Applications of Advanced Graphics

AnimationDigital Image processingMorphingFractalsRay Tracing

AnimationArt of creating moving imagesWidely used in education, training,

entertainment, advertising.Formal definition of computer animation is ”

generation of time sequence of visually changing objects in their shapes, colour, orientation, translation, rotation etc.”

Computer animation is divided into two broad processes.

To design and creation of animation sequence To display animation sequence

In general ,an animation sequence is designed with the following steps:

1.Storyboard Layout2.Object Definitions3.Key-frame specifications4.Generations of in-between

frames

The storyboard is an outline of the action.An object definition is given for each

participant in the action.A key frame is a detailed drawing of the

scene at a certain time in the animation sequence.

In-betweens are the intermediate frames.Approximately 1500 frames are needed for

a clip of one minute of film.

In practice, the animation is created by three traditional ways.

Key frame system- key frame is defined Parameterized system- parameter may be

degree of freedom, motion path - motion path can be linear or non-linear or random

linear- car on a straight road non-linear- motion of a cricket ball

random- flying butterfly Scripting system – user writes some functions to

control animation.

Methods to define motionDirect motion specification - clockGoal specified motion – cricket ballKinematics motion specification- motion can

be specified by position, velocity, acceleration

Morphing

Digital Image ProcessingIt is composed of finite number of elements.Each of these elements consists of location

information and pixel details.The digital images may be fun images,

medical images, biometric images, satellite images etc.

Sometimes they contain some noise or some clarity is needed.

For doing this, some process is performed on the images, which is known as Digital Image. Processing.

The main objectives of digital image processing are: 1) To improve pictorial information

2) To analyze pictorial information3) To optimize image storage for

efficient representation and transmission.

Image processing is divided into three major categories

1) Image compression2) Image enhancement and restoration3) Image extraction

1) Image compressionSize of digital image is very largeDifficult to transmit due to large size

For example, animation series or video.

For this reason, we need to reduce the size of the image- it is known as image compression

2) Image enhancement and restorationIn this method, the images are processed for

data error detection, removal of noise and distortion occurs while scanning the picture or recording the scene

It is used to restore the original scene in the form of image.

There are two types of noises that can be present in an image.

1) Random 2) Non-randomSome vital information regarding random

pixels is missing as may happen during scanning of a picture is known as random noise.

When some strips or lines disturb the image, it is known as non-random type of noise.

In the noise removal, filtering techniques are used.

Linear Filter Multidimensional filter Median filter Laplacian filter Gaussian filter Mean filterKuwahara filterSigma filter

Other image enhancement tasks are colour and brightness adjustment etc.

Ex. Black and white imageNegative imageImage with glowing edgeBlurred imageImage with different background

Image ExtractionClassify the image into various parts.Segmentation and clustering are the

methods to analyze a picture by the classification.

Applications of digital image processingMedical scienceEntertainmentRemote sensingRoboticsBiometrics

FractalsThe objects which are neither 2-dimensional

or 3-dimensional.They are in some fractional dimensions like

1.5 and so on.Ex. Clouds, curve, trees, mountains etc.

Fractals are divided into three groups1) Exact self-similar fractals

Exactly identical at different scales2) Quasi self-similar fractals

Nearly identical at different scales3) Statistical self-similar fractals

Have numerical or statistical measures across the scale.

Ray tracingFinds the colour information of each and

every pixel in the scene by tracing a ray of light that is reflected back to the viewer’s eye from the pixel position.

Ray tracing