Haemoproteus Haemoproteus columbaecolumbae

Submitted bySubmitted by

P. MahalingamP. Mahalingam

BVM 06066BVM 06066

Scientific classificationScientific classification

• Domain: Domain: Eukaryota• Superphylum:Superphylum:Alveolata• Phylum: Phylum: Apicomplexa• Class: Class: Aconoidasida• Order: Order: Haemosporida• Family: Family: Plasmodiidae• Genus: Genus: HaemoproteusHaemoproteus• Species: Species: columbaecolumbae

GENUS INTRODUCTIONGENUS INTRODUCTION• Genus created was by Genus created was by KruseKruse in 1890 in 1890 • Greek : : HaimaHaima - blood - blood • ProteusProteus - a sea god - a sea god ( (who had the power of who had the power of

assuming different shapesassuming different shapes))• Synonyms of Synonyms of HaemoproteusHaemoproteus::

•Halteridium, , •Haemocystidium

• Intracellular parasites - Intracellular parasites - erythrocytes • Pseudomalaria similarities with Pseudomalaria similarities with Plasmodium

species species

Haemoproteus Haemoproteus columbaecolumbae

• Host Host : Pigeon (: Pigeon (Columba livia), doves. ), doves.

• Vector Vector : : Pseudolynchia Pseudolynchia canariensis -canariensis - louse flies (louse flies (Hippoboscidae) )

MorphologyMorphology

• Gametocyte Gametocyte partially partially surrounds the surrounds the cell’s nucleus cell’s nucleus

• Multiple, Multiple, refractile, golden-refractile, golden-brown particlesbrown particles

of hemozoin of hemozoin pigment. pigment.

Pseudolynchia Pseudolynchia canariensis -canariensis - louse flies ( louse flies (

Hippoboscidae) )

Life cycleLife cycle • salivary glands of the vector of the vector

sporozoite Infective stage Infective stage

bites a new host bites a new host

Endothelial cells of of blood vessels & & lung, , liver and and spleen

asexual reproduction schizonts

Numerous merozoites Numerous merozoites

penetration penetration erythrocytes

Mature either Mature either macrogametocytes or microgametocytes or microgametocytes

another blood-sucking insect another blood-sucking insect

Life cycle – cond.Life cycle – cond. ingested by ingested by another blood-sucking insectanother blood-sucking insect

sexual reproduction in the midgut of the insect sexual reproduction in the midgut of the insect

to produce oocyststo produce oocysts

rupture and release numerous rupture and release numerous sporozoitessporozoites

invade the invade the salivary glandsalivary gland

subsequent infection for subsequent infection for another hostanother host

Life cycleLife cycle

PATHOGENESISPATHOGENESIS• To produce subclinical infectionsTo produce subclinical infections• EEnlarged gizzards.nlarged gizzards.• Enlargement of the spleen, liver and kidneys Enlargement of the spleen, liver and kidneys • May appear chocolate-brown due to hemozoin depositionMay appear chocolate-brown due to hemozoin deposition• Infected birds may suffer from reluctance to move, Infected birds may suffer from reluctance to move, • Ruffled appearance, Ruffled appearance, • Prostration And Death. Prostration And Death. • Include Parasitemia And anemia. Include Parasitemia And anemia. • Large megaloschizonts may be present in skeletal muscles, Large megaloschizonts may be present in skeletal muscles, • Particularly those of the thighs and back. Particularly those of the thighs and back. • The average cumulative mortality for flocks experiencing The average cumulative mortality for flocks experiencing

outbreaks may be over 20%.outbreaks may be over 20%.

DiagnosisDiagnosis

• Peripheral & Cardiac Blood smear Peripheral & Cardiac Blood smear examination.examination.

• Liver & spleen impression smear were Liver & spleen impression smear were stained by Giemsastained by Giemsa

• It shows a typical Halter shaped Gamonts in It shows a typical Halter shaped Gamonts in RBCsRBCs

• PM – Examination PM – Examination

Treatment and ControlTreatment and Control

• Antimalarial drugs - chloroquine may be usefulAntimalarial drugs - chloroquine may be useful

• Control :Control :• By eliminating the vector populationBy eliminating the vector population• Habitat management Habitat management • Application of insecticides Application of insecticides • Use of ventilation fans Use of ventilation fans

ReferencesReferences

• Veterinary protozoology -by Norman D. Levine Veterinary protozoology -by Norman D. Levine - 1985 - Technology & Engineering - 414 pages- 1985 - Technology & Engineering - 414 pages

• Bowman D: Georgis’ Parasitology for Bowman D: Georgis’ Parasitology for Veterinarians: Eighth Edition. Elsevier Science, Veterinarians: Eighth Edition. Elsevier Science, St. Louis, MO, 2003.St. Louis, MO, 2003.

• www.nwhc.usgs.gov/publications/www.nwhc.usgs.gov/publications/field_manual/field_manual/