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Fig. 15-CO, p. 464
Digestive System
Body systemsmaintain
homeostasis
Homeostasis isessential for
survival of cells
CellsCells make upbody systems
Homeostasis
Fig. 15-1, p. 466
Maltose GlucoseGlucose
Table 15-1, pp. 468-469
Nasal passages
Mouth
Salivary glands
Pharynx
Pharngoesophagealsphincter
Trachea
Esophagus
Table 15-1, pp. 468-469
Gastroesophagealsphincter
Liver
Stomach
GallbladderPancreas
Duodenum
Descending colon
Transverse colon
Ascending colon
Jejunum
Cecum
lleum
Appendix
Sigmoid colon
Anus
Rectum
Fig. 15-2, p. 470
Body wall
Peritoneum
Mesentery
Serosa
Submucosa
Duct of largeaccessory digestivegland (i.e., liveror pancreas) emptyinginto digestive tractlumen
Outer longitudinal muscle
Inner circular muscle
Muscularisexterna
Lamina propria
Mucous membrane
Muscularis mucosa
Myenteric plexus
Submucous plexus
Lumen
Mucosa
Fig. 15-3, p. 471
Externalinfluence
Local changes indigestive tract
Receptors in digestive tract
Intrinsicnerve plexuses
Extrinsicautomaticnerves
Gastrointestinalhormones
Smooth muscle(contraction for motility)
Exocrine gland cells(secretion of digestive juices)
Endocrine gland cells(secretion of gastrointestinaland pancreatic hormones)
Self-excitable
= Short reflex
= Long reflex
= Hormonal pathway
Fig. 15-4, p. 473
Cerebral cortex Other inputs
Salivary centerin medulla
Conditionedreflex
Pressure receptorsand chemoreceptorsin mouth
Simple reflex Autonomic nerves
Salivary glands
Salivary secretions
Fig. 15-5a, p. 474
Nasal passages
Hard palate
Soft palate
Uvula
Pharynx
Epiglottis
Esophagus
Trachea
Bolus
Tongue
Glottis at entrance of larynx
Fig. 15-5b, p. 474
Tight apposition of vocal folds acrossglottis prevents food from enteringrespiratory airways (viewed from above)
Swallowing centerinhabits respiratorycenter in brain stem
Elevation of uvulaprevents food fromentering nasal passages
Position of tongueprevents food fromre-entering mouth
Epiglottis is presseddown over closedglottis as auxiliarymechanism to preventfood from enteringairways
Bolus
Fig. 15-6, p. 475
Ringlike peristalticcontraction sweepingdown the esophagus
Fig. 15-7, p. 476
Esophagus Fundus
Smoothmuscle
Oxynticmucosa
AntrumPyloricglandarea
Duodenum
Pyloricsphincter
Stomachfolds
Body
Gastroesophagealsphincter
Fig. 15-8a, p. 477
Esophagus
DuodenumPyloric sphincter
Stomach
Gastroesophagealsphincter
Movementof chyme
Peristalticcontraction
Direction ofmovementof peristalticcontraction
Gastric emptying
Fig. 15-8b, p. 477
Gastric mixing
Peristalticcontraction
Table 15-2, p. 478
Table 15-3, p. 480
Table 15-3 (1), p. 480
Oxynticmucosa
Pyloricglandarea
Stomachlumen
Gastricpit
Mucosa
Submucosa
Table 15-3 (2), p. 480
In oxyntic mucosa
Gastricpit
Gastricgland
Surface epithelial cells
Mucosa cells
Chief cells
Parietal cells
Enterochomaffin-like (ECL) cells
In pyloric gland area
G cells
D cells
Fig. 15-9, p. 482
Autocatalysis
Digestion
Protein
Peptide fragments
Gastriclumen
HCI
Pepsinogen Pepsin
Table 15-4, p. 483
Table 15-5, p. 484
Fig. 15-10, p. 484
Mucus coating
Impermeableto HCI
Cells lining gastric mucosa(including those lininggastric pits and glands)Submucosa
Tightjunction
Luminal contents
Fig. 15-11, p. 487
DuodenumBile ductfrom liver
Stomach
Hormones(insulin,glucagon)
Blood
Endocrine portionof pancreas(Islets of Langerhans)
The glandular portions ofthe pancreas are grosslyexaggerated
Duct cellssecrete aqueousNaHCO3 solution
Acinar cellssecrete digestiveenzymes
Exocrine portion of panaceas(Acinar and duct cells)
Fig. 15-12, p. 488
Acid induodenallumen
Fat and proteinproducts induodenal lumen
Secretion releasefrom duodenalmucosa
CCK releasefrom duodenalmucosa
(Secretin carriedby blood)
Pancreatic acinarcells
Secretion of aqueousNaHCO3 solution intoduodenal lumen
Secretion ofpancreatic digestiveenzymes intoduodenal lumen
Pancreatic ductcells
Neutralizes Digests(CCK carriedby blood)
Fig. 15-13, p. 489
Heart
AortaInferiorvena cava
Hepatic veinHepatic artery
Liversinusoids
Liver
Hepatic portal vein
Digestivecapillaries
Digestivetract
Arteries todigestive tract
Fig. 15-14a, p. 490
Branch ofhepaticportalvein
Bileduct
Sinusoids
Branchofhepaticartery
Bile canaliculi
Central vein
Cords ofhepatocytes(liver cells)
Hepaticportal vein
Hepaticartery
Tohepaticduct
Fig. 15-14b, p. 490
Branch ofhepatic artery
Branch ofhepatic portal vein
Connectivetissue
Kupffer cell
Bilecanaliculi
Sinusoids
Central vein
Hepatic plateCords of hepatocytes(liver cells)
Bileduct
Fig. 15-15, p. 490
Bile salts Cholesterol
Liver
Common bile duct
Duodenum
Gallbladder
Sphincter of Oddi
Portalcirculation
Terminal ileum
Colon
Fig. 15-16a, p. 491
Negativity chargedH2O-soluble portion(a carboxyl group atthe end of a glycineor taurine chain)
Lipid-soluble portion(derived from cholesterol)
Small lipid (fat)droplet with bilesalt moleculesabsorbed onits surface
Fig. 15-16b, p. 491
Large fat droplet
Through actionof bile salts
Lipidemulsion
Fig. 15-17, p. 492
Hydrophobic core
Hydrophilic shell
All lipid-soluble
Cholesterol
Bile salt
Water-soluble portion
Lipid-soluble portion
Water-soluble portion
Lipid-soluble portion
Lecithin
Fig. 15-18, p. 493
Fig. 15-19, p. 495
Ascendingcolon
Ileocecal valve
Pushesvalve closedand contractssphincter
Cecum
Gastrin
Ileocecal sphincter
Pushes valve openand relaxes sphincter
Ileum
Appendix
Newmeal
Table 15-6, p. 496
Fig. 15-20ab, p. 497
Circularfold
Villus
(Continue to next slide)
Fig. 15-20cd, p. 497
Epithelial cell
Mucous cell
Central lacteal
Capillaries
Crypt of Lieberkühn
Arteriole
Venule
Lymphatic vessel
Microvilli
Fig. 15-23, p. 500
Lipid emulsion
Micelles
Epithelialcell of villus
Lumen
(Exocytosis)
Central lacteal
Aggregate andcoated withlipoprotien
Short ormediumchain Basement
membrane
Capillary
Lumen
Micellesdiffusion
Micelle
Microvillus
Fatty acids,monoglycerides
Passive absorption
Table 15-7, p. 501
Fig. 15-24, p. 502
Transverse colon
Haustra
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
External anal sphincter(skeletal muscle)
Anal sphincter
Internal anal sphincter(smooth muscle)
Rectum
AppendixCecum
Ileocecal valve
Ascending colon
Taeniae coli
Click to view animation.
Esophageal Phase
Animation
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Gastric Mixing
Animation
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Oropharyngeal Stage
Animation
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Segmentation
Animation