confronted with the culture of the
host country. The citizens of the host country, in turn, must be
confronted with the newcomers and take a stance towards them
(rejection, acceptance, mistrust, tolerance, openness, etc.), which
may call their lifestyle into question, as well as their idea of
their own integration in the society they belong to Job and
opportunities - Income and poverty| Giancarlo Blangiardo | Rome 17
- 18 June 2013
3. Some Common Basic Principles for Immigrant Integration (*)
(1) Integration is a dynamic, two-way process of mutual
accommodation by all immigrants and residents of Member States ().
(3) Employment is a key part of the integration process and is
central to the participation of immigrants, to the contributions
immigrants make to the host society, and to making such
contributions visible (6) Access for immigrants () to public and
private goods and services, on a basis equal to national citizens
and in a non-discriminatory way is a critical foundation for better
integration. (11) Developing clear goals, indicators and evaluation
mechanisms are necessary to adjust policy, evaluate progress on
integration and to make the exchange of information more effective.
(*) (*) Justice and Home Affairs Council, 2004 Job and
opportunities - Income and poverty| Giancarlo Blangiardo | Rome 17
- 18 June 2013
4. Integration measure How to measure and compare integration
levels among migrant populations (or sub-populations defined
according to some specific features) Job and opportunities - Income
and poverty| Giancarlo Blangiardo | Rome 17 - 18 June 2013
5. The classical macro approach: by statistical indicators of
integration Job and opportunities - Income and poverty| Giancarlo
Blangiardo | Rome 17 - 18 June 2013
6. Indicators on job and living conditions Job opportunities
Employment rate Unemployment rate Activity rate Permanent/fixed
term employment Part time/full time employment Education
job-mismatches (over qualification) Income, living conditions,
poverty Household net income People at risk of poverty or social
esclusion Peolple living in household with very low work intensity
Peolple at risk of poverty after social transfer Severally material
deprived people ..... Job and opportunities - Income and poverty|
Giancarlo Blangiardo | Rome 17 - 18 June 2013
7. Main labour market indicators processed on foreigners Job
and opportunities - Income and poverty| Giancarlo Blangiardo | Rome
17 - 18 June 2013 Source: Labour Force Survey- Year 2012
8. Main indicators on living conditions of foreigners Source:
Survey on Living conditions of families with foreigners Year
2009
9. Macro data from statistical sources duly processed to
produce indicators Main sources Labour Force Survey EU Statistics
on Income and Living Conditions OECD PISA Survey Census data Etc.
Ad hoc Italian surveys Survey on Living conditions of families with
foreigners Survey on Social condition and integration of foreigners
Survey of the Regional Observatory for Integration and
Multiethnicity (Ismu-Eupolis 2001-2012) Job and opportunities -
Income and poverty| Giancarlo Blangiardo | Rome 17 - 18 June
2013
10. The alternative micro approach: by individual scores of
integration Very apt to investigate differential aspects of the
integration corresponding to local areas or to specific
sub-populations & to control the effects of local or targeted
policies Job and opportunities - Income and poverty| Giancarlo
Blangiardo | Rome 17 - 18 June 2013
11. Individual data-base from statistical surveys duly
processed The tools 1) Individual Census outcomes or Representative
samples of the target population 2) A methodology able to assign an
integration score, according to a preliminary definition of
integration, to every statistical unit of the sample Job and
opportunities - Income and poverty| Giancarlo Blangiardo | Rome 17
- 18 June 2013
12. HOW TO assign an integration score, according to a
preliminary definition of integration, to every statistical unit of
the data-base ? the following steps are required REMARK In this
example we shall consider the sole topic of labor market
integration of TCNs. Anyway a similar procedure can be followed in
order to assign individual integration scores regarding both other
specific dimensions (education, social exclusion, etc.) and the
integration level as a whole Job and opportunities - Income and
poverty| Giancarlo Blangiardo | Rome 17 - 18 June 2013
13. Measuring integration through individual integration scores
STEP1 Choice of the k integration variables of the dataset
(according to a shared definition of integration in the labor
market) STEP2 Identification of integration scores for each
variable by processing the frequencies of the sample distribution
of the k variables selected STEP3 Assignment the k scores to each
statistical unit according to its modality of the variables under
consideration STEP4 Attribution of the average score of integration
at each statistical unit (such score will be considered as an
additional variable to the original dataset) STEP5 Processing the
integration average score in connection with the structural data
(personal features, education, social inclusion, etc.) Job and
opportunities - Income and poverty| Giancarlo Blangiardo | Rome 17
- 18 June 2013
14. Example of the application of the procedure Definition: a
migrant who is employed with a stable/secured job that gives good
income and is adequate to his education level can be considered
fully integrated into the labor market Step 1 Selection of a set of
indicators according to a definition of integration in the labor
market 4 dimensions Employment Stability & job security Net
income from work Over qualification Source: PerLa Survey 2009 -
Percorsi Lavorativi (Labour Path) 13,006 sample units; Target
population: migrants living in Italy who have or had a legal job
since 12 months before the survey Methodology: Centre sampling Job
and opportunities - Income and poverty| Giancarlo Blangiardo | Rome
17 - 18 June 2013
15. Step 2 Identification of integration scores by processing
the frequencies of the sample distribution of the variables
selected lowest highest -1 0 1 Employment integration index (score)
(for each of the 4 dimensions) Job and opportunities - Income and
poverty| Giancarlo Blangiardo | Rome 17 - 18 June 2013
16. Step 2 (contd) Identification of integration scores by
processing the frequencies of the sample distribution Sample
Frequency % Employment Unemployed 7.1 Employed 92.9 Total 100
Stability & Low 0.1 job security Medium 38.6 High 61.3 Total
100 Net income 3000 e 0.3 Total 100 Over qualification Severely
inadequate 4.8 (job compared Moderately inadequate 27.2 to
education) Adequate 68.0 Total 100 Job and opportunities - Income
and poverty| Giancarlo Blangiardo | Rome 17 - 18 June 2013
17. Step 2 (contd) Example of identification of integration
scores by processing the frequencies of the sample distribution
Sample Frequency % Corresponding Scores Over qualification Severely
inadequate 4.8 [ -27.2 -68.0 ] / 100 = -0.95 (job compared
Moderately inadequate 27.2 [+4.8 68.0] /100 = -0.63 to education)
Adequate 68.0 [+4.8 +27.2] /100 = +32.0 Total 100 For each modality
the corresponding score is obtained through the difference between
the sum of the previous frequencies (relative) less the sum of the
following ones. It can be remarked that, for any variable, the mean
score for the whole set of sample units will be zero. Job and
opportunities - Income and poverty| Giancarlo Blangiardo | Rome 17
- 18 June 2013
18. Set of scores (for each of the 4 dimensions) Employment
Unemployed -0.93 Employed +0.07 Stability & Low -0.99 job
security Medium -0.61 High +0.39 < 500 -0.97 Net income 500 800
-0.65 from work 800 1200 0.14 1200 1500 0.78 1500 2000 0.95 2000
3000 0.99 > 3000 1.00 Over qualification Severely inadequate
-0.95 (job compared Moderately inadequate -0.63 to education)
Adequate 0.32 Job and opportunities - Income and poverty| Giancarlo
Blangiardo | Rome 17 - 18 June 2013
19. Steps 3 & 4 Assignment the scores to each statistical
unit according to its modality of the variable under consideration
(total 13,006 units) & Average of the 4 partial scores (Final
Mean score)Sampl e unit No. Employment Stability & job security
(*) Net income from work (*) (*) Over qualification Mean score
Modality Score Modality Score Modality Score Modality Score 1
Employed +0.07 Low -0.99 3000 +1.00 Adequate +0.32 +0.10 All sample
units Mean Score 0.00 Mean Score 0.00 Mean Score 0.00 Mean Score
0.00 (*) Present or last job Job and opportunities - Income and
poverty| Giancarlo Blangiardo | Rome 17 - 18 June 2013
20. Steps 5 Processing the integration scores together with
structural data (personal features, education, social inclusion,
etc.) Integration Index: final mean scores by year of arrival to
Italy and gender Source: Ismu-PerLa 2009 Job and opportunities -
Income and poverty| Giancarlo Blangiardo | Rome 17 - 18 June
2013
21. Additional remark Positive integration scores seem to be
associated to better work conditionsscores Source: Ismu-PerLa 2009
Work conditions Yes/No Final Mean integration score Satisfaction
for the present job Yes + 0.0341 No -0.1183 In the work place being
the victim of aggression, threats, because foreign Yes -0.0374 No
+0.090 Aspects improved in the present work compared to the
previous - Salary / gain Yes +0.0513 No -0.1013 Type of job Yes
+0.0429 No -0.0341 Responsibility Yes +0.0545 No -0.0259 Job and
opportunities - Income and poverty| Giancarlo Blangiardo | Rome 17
- 18 June 2013
22. A further example Financial and asset integration, based on
Bank of Italys SHIW (Survey on Household Income and Wealth)
biennial survey ran since the 1960s on a sample of resident
households (including foreign citizens) 4 dimensions Home ownership
Having a current account or deposit Net income from work Net wealth
per capita Job and opportunities - Income and poverty| Giancarlo
Blangiardo | Rome 17 - 18 June 2013
23. The definition of financial and asset integration (*) An
adult who possesses a current account or a savings deposit with a
bank or postal office, who is the owner of his/her dwelling, and
has adequate financial resources (obtained by a work) and assets
can be considered fully integrated from a financial point of view.
(*) For economic resources refers to labor income (dependent and
independent) for the whole assets to the complex of real assets and
net financial assets held by the family and made in per capita
terms. Job and opportunities - Income and poverty| Giancarlo
Blangiardo | Rome 17 - 18 June 2013
24. Financial and asset integration of foreign migrants (2006;
20-64 yrs) Men are more integrated than women, penalised by lower
labour income, while they perform better in the other components
referred to the household and not to the individual, plausibly
reflecting the fact that women are less likely to live in
single-person households (14%, versus 27% for men) Integration
increases with the level of education (especially due to the labour
income dimension) Men Women =12years Compulsory Diploma
Tertiaryeduc. -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 Notes: our
elaborations on SHIW data. Caveats are needed due to small sample
size. Job and opportunities - Income and poverty| Giancarlo
Blangiardo | Rome 17 - 18 June 2013
25. Financial and asset integration - The effects of the crisis
In 2012 the degree of integration deteriorated wrt 2006 for both
men (only due to the wealth component) and women (all dimensions)
Year Men Women Home ownership 2006 -0.047 0.053 2010 -0.037 -0.008
Var. 2010-2006 0.01 -0.061 Having a current account or deposit 2006
-0.011 0.012 2010 0.026 -0.047 Var. 2010-2006 0.037 -0.059 Net
income from work 2006 0.277 -0.308 2010 0.311 -0.309 Var. 2010-2006
0.034 -0.001 Net wealth per capita 2006 -0.027 0.03 2010 -0.153
-0.073 Var. 2010-2006 -0.126 -0.103 Average index 2006 0.048 -0.053
2010 0.035 -0.109 Var. 2010-2006 -0.013 -0.0056 Notes: our
elaborations on SHIW data. Caveats are needed due to small sample
size. Results are shown for the sake of illustration of the
methodology. Job and opportunities - Income and poverty| Giancarlo
Blangiardo | Rome 17 - 18 June 2013
26. Conclusions Micro and macro approaches can be fully
achieved and can be complementary. Periodical sample surveys are
required to monitor integration levels of foreign population and to
assess progress. Individual level data from 2011 Census will offer
an important opportunity to investigate in detail integration
within migrant sub-populations and to compare them to the
autochthons. Job and opportunities - Income and poverty| Giancarlo
Blangiardo | Rome 17 - 18 June 2013