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"The Economic Case for Investments in Young Children"A presentation to the 25th Anniversary Speak Out for Kids Luncheon in St. Louis, MO - held by Citizens for Missouri's Children on 10/29/09.
Citation preview
Rob Grunewald Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis
The Economic Case for Investments in Young
Children
Educational Characteristics of the Labor ForceMillions of Workers Age 25 and Over
Source: Ellwood (2001)
Four Numbers to Remember
700 per second
18 months
2:1 ratio
3:1 odds
4
Human Brain
at Birth
6 Years Old
14 Years Old
Human Brain DevelopmentSynapse Formation Dependent on Early Experiences
FIRST YEAR
-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Birth (Months) (Years)
Sensory Pathways(Vision, Hearing)
LanguageHigher Cognitive Function
Source: C. Nelson (2000)
Barriers to Social Mobility Emerge at a Very Young Age
16 mos. 24 mos. 36 mos.
Cu
mu
lati
ve V
ocab
ula
ry (
Word
s)
College Educated Parents
Welfare Parents
Child’s Age (Months)
200
600
1200
Source: Hart & Risley (1995)
Risk Factors for Adult Substance Abuse are Embedded in Adverse Childhood
Experiences
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 1 2 3 4
Self-Report: Alcoholism Self-Report: Illicit Drugs
Source: Dube et al, 2002 Source: Dube et al, 2005
% %
ACEs
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 1 2 3 4 5+
Risk Factors for Adult Depression are Embedded in Adverse Childhood Experiences
Od
ds R
ati
o
ACEsSource: Chapman et al, 2004
0 1 2 3 4 5+
1
2
4
3
5
Risk Factors for Adult Heart Disease are Embedded in Adverse Childhood Experiences
ACEs Source: Dong et al, 2004
Od
ds R
ati
o
0 1 2 3 4 5,6 7,8
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
High/Scope Study of Perry Preschool
• In early 1960s, 123 children from low-income families in Ypsilanti, Mich.
• Children randomly selected to attend Perry or control group.
• High-quality program with well trained teachers, daily classroom sessions and weekly home visits.
• Tracked participants and control group through age 40.
Perry: Educational Effects
Source: High/Scope Educational Research Foundation
Perry: Economic Effects at Age 40
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
Have a savings account
Earned $25,000+
Own home
Program group No-program group
Source: High/Scope Educational Research Foundation
Perry: Arrested 5 or More Times Before Age 40
Source: High/Scope Educational Research Foundation
Perry: Average Number of Months Served in Prison by Age 40
Source: High/Scope Educational Research Foundation
Perry PreschoolCosts and Benefits Over 62 Years
-$20
,000
$20,
000
$60,
000
$100
,000
$140
,000
Welfare Payments
Crime Victims
Justice System
Higher Participants' Earnings
K-12 Ed
Program Cost
For Public For ParticipantSource: High/Scope Educational
Research Foundation
Perry Preschool — Estimated Return on Investment
• Benefit-Cost Ratio = $16 to $1
• Annual Rate of Return = 18%
• Public Rate of Return = 16%
Abecedarian, Educational Child Care
Full-day, year-round program near Chapel
Hill, N.C. Children from low-income families were randomly selected to attend Abecedarian or control group.
Abecedarian: Educational and Health Effects
Attended a Four-Year College
Non-Smoker at Age 21
Didn't Repeat a Grade
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%
Program group No-program group
Source: Carolina Abecedarian Study
Chicago Child-Parent Centers
Half-day, large-scale program in Chicago public schools. Comparison group was a sample of eligible nonparticipants.
Chicago Child-Parent Centers
Juvenile Arrests
High School Comple-tion
Didn't require special education
0% 10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Program group No-program group
Source: Arthur Reynolds, et al.
Elmira Prenatal/Early Infancy ProjectHigher-Risk Families
Home visiting program by registered nurses for at-risk mothers, prenatal through first two years of child’s life. Randomly selected participants were compared with a control group.
Elmira Prenatal/Early Infancy ProjectHigh-Risk Families
Months on Welfare
Child Arrests, Through Age 15
Child Emergency Room Visits, Ages 25 to 50 Months
-60% -40% -20% 0%
Percent Change, Program Group Compared with No-Program Group
Source: David Olds, et al.
Benefit-Cost Ratios for Other Longitudinal Studies
• Abecedarian Educational Child Care – $4 to $1
• Chicago-Child Parent– $7 to $1
• Elmira Prenatal/Early Infancy Project – $5 to $1
Short-Run Benefits
• Allow parents to enter workforce
• Reduce absenteeism and turnover
• Attract businesses
Lessons Learned from Research
• Invest in quality
• Involve parents
• Start early
• Reach at-risk population
• Teach cognitive and noncognitive skills
• Bring to scale
Moving Forward
• Prenatal/early infant home visits for at-risk mothers
• Access to health care
• Parent education
• Quality child care
• Access to preschool
Business Leadership in Early Childhood Development
• Partnership for America’s Economic Success & Committee for Economic Development
• Success By 6 – United Way
• PNC Financial Services, Gates Foundation
• Minnesota Early Learning Foundation
“Although education and the acquisition of skills is a lifelong process, starting early in life is crucial. Recent research – some sponsored by the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis in collaboration with the University of Minnesota – has documented the high returns that early childhood programs can pay in terms of subsequent educational attainment and in lower rates of social problems, such as teenage pregnancy and welfare dependency.”
Remarks by Federal Reserve Board Chairman Ben S. Bernanke
Before the Greater Omaha Chamber of Commerce,
February 6, 2007
minneapolisfed.org