Baldauf et al., Science 2003 Ge0ng freaky with fungi: A historical perspec?ve on the emergence of mycology Sydney I. Glassman 1 and Roo VandegriG 2 11 University of California, Berkeley 2 University of Oregon Mycology without Apology Mycology without Apology Mycology without Apology Mycology without Apology Mycology without Apology In 2010, Japanese scien?st Toshiyuki Nakagaki of Hokkaido University showed the slime mold Physarum polycephalum could recreate the Tokyo rail system by efficiently connec?ng food resources. Pier Antonio Micheli (16791737), an Italian botanist, discovered mushroom spores and described 900 fungi and lichens. Miles Joseph Berkeley (18031889) was a founding father in plant pathology and mycology who studied life histories of pathogenic fungi and described ~ 6,000 species. Heinrich Anton de Bary (18311888), a founding father of plant pathology and modern mycology, coined the word “symbiosis” in 1879. Founding fathers in mycology Modern mycology & Fungal Ecology Fungi are important drivers of ecosystem func?ons in their roles as primary decomposers, symbionts, pathogens, and predators. Discovery that apothecial fungi can coopera?vely generate their own wind (Roper et al PNAS 2010). Arthur Henry Reginald Buller (18741944) discovered that fungi in the genus Pilobolus are able to fling spores more than 2m towards light by aiming with a lens within the subsporangial vesicle. He also discovered Buller’s drop, the mechanism of spore dispersal in Basidiomycetes. From research on the rate at which spores dropped, he guessed that the mechanism involved changes in surface tension. It took 75 years to discover the exact mechanism of the surface tension catapult, in 1989. Robert Harding Whi<aker (19201980), dis?nguished American plant ecologist, first proposed that Fungi were dis?nct from plants in 1959. Sir Alexander Fleming (18811955) discovered the an?bio?c penicillin from the mold Penicillium notatum in 1928. The process of ballistospore discharge. Pringle, A. et al. "The captured launch of a ballistospore." Mycologia 2005. Louis René Tulasne (18151985) was a French mycologist responsible for much of the early work linking asexual and sexual stages of fungi, and with his brother Charles provided a founda?on for research into the life cycles of many groups of fungi. The monolithic, three volume Selecta fungorum carpologia (1861–65) brings much of their work together, with illustra?on by Charles Tulasne. Next genera?on sequencing techniques are driving advances in fungal ecology. Clemmensen et al found that roots and mycorrhizal fungi sequester ~5070% of carbon in boreal forests (Science. 2013. Roots and Associated Fungi Drive LongTerm Carbon Sequestra?on in Boreal Forest.) From history of mycology to now: Mycologists have used fungi to understand the cell cycle and gene?cs and to produce important products such as penicillin, beer, wine, cheese, and bread. With only 100,000 species described and an es?mated 8 milllion who can guess what future mycologists will uncover? Helvella lacunosa by R. VandegriG Xylaria apiculataby R. VandegriG Epichloe sylva;ca by R. VandegriG Schlicht and Janse described AMF in the 1890s. AMF drawing by R. VandegriG. hop://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ File:Tree_of_Living_Organisms_2.png 270 Albert Berhard Frank (18391900) is credited with coining the term mycorrhizae. Ectomycorrhizae (above), and endo (or arbuscular) mycorrhizae (leG). Among land plants, 80% of species and 92% of families associate with at least one type of mycorrhiza (Smith and Read Mycorrhizal Symbiosis 2010).

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Page 1: Getting freaky with fungi: A historical perspective on the emergence of mycology

Baldauf et al., Science 2003

Ge0ng freaky with fungi: A historical perspec?ve on the emergence of mycology Sydney I. Glassman1 and Roo VandegriG2

1 1University of California, Berkeley 2 University of Oregon

Mycology without Apology Mycology without Apology Mycology without Apology Mycology without Apology Mycology without Apology

In 2010, Japanese scien?st Toshiyuki Nakagaki of Hokkaido University showed the slime mold Physarum polycephalum could recreate the Tokyo rail system by efficiently connec?ng food resources.

Pier Antonio Micheli (1679-‐1737), an Italian botanist, discovered mushroom spores and described 900 fungi and lichens.

Miles Joseph Berkeley (1803-‐1889) was a founding father in plant pathology and mycology who studied life histories of pathogenic fungi and described ~ 6,000 species.

Heinrich Anton de Bary (1831-‐1888), a founding father of plant pathology and modern mycology, coined the word “symbiosis” in 1879.

Founding fathers in mycology Modern mycology & Fungal Ecology Fungi are important drivers of ecosystem func?ons in their roles as primary decomposers, symbionts, pathogens, and predators.

Discovery that apothecial fungi can coopera?vely generate their own wind (Roper et al PNAS 2010). Arthur Henry Reginald Buller (1874-‐1944) discovered that fungi in

the genus Pilobolus are able to fling spores more than 2m towards light by aiming with a lens within the sub-‐sporangial vesicle. He also discovered Buller’s drop, the mechanism of spore dispersal in Basidiomycetes. From research on the rate at which spores dropped, he guessed that the mechanism involved changes in surface tension. It took 75 years to discover the exact mechanism of the surface tension catapult, in 1989.

Robert Harding Whi<aker (1920-‐1980), dis?nguished American plant ecologist, first proposed that Fungi were dis?nct from plants in 1959.

Sir Alexander Fleming (1881-‐1955) discovered the an?bio?c penicillin from the mold Penicillium notatum in 1928.

The process of ballistospore discharge. Pringle, A. et al. "The captured launch of a ballistospore." Mycologia 2005.

Louis René Tulasne (1815-‐1985) was a French mycologist responsible for much of the early work linking asexual and sexual stages of fungi, and with his brother Charles provided a founda?on for research into the life cycles of many groups of fungi. The monolithic, three-‐volume Selecta fungorum carpologia (1861–65) brings much of their work together, with illustra?on by Charles Tulasne.

Next genera?on sequencing techniques are driving advances in fungal ecology.

Clemmensen et al found that roots and mycorrhizal fungi sequester ~50-‐70% of carbon in boreal forests (Science. 2013. Roots and Associated Fungi Drive Long-‐Term Carbon Sequestra?on in Boreal Forest.)

From history of mycology to now: Mycologists have used fungi to understand the cell cycle and gene?cs and to produce important products such as penicillin, beer, wine, cheese, and bread. With only 100,000 species described and an es?mated 8 milllion who can guess what future mycologists will uncover?

Helvella lacunosa by R. VandegriG

Xylaria apiculataby R. VandegriG

Epichloe sylva;ca by R. VandegriG

Schlicht and Janse described AMF in the 1890s. AMF drawing by R. VandegriG.

hop://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tree_of_Living_Organisms_2.png

270

Albert Berhard Frank (1839-‐1900) is credited with coining the term mycorrhizae.

Ectomycorrhizae (above), and endo-‐ (or arbuscular) mycorrhizae (leG). Among land plants, 80% of species and 92% of families associate with at least one type of mycorrhiza (Smith and Read Mycorrhizal Symbiosis 2010).