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Get ready for the mid-term guys! :)
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SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR
THE RELATIONS OF FORMS AND MEANINGS
LILIA INDRIANI
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT-FKIP
TIDAR UNIVERSITY OF MAGELANG
WHAT DO YOU THINK WHEN YOU HEAR THE WORD GRAMMAR?
S + v1/ VS/ VES + O
S + HAS/HAVE + V3
BLA…BLA…BLA…
WHAT IS GRAMMAR? Is a theory of language, of how
language is put together and how it is works.
It is the study of wordings.
WHAT IS WORDINGS?
Time flies like an arrow.
Wording is the words and their order
Folk Terminology:
Meaning – wording –letters/ sound
Linguistic Terminology:
Semantics – lexicogrammar – orthography/ phonology
APPROACHES TO GRAMMAR
Formal Grammar Grammar as a set of rules Specifies all the possible
grammatical structures of a language
Focused on forms of grammatical structures and their relationships to one another.
Functional Grammar Grammar as a resource
for making and exchanging meanings
Specifies meanings of forms in different contexts
Focused on the appropriateness of form for a particular communicative purpose.
TRADITIONAL /FORMAL GRAMMAR
Times flies like an arrowNoun Verb Prepositional
Phrase
Tim told of a tragic case
Noun Verb Prepositional Phrase
FUNCTIONAL GRAMMARTimes flies like an arrowParticipant:ACTOR
Process:MATERIAL
Circumstance:MANNER
Tim told of a tragic case
Participant:SAYER
Process:VERBAL
Circumstance:MATTER
SUMMARYFORMAL FUNCTIONAL
PRIMARY CONCERN
HOW IS THIS SENTENCE BE STRUCTURED?
HOW ARE THE MEANINGS OF THIS TEXT REALISED?
UNIT OF ANALYSIS
SENTENCE WHOLE TEXT
LABGUAGE LEVEL OF CONCERN
SYNTAX SEMANTICS
LANGUAGE IS A SET OF RULES FOR SENTENCE CONSTRUCTION
A RESOURCE FOR MEANING MAKING
THE CONTEXT-TEXT
CONNECTIONGEROT AND WIGNELL (p.10)
CONTEXT-TEXT CONNECTION All meaning is situated context of
situation and culture.e.g. just put it beside those other ones.
what’s the time? let’s shower!
Context of culture determines what we can mean through being who we are, doing what we do, saying what we say
CONTEXT OF SITUATION can be specified through use of the
register variables: FIELD, TENOR, MODE FIELD (What is going on): activity and
object focus. TENOR (the social relationship between
those who taking part): status of power, affect, contact.
MODE (how language is being used) : spoken/ written, action/ reflection.
TEXT
CULTURE
Genre (Purpose)
Situation
Who is involved?
(Tenor)
Subject matter Channel
(Field) (Mode)
Register
RECONSTRUCTING THE CONTEXT The wordings of text simultaneously
encode three types of meaning:
Ideational MeaningInterpersonal MeaningTextual Meaning
IDEATIONAL MEANINGS Meanings about phenomena About things and goings on About circumstances surrounding the
happenings and doings Realized in wordings through
Participants, Processes and circumstances
Centrally influenced by the field of discourse
EXAMPLES
Polar bears eat fish
Participant:Actor
Process:Material
Participant:Goal
Polar bears are good hunters
Participant:Carrier
Process:Attributive
Participant:Attribute
WHAT DOES THE SENTENCE MEAN? We can answer by explaining what it is about. It is about an animal (polar bears) performing
a habitual action (eat) onto another animal (fish).
This is known as experiential meaning. This represents our experience of the world as
well as thoughts and feelings. Concerned with how we talk about actions,
happenings, feelings, beliefs, situations, states, etc.
INTERPERSONAL MEANINGS
Express a speaker’s attitudes and judgments For acting upon and with others Realized in wordings through MOOD and
modality. Most centrally influenced by tenor of
discourse
No 2 is still a statement, but it introduces into the sentences an assessment by the speaker whether or not the statement is true.
No 2 and 3 differs in the way s in which we act upon one another through language.
1. POLAR BEARS EAT FISH2. POLAR BEARS MIGHT BE GOOD HUNTERS.3. DO POLAR BEARS EAT FISH?
EXAMPLES(GEROT AND WIGNELL 1995:13)• Declarative: We inspect the growing plants every week• Imperative: Brock, get those plants inspected right now!
Consider the interpersonal relations between speakers.
EXAMPLES
Brock, do you really expect me to believe this crap? Mr. Brock, I find your position untenable
Consider the degree of informality or formality
EXAMPLES Mr. Brock is a fine, upstanding employee. Brock is a lazy, incompetent fool.
Consider the attitudinal lexis which express affect, the degree of like and dislike
EXAMPLES: MODALITY
Unfortunately, Brock is an inspector. Fortunately, Brock is an inspector.
Consider the Mood Adjunct which reveal attitude or judgment.
• The crop might be inspected.• The crop should be inspected• The crop must be inspectedConsider modal operators revealing the speaker’
certainty.
TEXTUAL MEANINGS
Express the relation of language to its environment (including what has been spoken or written before),
Realized through patterns of Theme and cohesion, Most centrally influenced by mode of discourse, Has to do with the ways in which a stretch of language is
organized in relation to its context Is important in the creation of coherence in spoken and
written texts.
The linguistic differences between the following spoken and written texts below relate primarily to differences in thematic choices and patterns of cohesion.
This is yer phone bill and you hafta go to the Post Office to pay it – uh, by next Monday – that’s what this box tells ya – or they’ll cut yer phone off!
All phone bills must be paid by the date shown or service will be discontinued.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONTEXT, MEANINGS AND WORDINGS
Context Text Semantics Lexicogrammar (meanings) (wordings)
Field Ideational Transitivity(what is going on) (Processes, Participants,
Circumstances
Tenor Interpersonal Mood and Modality(Social relations) (Speech roles, attitudes)
Mode Textual Theme, Cohesion(Contextual coherence)
THE MOUNTAIN
Long ago, a great mountain began to rumble and shake. People came from far and near to see what would happen.
“A great river will be born,” said one.“A mighty dragon will come out,” said another.“A god himself will spring from these rocks,” said a
third.Finally, a small crack appeared in the mountainside.
And out popped a mouse.
THE PRAYER I pray you'll be our eyes
And watch us where we goAnd help us to be wiseIn times when we don't know
Let this be our prayerAs we go our wayLead us to a placeGuide us with your GraceTo a place where we'll be safe
LOVE CHANGES EVERYTHINGLove, love changes everything
Hands and faces, birds and sky
Love, love changes everythingHow you live and how you die
Love can make the summer flyOr a night seem like a lifetimeYes, love, love changes
everythingNow I tremble at your nameNothing in the world will ever
bethe same
Love, love changes everythingDays are longer, words mean
moreLove, love changes everythingPain is deeper than before
Love will turn your world around
And that world would last forever
Yes, love, love changes everything
Brings you glory, brings you shame
Nothing in the world will ever be the same
Love, into the world we goPlanning future, shaping
yearsLove does its acts suddenlyAll our wisdom disappears
Love makes moves on everyone
All the rules we make are broken
Yes, love, love changes everything
Live or perish in its nameLove will never, never let you
be the same
CANDLE IN THE WIND
Goodbye England's roseMay you ever grow in our heartsYou were the grace that placed itselfWhere lives were torn apartYou called out to our countryAnd you whispered to those in painNow you belong to heavenAnd the stars spell out your name
* And it seems to me you lived your lifeLike a candle in the windNever fading with the sunsetWhen the rain set inAnd your footsteps will always fall youAlong England's greenest hillsYour candle's burned out long beforeYour legend never will
Loveliness we've lostThese empty days without your smileThis torch we'll always carryFor our nation's golden childAnd even though we tryThe truth brings us to tearsAll our words cannot expressThe joy you brought us through the years
• And it seems …
Goodbye England's roseMay you ever grow in our heartsYou were the grace that placed itselfWhere lives were torn apartGoodbye England's roseFrom a country lost without your soulWho'll miss the wings of your compassionMore than you'll ever know
* And it seems…
MOOD- CHAPTER 2
GEROT AND WIGNELL (p.21-50)
CONSTITUENT OF MOOD There are three main elements of
MOOD constituent:1. an expression of polarity: either YES (positive polarity) or NO (negative polarity)
2. a nominal-type element, which we will call the SUBJECT
3.a verbal-type element, which we will call the FINITE.
SUBJECT SUBJECT realizes the thing by
reference to which the proposition can be affirmed or denied. It provides the person or thing in whom is vested the success or failure of the proposition, what is “held responsible”
The identification of the SUBJECT can be achieved by the tag test: the element that gets picked up by the pronoun in the tag is the SUBJECT.
Another test is to change the verb from singular to plural or plural to singular.
FINITE Halliday (1985) defines the FINITE in
terms of its function in the clause to make the proposition definite, to anchor the proposition in a way that we can argue about it. (see: Eggins 1994:157-159)
The definition of the FINITE again involves the tag test: the verbal part of the tag tells you which element the FINITE is. (see: Eggins: 1994: 158-1959)
EXAMPLES (P.24)
I DIDN’TWHO DID
MICHAEL DIDSUBJECT FINITE
MOOD
EXAMPLES• I sleep.
• I am sleeping.
• I could sleep .
SUBJECT FINITE PREDICATOR
MOOD RESIDUE
SUBJECT FINITE PREDICATOR
MOOD RESIDUE
SUBJECT
FINITE :MODAL
PREDICATOR
MOOD RESIDUE
CONSTITUENT OF RESIDUE The RESIDUE component of the
clause is that part of the clause which is somehow less essential to the arguability of the clause than is the MOOD component.
RESIDUE component can also contain a number of functional elements: a PREDICATOR, one or more COMPLEMENTS, and any number of different types of ADJUNCTS.
PREDICATOR The PREDICATOR is the lexical or
content part of the verbal group. PREDICATOR fills the role of specifying
the actual event, action, process being discussed.
The verbal group contains two elements. The first part of the verbal group is the FINITE. The second part is the PREDICATOR.
COMPLEMENT COMPLEMENT is defined as a non-
essential in the clause, a participant somehow effected by the main argument of the proposition.
It is identified as an element within the Residue that has the potential of being Subject but is not. A Complement can get to be Subject through the process of passivizing the clause.
COMLEMENT functions to describe the Subject, to offer an attribute of it. Technically, Attributive Complements cannot become Subjects (they cannot form passives).
EXAMPLES Henry Jameswrote “The
Bostonians”
Simon gave George a book.
He isn’t contemporary.
SUBJECT FINITE PREDICATOR
COMPLEMENT
MOOD RESIDUE
SUBJECT FINITE PREDICATOR
COMPLEMENT
COMPLEMENT
MOOD RESIDUE
SUBJECT FINITE COMPLEMENT
MOOD RESIDUE
ADJUNCTS ADJUNCTS are clause elements which
contribute some additional (but non-essential) information to the clause.
They can be identified as elements which do not have the potential to become Subject – i.e. they are not nominal elements, but are adverbial, or prepositional.
We can differentiate between three broad classes of Adjuncts, according to whether their contribution to the clause is principally experiential, interpersonal or textual:
Circumstantial Adjuncts (experiential); Modal Adjuncts (interpersonal); Textual Adjuncts.
There are four main types of Modal Adjuncts: Mood Adjuncts, Polarity Adjuncts; Comment Adjuncts; Vocative Adjuncts.
CIRCUMSTANTIAL ADJUNCTS They add experiential content to the
clause, by expressing some circumstance relating to the process represented in the clause.
They refer to time (when), place (where), cause (why), matter (about what), accompaniment (with whom), beneficiary (to whom), agent (by whom).
EXAMPLES CIRCUMSTANTIAL ADJUCT (PLACE): Ann bought some apples in the
supermarket.
In New York I should have been very busy.
S F P C A: CIRCUMSTANTIAL
MOOD RESIDUE
A: CIRCUM.
S F P C
MOOD RESIDUE
EXAMPLES CIRCUMSTANTIAL ADJUCT (TIME): They can’t do that these
days.
Since March I have studied Grammar 4.
SUBJECT
FINITE: MODAL/ NEGATIV
E
PREDICATOR
COMPLEMENT
A: CIRCUM.
MOOD RESIDUE
A: CIRCUM. SUBJECT FINITE PREDICATOR
COMPLEMENT
MOOD
RESIDUE
EXAMPLES CIRCUMSTANTIAL ADJUCT (CAUSE): You read books for
fun.
I get a job for money.
SUBJECT
FINITE PREDICATOR
COMPLEMENT
ADJUNCT: CIRCUMSTANCIAL
MOOD RESIDUE
SUBJECT
FINITE
PREDICATOR
COMPLEMENT
ADJUNCT: CIRCUMSTANCIAL
MOOD RESIDUE
EXAMPLES CIRCUMSTANTIAL ADJUCT (MATTER): Henry James writes about
women.
I am thinking about you.
SUBJECT FINITE PREDICATOR
ADJUNCT: CIRCUMSTANCIAL
MOOD RESIDUE
SUBJECT
FINITE PREDICATOR ADJUNCT: CIRCUMSTANCIAL
MOOD RESIDUE
EXAMPLES CIRCUMSTANTIAL ADJUCT (AGENT):
George was reading “The Bostonians” by Simon.
June is watching “ Harry Potter” by Steven S.
S F P COMPLEMENT ADJUNCT: CIRCUMSTANCIA
L
MOOD RESIDUE
S F P C ADJUNCT:CIRCUMSTANCIAL
MOOD RESIDUE
MODAL ADJUNCTS (INTERPERSONAL) Are clause constituents which add
interpersonal meaning to clause. They add meanings which are some how
connected to the creation and maintenance of the dialogue.
There are four main types of Modal Adjunct:1. MOOD ADJUNCTS2. POLARITY ADJUNCTS3. COMMENT ADJUNCTS4. VOCATIVE ADJUNCTS
MOOD ADJUNCTS They provide a ”second chance” for the
speaker to add his judgment of probability.
Expressions of :probability : perhaps, may be, probablyusuality : sometimes, usually, etc.intensification : really, absolutely, just, somewhatpresumption: evidently, presumably, obviouslyinclination: happily, willingly
EXAMPLE OF MOOD ADJUNCTCamels probably walk like that.
I always love you all the way.
SUBJECT ADJUNCT: MOOD
FINITE PREDICATOR
ADJUNCT: CIRCUMSTANCIAL
MOOD RESIDUE
S ADJUNCT:
MOOD
FINITE PREDICATOR
COMPLEMENT
ADJUNCT:CIRCUMSTANCI
AL
MOOD RESIDUE
POLARITY ADJUNCTS1. Polarity Adjuncts
when YES and NO are “standing in” for an ellipsed clause.eg.A: Henry James was a guy that could write.B: Yes.
Yes: means He was.
ADJUNCT: POLARITY
MOOD
TEXTUAL ADJUNCTS2. When YES and NO (yea, na, yep, nope)
occur in unstressed initial position, introducing a clause.eg.A: Oh now he’s talking about Romeo and Juliet.B: Yea, I know.
ADJUNCT: TEXTUAL
SUBJECT FINITE PREDICATOR
MOOD RESIDUE
COMMENT ADJUNCTS They function to express an assessment
about the clause as a whole. Typically occur in clause initial position, or
directly after the subject, and realized by adverbs.
1. admission : frankly 2. assertion : honestly, really 3. how desirable : luckily, hopefully 4. how constant: tentatively, provisionally 5. how valid : broadly speaking, generally 6. how sensible : understandably, wisely 7. how expected : as expected, amazingly
COMMENT ADJUNCTSFrankly, I can’t stand meatball.
Unfortunately, I ’ve never read “Little Prince”
ADJUNCT:
COMMENT
SUBJECT
FINITE/ MODAL/
NEGATIVE
PREDICATOR
COMPLEMENT
MOOD RESIDUE
ADJUNCT: COMMENT
S F ADJUNCT:
MOOD
PREDICATOR
COMPLEMENT
MOOD RESIDUE
VOCATIVE ADJUNCTS Function to control the discourse by
designating a likely “next speaker”. They are identifiable as names, but the
names are not functioning as Subjects or Complements, but are used to directly address the person named.
Eg.Did you do physics George?
FINITE SUBJECT
PREDICATOR
COMPLEMENT
ADJUNCT: VOCATIVE
MOOD RESIDUE
TEXTUAL ADJUNCTSThere are two main types of Textual adjuncts:1. Conjunctive Adjuncts
express by conjunctions, function to provide linking relations between one clause and another. These conjunctive adjuncts belong neither in the MOOD box nor in the RESIDUE box.Eg.So poor old Henry ’s out the school too.ADJUNCT:
CONJUNCTIVESUBJECT F COMPLEME
NT ADJUNCT:
CONJUNCTIVE
MOOD RESIDUE
TEXTUAL ADJUNCTS2. Continuity Adjunct
This includes the continuative and continuity items. It usually happens in casual talk, such as well, yea, oh.Eg.Oh now he ’s talking about Jane.
ADJUNCT: CONTINUIT
Y
ADJUNCT CONJUNC
TIVE
SUBJECT
FINITE
PREDICATOR ADJUNCT: CIRCUM.
MOOD RESIDUE
SUMMARY OF ADJUNCTSAdjuncts are not limited in number of occurrence: a clause can contain an indefinite number of adjuncts of different types. Eg.But unfortunately Henry’s novel can’t usually
be bought in local bookshops.
ADJ: CONJ.
ADJ: COMMENT SUBJECT FINITE: MODAL/NEG
ADJ: MOOD
MOOD
PREDICATOR ADJUNCT: CIRC.
RESIDUE
POLAR INTERROGATIVES English offers two main structures for
asking questions: polar interrogatives (yes/no questions); or wh-interrogatives (questions using who, what, which, when, where, why, how)
The structure of the polar interrogative involves the positioning of the Finite before the Subject.
In cases where the related declarative contained a fused Finite/Predicator, we need to introduce a Finite element to place before the Subject. This Finite element is typically the “do’ auxiliary verb. (see Eggins 1994: 173)
EXAMPLES YES/NO QUESTIONS
Is Simon reading novels?
Did Simon learn the English language from the novel?
FINITE SUBJECT
PREDICATOR
COMPLEMENT
MOOD RESIDUE
FINITE SUBJECT
PREDICATO
R
COMPLEMENT ADJUNC: CIRCUMSTANTIAL
MOOD RESIDUE
WH-INTERROGATIVES In a wh-interrogative, we need to
recognize the presence of a WH element. This WH element is always conflated (mapped onto, fused with) another element of clause structure. It may be conflated with either the Subject, the Complement or a Circumstantial Adjunct, and is shown as a constituent of the MOOD or RESIDUE according to the status of the element with which it is conflated. (see: Eggins 1994: 175-176)
EXAMPLES WH-QUESTIONS
Who wrote ‘Chicken Soup’?
What does ‘mood’ mean?
When did Jane meet Tarzan?
WH/SUBJECT FINITE PREDICATOR
COMPLEMENT
MOOD RESIDUE
WH/COMPLEMENT
FINITE SUBJECT PREDICATOR
RESIDUE
MOOD
WH/ADJUNCT:CIRCUM.
FINITE SUBJECT PREDICATOR
COMPLEMENT
RESIDUE MOOD
EXCLAMATIVES EXCLAMATIVE structures, which are used
in interaction to express emotions such as surprise, disgust, worry, etc., are a blend of interrogative and declarative patterns. Like the WH-interrogatives, they require the presence of a WH element, conflated with either a Complement or an Adjunct.
E.g.What a great writer Henry James was!
WH/ COMPLEMENT SUBJECT FINITE
RESIDUE MOOD
EXCLAMATIVEHow amazing he was!
How fantastically he wrote!
What great book he was writing last century!
WH/ ATTRIBUTIVE
SUBJECT FINITE
RESIDUE MOOD
WH/ADJUNCT/CIRCUM.
SUBJECT FINITE PREDICATOR
MOOD
RESIDUE
WH/COMPLEMENT S F PREDICATOR
ADJUNCT:CIRCM
MOOD
RESIDUE
MODALITY: (1) MODALIZATION When we exchange information, the clause
takes he form of a proposition. A proposition is something that can be argued, but argued in a particular way. When we exchange information we are arguing about whether something IS or IS NOT. Information is something that can be affirmed, or denied.
But these two poles of polarity are not the only possibilities. In between these two extremes are a number of choices of degree of certainty, or of usuality: something is perhaps, something isn’t for sure. Something is sometimes or something isn’t always.The intermediate positios are what we refer to MODALIZA
TION.
EXAMPLES MODALIZATION
The book might have been written by Daniel.
The book was possibly written by Daniel.
The book might possibly have been written by Daniel.
SUBJECT FINITE: MODAL
PREDICATOR ADJUNCT:CIRC
MOOD RESIDUE
SUBJECT FINITE ADJUNCT: MOOD
PREDICATOR
ADJUNCT: CIRC
MOOD RESIDUE
SUBJECT FINITE:
MODAL
ADJUNCT: MOOD
PREDICATOR ADJUNCT: CIRC
MOOD RESIDUE
MODALITY: (2) MODULATION There are many other ways of using
language to get or people to do things for us, or offering to do things for them.
Modulation is a way for speakers to express their judgments or attitudes about actions or events. When we are acting on or for other people, we do not have the dogmatic choices of DO or DON’T, I’LL GIVE THIS or I WON’T GIVE YOU THIS. But between these two poles of compliance and refusal we can express degrees of obligation and inclination.
EXAMPLES MODALIZATIONI reckon Daniel wrote the
book.
I think Daniel wrote the book.
I’m sure Daniel wrote the book.
ADJUNCT: MOOD
SUBJECT FINITE PREDICATOR
COMPLEMENT
MOOD RESIDUE
ADJUNCT: MOOD
SUBJECT FINITE PREDICATOR
COMPLEMENT
MOOD RESIDUE
ADJUNCT: MOOD
SUBJECT FINITE PREDICATOR
COMPLEMENT
MOOD RESIDUE
IMPERATIVE It frequently uses a clause of the Mood type. Don’t you take my copy of the
book!
Let’s read Shakespeare!
Read Shakespeare!
FINITE: NEG SUBJECT PREDICATOR COMPLEMENT
MOOD RESIDUE
SUBJECT PREDICATOR COMPLEMENT
MODO RESIDUE
PREDICATOR COMPLEMENT
RESIDUE
THE DOG THAT TAKES YOU INTO THE BAR
Two men are walking their dogs (a Doberman and a Chihuahua) when they say to each other “I’m thirsty.” They see a nearby Bar and walk up to it. Unfortunately, there was a sign on the door that said NO DOGS. They thought for a while to try to figure out what they should do with no luck.
Suddenly, the man with the Doberman said, “I have an idea! Do what I do!” The man put on his sunglasses, walked up to the door and tried to get in but a big muscular man stopped him. “Where do you think you’re going?” asked the big man. “This is my seeing-eye dog,“ said the man hoping for good feedback. “Alright mister, go right in,” said the big man.
The Doberman man walked in. The second man slipped his sunglasses on and did the same as the first man. “Where are you going?” asked the big man. “I’m going into the bar, this is my seeing-eye dog,” he said. “A Chihuahua?” asked the big man with suspicion. The other man, playing his part yelled, “They gave me a Chihuahua?!”
TRANSITIVITYCHAPTER 3
Gerot and Wignell p. 52-79
TRANSITIVITY It organizes the clause to realize the
experiential meaning. Clauses with two participants – Actor
and Goal – are normally known as transitive clauses.
Clauses with the single participant Actor are normally known as intransitive clauses
PROCESSES MATERIAL DOING BODILY,
PHYSICALLY, MATERIALLY
BEHAVIORAL BEHAVING PHYSIOLOGICALLY, PSYCHOLOGICALLY
MENTAL SENSING EMOTIONALLY, INTELLECTUALLY,
SENSORILY
VERBAL SAYING LINGUALLY, SIGNALLING
RELATIONAL BEING EQUAL TOSOME ATTRIBUTIVE
OF
EXISTENTIAL EXISTING THERE, EXIST
METEOROLOGICAL WEATHERING
…
MATERIAL PROCESSES Some entity physically does something. Have a doing (process) and doer
(participant) ACTOR : who perform the action. GOAL : the participant at whom the
process is directed, to whom the action is extendedThe doctor tested my blood.
Actor Process: Material Goal
My blood Was tested by the doctor
Goal Process: Material
Actor
GOAL VS RANGE Range is the element that specifies the
scope or domain of the Process. “What did X do to Y?” (Question to
determine is it range or goal) Eg. (1) They did the transfusion. (2) They transfused the blood. (1) What did they do to the transfusion? (2) What did they do to the blood? The transfusion in (1) is RANGE, while
the blood in (2) is GOAL. This is the first type of range.
GOAL VS RANGE The second kind of range : it doesn’t
exist except through the process. The range is really just another name
for the process itself. Eg. Marg served the dinner.
Susan is playing doll.
The dinner and doll is just specifying the process.
Marg served the dinner
Susan is playing doll
ACTOR PROCESS: MATERIAL
RANGE
GOAL VS RANGE A third type of range is that created by
the use of dummy verb like do, have, give, take, make.
Eg. You give a smile.I have a bath.She took a look.
You Give A smile
I Have A bath
She Took A look
ACTOR PROCESS;
MATERIAL
RANGE
GOAL VS RANGE Range cannot take attributes of result:
an element which gives the outcome of the process.
Eg. She shot him dead.
But not She shot a gun dead. (FALSE!) A gun = Range
She shot him dead
Actor Process:
Material
Goal Resultative
attribute
GOAL VS RANGEDECIDE IS IT RANGE OR GOAL!
Kick a goal Kick the dog
Serve the ball Serve the meal
Give a present Give a smile
Make mistake Make a cake
Take a biscuit Take a bath
Eggins p. 235
EXAMPLES They were playing tennis.
She dropped an egg.
They ran the race.
They Were playing tennis
ACTOR PROCESS:
MATERIAL
RANGE
She dropped an egg
ACTOR PROCESS:
MATERIAL
GOAL
They ran the race
ACTOR PROCESS:
MATERIAL
RANGE
BENEFICIARY Is a participant who in some way could
be said to benefit from the process. Eg. They give you a cognac.
They gave blood to my daughter.You and my daughter are beneficiary.
There are two kinds of beneficiary: Recipient (the one to whom something is given) and Client (the one for whom something is done).
BENEFICIARY I sold the car to John
They threw a farewell party for Jane.
They Threw A farewell party For Jane
Actor Process: Material Goal Client
I Sold The car To John
Actor Process:
Material
Goal Recipient
CIRCUMSTANCES
EXTENT
DURATION
(TEMPORAL)
DISTANCE
(SPATIAL)
CAUSE LOCATION
TIME (TEMPORAL)
PLACE (SPATIA
L)
MATTER
MANNER
MEANS
QUALITY
COMPARISON
ROLE ACCOMPANIMENT
REASON
PURPOSE
BEHALF
CIRCUMSTANCES Are realized by adverbial groups or
prepositional phrases. Eg. Eggins p. 238
I stay up all night. (Circ: extent)
They rang me up on the Saturday night. (Circ: location)
They did the transfusion through the umbilical artery. (circ: Manner)
CIRCUMSTANCES In Switzerland unlike Greece, they give
you a cognac. (Circ: location, manner)
She carried the bomb for her boyfriend. (Circ: cause)
She got on plane without her friend. (Circ: accompaniment)
She was travelling to Israel as a tourist. (Circ: role)
MENTAL PROCESS Are one of sensing: feeling, thinking,
perceiving. There are three types:
1. Affective or reactive (feeling)2. Cognitive (thinking)3. Perceptive (perceiving through the
five sense) The participant are SENSER and
PHENOMENON.
EXAMPLES Mark likes new clothes.
Mark understood.
Loneliness hurts.
Continued in Gerot and Wignell p. 59-60.
Senser Mental Process:
Affect
phenomenon
Senser Mental : Cognitive
Phenomenon Mental:Affect
BEHAVIOURAL PROCESS Processes of physiological and
psychological behaviour like watch, look over, taste, sniff, stare, gawk, work out, think on, dream, breathe, cough, snuffle, smile, frown, laugh, grimace, scowl, grin, pout.
The participant is BEHAVER and RANGE.
Behaver: participant does the behaviour. Range: the behaviour enacted. Gerot and Wignell p.61
EXAMPLESShe sight with despair
Behaver Pr:behavioural Circ:manner
He coughed loudly
Behaver Pr:behavioural Circ:manner
He smiled A broad smile
Behaver Pr:behavioural Range
George sniffed the soup
Behaver Pr:behavioural Phenomenon
VERBAL PROCESSES
Are processes of saying and including symbolic exchanges of meaning.
The participant are SAYER , RECEIVER,TARGET and VERBIAGE.
Sayer: participant responsible for the verbal process.
Receiver: the one to whom the verbalization is addressed.
Verbiage: a name for the verbalization itself.I asked him a question
Sayer Verbal Process
Receiver Verbiage
VERBAL PROCESSES Target: one acted upon verbally
(insulted, complimented, etc)
John Slurred Howard
Sayer Verbal process target
EXCERCISE
1. They are talking about the news.2. I said, “Can you avoid the car?”3. The boyfriend told her a lot of rubbish.4. “They pay you,” you said.5. He said that she should carry the bags.6. The novels have been given to the
library.7. Susan cooked dinner for them.8. She was crying with frustration.9. “I will meet her in Yogyakarta”, he
decided.10. His excuses were believed.
TRANSITIVITYCHAPTER 3
Existensial and Relational Process
Gerot and Wignell p.67
EXISTENTIAL PROCESS (P.72) Are process of existence. Clue: “There was/ is something.” Use the word: there, be, exist, arise,
occur. The participants are EXISTENT,
CIRCUMSTANCE.
Differenciate between there (circum:place) with there (existential) p.73.
There Was Snow on the ground
Pr: Existential Existent Circ: place
RELATIONAL PROCESSES: PROCESSES OF BEING AND HAVING Relational Processes involve states of
being (including having). Processes are Identifying or Attributive. Identifying Process is a process which
establish an identity. Attributive process is a process which
assign a quality. You are the thinner one here.
(Identifying) You are very thin. (Attributive)
RELATIONAL PROCESSES: PROCESSES OF BEING AND HAVING
1. Intensive Attributive ProcessThe participants are CARRIER, ATTRIBUTIVE and ATTRIBUTE.Clue: “x is a member of the class y”
Diana Is A beautiful woman
Carrier Pr: attributive: intensive
Attribute
He Turned pale
Carrier Pr: attributive: intensive
Attribute
INTENSIVE ATTRIBUTIVE PROCESS An intensive relational process involves
a relational between two terms, where the relationship is expressed by the verb be or a synonym.
the verb: become, turn, grow, turn out, start out, end up, keep, stay, remain, seem, sound, appear, look, taste, smell, feel, stand.
Attributive clause is not reversible. There is no passive form of the clause.p.71
RELATIONAL PROCESSES: PROCESSES OF BEING AND HAVING
2. Intensive Identifying ProcessesThe participants are TOKEN, IDENTIFYING, VALUE.Clue: “x serves to define the identity of y”
You Are the skinniest one
Token Pr: Identifying: intensive
Value
The skinniest one
Is you
Value Pr: Identifying: intensive
Token
INTENSIVE IDENTIFYING PROCESSES Identifying clause is not about ascribing
or classifying but defining. Identifying intensive verb is be, and
other synonymous intensives: equal, add up to, make, signify, mean, define, spell, indicate, express, suggest, act as, symbolize, play, represent, stand for, refer to, exemplify.
Identifying clause is reversible. There is passive form of the clause if we
use the synonymous intensives.p.71
OTHER COMMON SUB-TYPE OF RELATIONAL: CIRCUMSTANTIALS Circumstantial relational process encode
meanings about the circumstantial dimensions: location, manner, cause, etc.
Attributive circumstantial:
As with all attributive process, these cannot form passive.in her luggage was been by the bomb.
The bomb Was In her luggage.
Carrier Attributive: Circumstantial
Attribute
IDENTIFYING CIRCUMSTANTIALS Identifying circumstantial is also possible to
encode the circumstantial meaning within either the participants (Token, value) or the process. It is reversible and perform passive.
Tuesday Was The deadline
Token Identifying: circumstantial
Value
Albumen surrounds The yolk
Token Identifying: circumstantial
Value
OTHER RELATIONAL: POSSESSIVES Possessive processes encode meanings
of ownership and possession between clausal participants.
Attributive Possessive:
Identifying Possessive:
This Is yours
Carrier Attributive: possessive
attribute
The bags Was John’s
Token Identifying: possessive
Value
OTHER RELATIONAL: POSSESSIVES Attributive possessive verbs: to have
and to belong to. Identifying possessive verbs: to own and
to contain.Gerot and Wignell p.68
METEOROLOGICAL PROCESSES The ‘it’ has no representational
functions but does provide a subject. These are analyze as Meteorological Processes.
Gerot and Wignell p.73
It ‘s hot
Meteorological process
EXTRA PARTICIPANTS AND CAUSATION P.76-77 In many processes types there is the
possibility of the process being initiated externally. For instance:
Here there is the third participant called the initiator.
Usually we find it in material process.
The devil
Made Me do It
INITIATOR MATERIA
L
ACTOR GOAL
EXTRA PARTICIPANTS AND CAUSATION P.76-77 A similar situation can be found in
Relational Processes: attributive Here the additional participant is called
Attributor. For instance:
She Drives Me crazy
Attributor Attributive Carrier attribute
EXTRA PARTICIPANTS AND CAUSATION P.76-77 In identifying clauses, the additional
participant is called the assigner (the one who assign the identity).
They Call Me Bruce
Assigner Identifying Value Token
EXTRA PARTICIPANTS AND CAUSATION P.76-77 In mental process the additional
participant is called the inducer. For example:
She Made Me Rethink My attitudes
Inducer Mental Senser phenomenon
EXCERCISES1. The students keep silent. 2. The class took two hours.3. You have two sisters.4. There is a glass on the table.5. Cat is spelled C-A-T.6. The books are in your bag.7. The teacher made the students finish the test.8. The manager made the employee decide their
choice.9. The experience turned Jane a good teacher.10. The group called Bruce the chairman.